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Payback and punishment

Metaphors in Scottish penal policy

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This paper presents an analysis of metaphors for punishment in policy discourse in Scotland, which has embarked on an ambitious programme of penal reform. We analysed a corpus consisting of the four key policy documents of the penal reform programme. Our objectives were firstly, to identify the most frequently used lexical metaphors and metonyms in the corpus, and then to analyse the entailments that these metaphors have, and how they frame the topics of the texts. We found widespread use of metaphors from the domain of management, providing support for the thesis that the discourse of management frames public services in the UK. We then specifically investigated the use of payback because of its salience in current penal philosophy, with the objective of finding out how frequently it is used, and whether the theme of reparation frames the texts more widely. Our findings suggest that as a metaphor from the source domain of reparation, it appears to be a ‘one-shot’ metaphor. However, in terms of semantic groupings, it could perhaps be viewed as a metaphor of business and management.

References

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    (1991) Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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  21. Todd, Z. , & Low, G
    (2010) A selective survey of research practice in published articles using metaphor analysis. In L. Cameron , & R. Maslen (Eds.), Metaphor analysis: Research practice in applied linguistics, social sciences and the humanities (pp. 26–41). London: Equinox.
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References

  1. Billig, M
    (2008) The language of critical discourse analysis: The case of nominalisation. Discourse and Society, 19, 783–800. doi: 10.1177/0957926508095894
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926508095894 [Google Scholar]
  2. Canton, R
    (2010) Not another medical model: Using metaphor and analogy to explore crime and criminal justice. British Journal of Community Justice, 8(1), 40–57.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Charteris-Black, J
    (2004) Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230000612
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230000612 [Google Scholar]
  4. (2005) Politicians and rhetoric: The persuasive power of metaphor. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Deignan, A
    (2005) Metaphor and corpus linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/celcr.6
     https://doi.org/10.1075/celcr.6 [Google Scholar]
  6. Garland, D
    (2001) The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Gibbs, R
    (1994) The poetics of mind: Figurative thought, language and understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Halliday, M.A.K
    (1994) An introduction to functional grammar. Oxford: Edward Arnold.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Hunston, S. , & Francis, G
    (2001) Pattern grammar: A corpus driven approach to the lexical grammar of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/scl.4
     https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.4 [Google Scholar]
  10. Lakoff, G
    (2003) Metaphor and War: The metaphor system used to justify war in the Gulf. Available at: ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/neural/neuroprose/lakoff.war.ps.Z
  11. (1993) The contemporary theory of metaphor. In Ortony, A . (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed., pp. 202–251). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139173865.013
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.013 [Google Scholar]
  12. Lakoff, G. , & Johnson, M
    (1980, 2003) Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Little, W. , Onions, C.T. , Friedrichsen, G.W. Salisbury , Fowler, H.W. , & Coulson, J
    (1973) The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on historical principles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Louw, W
    (1993) Irony in the text or insincerity in the writer? The diagnostic potential of semantic prosodies. In M. Baker , G. Francis , & E. Tognini-Bonelli (Eds.), Text and technology: In honour of john sinclair (pp. 157–176). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/z.64.11lou
     https://doi.org/10.1075/z.64.11lou [Google Scholar]
  15. McAra, L
    (2008) Crime, Criminology and Criminal Justice in Scotland, European Journal of Criminology, 5(4), 481–504. doi: 10.1177/1477370808095127
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370808095127 [Google Scholar]
  16. Pragglejaz group ( Cameron, L. , Cienki, A. , Crisp, P. , Deignan, A. , Gibbs, R. , Grady, J. , Kövecses, Z. , Low, G. , Semino, E. , & Steen, G
    ) (2007) MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39. doi: 10.1080/10926480709336752
     https://doi.org/10.1080/10926480709336752 [Google Scholar]
  17. Schön, D
    (1993) Generative metaphor: A perspective on problem setting in social policy. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed.) (pp. 137–163). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139173865.011
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.011 [Google Scholar]
  18. Scott, M
    (2007) WordSmith Tools v.5. [Computer software].
  19. Scottish Prisons Commission
    (2008) Scotland’s choice: Report of the Scottish prison commission. available online: www.scotland.gov.uk/About/spc.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Sinclair, J
    (1991) Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Todd, Z. , & Low, G
    (2010) A selective survey of research practice in published articles using metaphor analysis. In L. Cameron , & R. Maslen (Eds.), Metaphor analysis: Research practice in applied linguistics, social sciences and the humanities (pp. 26–41). London: Equinox.
     [Google Scholar]

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