1887
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Singing, Speaking and Writing Politics
  4. Chapter

“Xenophobia is an African sickness; a greater African disease”

Contesting dominant migrant discourse through opposing metaphors

image of “Xenophobia is an African sickness; a greater African disease”

South Africa has long been associated with racial and ethnic issues surrounding prejudice and discrimination and, despite a move post-1994 to a democratic ‘rainbow nation’ society, the country has remained plagued by unequal power relations. One such instance of inequality relates to the marginalisation of migrants through xenophobic attitudes and actions, most notably the violence that swept across the country in 2008. Several reasons have been suggested in an attempt to explain the cause of the violence, including claims that migrants are ‘illegal and criminal’ and bringing ‘disease and contamination’ with them. This study examines the ways in which African migrants are depicted by three South African newspapers: City Press, Mail & Guardian and Sunday Times. I analysed the representations of migrants by combining Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, paying special attention to the use of metaphorical language to which I approach through the Lakoffian Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and Jonathan Charteris-Black’s Corpus Approaches to Critical Analysis. A significant finding in the study is the opposition to dominant discourse on xenophobia. This contrasting view shows that it is those who are xenophobic who are represented as deviant, brutal and contaminated, rather than the migrants themselves. Through the use of metaphorical language in all three newspapers, xenophobia was depicted as a ‘sickness’ which needed to be eliminated. The study concludes that although discursive elements used by all three publications play a role in contributing to an overall xenophobic and anti-migrant rhetoric, there is an increasing anti-xenophobic rhetoric on the rise.

References

  1. Anthony, Laurence
    2004 “AntConc: A Learner and Classroom Friendly, Multi-Platform Corpus Analysis Toolkit.” Proceedings of IWLeL 2004: An Interactive Workshop on Language e-Learning. Available at: www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/index.html [accessed on23 February 2010].
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Baker, Paul
    2006 Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Baker, Paul , Costas Gabrielatos , Majid Khosravinik , Michał Krzyzanowski , Tony McEnery , and Ruth Wodak
    2008 “A Useful Methodological Synergy? Combining Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics to Examine Discourses of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the UK Press.” Discourse and Society19 (3): 273-306. doi: 10.1177/0957926508088962
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926508088962 [Google Scholar]
  4. Balkin, Jack M
    1998 A Theory of Ideology. Connecticut: Yale University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Bhabha, Homi K
    1994 “Frontlines/Borderposts.” InDisplacements: Cultural Identities in Question, ed. By Angelika Bammer , 269-272. Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Caldas-Coulthard, Carmen R
    2003 “Cross-Cultural Representation of ‘Otherness’ in Media Discourse.” InCritical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity in Critical Discourse Analysis, ed. By Gilbert Weiss and Ruth Wodak , 272-296. London: Palgrave.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Cameron, Lynne
    2010 “The discourse dynamics framework for metaphor.” InMetaphor Analysis: Research Practice in Applied Linguistics, Social Sciences and the Humanities, ed. By Lynne Cameron and Robert Maslen , 77-94. London: Equinox.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Charteris-Black, Jonathan
    2004 Corpus approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis. Houndmills, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230000612
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230000612 [Google Scholar]
  9. Crawley, Heaven , and Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah
    2005 InSeeking Scapegoats: The Coverage of Asylum in the UK Press. London: Institute for Public Policy Research.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Croucher, Sheila
    1998 “South Africa’s Illegal Aliens: Constructing National Boundaries in a Post-Apartheid State.” Ethnic and Racial Studies21(4): 639-660. doi: 10.1080/014198798329801
     https://doi.org/10.1080/014198798329801 [Google Scholar]
  11. Crush, Jonathan
    2001 Immigration, Xenophobia and Human Rights in South Africa. Cape Town: Southern African Migration Project / South African Human Rights Commission.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 2003 “Migration and Development in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” InPopulation, Environment and the Challenge of Development, ed. by Ann Sakia , 201-226. New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Crush, Jonathan , and Vincent Williams
    2003 “Criminal Tendencies: Immigrants and Illegality in South Africa.” Migration Policy Brief No. 10. Cape Town: Southern Africa Migration Project.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Danso, Ransford , and David McDonald
    2001 “Writing Xenophobia: Immigration and the Print Media in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Africa Today48 (3): 114-37. doi: 10.2979/AFT.2001.48.3.114
     https://doi.org/10.2979/AFT.2001.48.3.114 [Google Scholar]
  15. Draft Refugee White Paper
    1998 Pretoria: Government GazetteVolume 396: 18988.
  16. Everatt, David
    2010 South African Civil Society and Xenophobia (Synthesis). Johannesburg: The Atlantic Philanthropies.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Fairclough, Norman
    1989 Language and Power. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. 2003 Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Fine, Jack , and William Bird
    2002 Shades of Prejudice: An Investigation Into South African Media’s Coverage of Racial Violence and Xenophobia. Johannesburg: Media Monitoring Project.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Flückiger, Katja M
    2006 “Xenophobia, Media Stereotyping, and Their Role in Global Insecurity.” Program on the Geopolitical Implications of Globalization and Transnational Security. Available at: www.gcsp.ch/content/download/.../GCSP%20Policy%20Brief%2021.pdf [accessed on17 October 2010].
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Gabrielatos, Costas , and Paul Baker
    2008 “Fleeing, Sneaking, Flooding: A Corpus Analysis of Discursive Constructions of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the UK Press 1996-2005.” Journal of English Linguistics. 36(1): 5-38. doi: 10.1177/0075424207311247
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424207311247 [Google Scholar]
  22. Geldenhuys, Janneke , and Luan de Wet
    2008 “Exploring Xenophobia in South Africa: The Cause, Coverage and Controversy.” Unpublished thesis. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Harris, Bronwyn
    2001 A Foreign Experience: Violence, Crime and Xenophobia during South Africa’s transition. Braamfontein: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 2002 “Xenophobia: A New Pathology for a New South Africa? Psychopathology and Social Prejudice.” InPsychopathology and Social Prejudice, ed. by Derek Hook and Gillian Eagle , 169-184. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Hassim, Shireen , Tawana Kupe , and Eric Worby
    2008 Go Home or Die Here: Violence, Xenophobia and the Reinvention of Difference in South Africa. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Iglicka, Krystyna
    2008 Poland: Waiting for Immigrants. But Do We Really Want Them?Centre for International Relations. Available at: www.cespi.it/WPMIG/Country%20mig-POLAND.pdf [accessed on13 August 2009].
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Lakoff, George , and Mark Johnson
    1980 Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Mail & Guardian Online
    2009 Available at: www.mg.co.za/page/history [accessed on12 February 2009].
  29. Mawadza, Aquilina , and Jonathan Crush
    2010 “Metaphors of Migration: Zimbabwean Migrants in the South African Media.” InZimbabwe’s Exodus: Crisis, Migration, Survival, ed. by Jonathan Crush and Daniel Tevera , 363-374. Cape Town, Ottawa: SAMP, IDRC.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. McDonald, David , John Gay , Lovemore Zinyama , Robert Mattes , and Fion de Vletter
    1998 Challenging Xenophobia: Myths and Realities. Cape Town: Southern African Migration Project.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. McDonald, David , and Sean Jacobs
    2005 “(Re)writing Xenophobia: Understanding Press Coverage of Cross-border Migration in Southern Africa.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies23(3): 295-324. doi: 10.1080/02589000500274050
     https://doi.org/10.1080/02589000500274050 [Google Scholar]
  32. MediaClub South Africa
    2009 Available at: www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com [accessed on29 February 2009].
  33. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
    . Available at: www.merriam-webster.com/ [accessed on22 September 2010].
  34. Musolff, Andreas
    (2004) Metaphor Corpora and Corporeal Metaphors. Analogical Reasoning in Debates About Europe. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave-Macmillan.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Neocosmos, Michael
    2006 “From ‘Foreign Natives’ to ‘Native Foreigners’: Explaining Xenophobia in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Available at: http//www.codesria.org/Links/Publications/monograps/neocosmos.pdf [accessed on8 March 2009].
     [Google Scholar]
  36. 2008 “The Politics of Fear and the Fear of Politics: Reflections on Xenophobic Violence in South Africa.” Journal of Asian and African Studies43(6): 586-594. doi: 10.1177/0021909608096655
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909608096655 [Google Scholar]
  37. OOED (Online Oxford English Dictionary)
    . Available at: www.oed.com/ [accessed on6 November 2010].
  38. Palmary, Ingrid
    2004 Refugees, Safety and Xenophobia in South African Cities: The Role of Local Government. Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. Available at: www.csvr.org.za/index.htm [accessed12 November 2009].
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Riggins, Stephen H
    1997 “The Rhetoric of Othering.” InThe Language and Politics of Exclusion, ed. by Stephen H Riggins , 1-30. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Rogers, Rebecca , Elizabeth Malancharuvil-Berkes , Melissa Mosley , Diane Hui , and Glynis Joseph
    2005 “Critical Discourse Analysis in Education: A Review of the Literature.” Review of Educational Research75 (3): 365-416. doi: 10.3102/00346543075003365
     https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075003365 [Google Scholar]
  41. SA History Online
    2010 Available at: www.sahistory.org.za/ [accessed on9 May 2010].
  42. Santa Ana, Otto
    2004 Brown Tide Rising: Metaphors of Latinos in Contemporary American Public Discourse. Austin: University of Texas Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Shindondola, Hilma
    2002 “Xenophobia in South Africa: The Views, Opinions, and Experiences of International Students at the Rand Afrikaans University.” Unpublished thesis. Johannesburg: Rand Afrikaans University.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Simpson, Paul , and Andrea Mayr
    2010 “Language and Power.” InLanguage and Power: A Resource Book for Students, ed. by Paul Simpson and Andrea Mayr , 1-6. Oxon: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Steen, Gerard
    2007 “Finding Metaphor in Discourse: Pragglejaz and Beyond.” Culture, Language and Representation5: 9-25.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific Cultural Organisation Workshop)
    2001 World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance. Durban: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. Available at: unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001238/123862E.pdf [accessed on27 October 2009].
     [Google Scholar]
  47. UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)
    1998 Information for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in South Africa. Pretoria: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Van Dijk, Teun A
    2000 “Ideologies, Racism, Discourse. Debates on Immigration and Ethnic Issues.” InComparative Perspectives on Racism, ed. by Jessica ter Wal and Maykel Verkuyten , 91-116. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. White Paper on International Migration
    1999 Pretoria: Government Gazette, Volume 406: 1992.
  50. Williams, Vincent
    2008 Xenophobia in South Africa: Overview and analysis. Cape Town: Perspectives.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Wodak, Ruth
    2007 “Editorial: Language and Ideology – Language in Ideology.” Journal of Language and Politics6 (1): 1-6.
     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Anthony, Laurence
    2004 “AntConc: A Learner and Classroom Friendly, Multi-Platform Corpus Analysis Toolkit.” Proceedings of IWLeL 2004: An Interactive Workshop on Language e-Learning. Available at: www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/index.html [accessed on23 February 2010].
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Baker, Paul
    2006 Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Baker, Paul , Costas Gabrielatos , Majid Khosravinik , Michał Krzyzanowski , Tony McEnery , and Ruth Wodak
    2008 “A Useful Methodological Synergy? Combining Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics to Examine Discourses of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the UK Press.” Discourse and Society19 (3): 273-306. doi: 10.1177/0957926508088962
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926508088962 [Google Scholar]
  4. Balkin, Jack M
    1998 A Theory of Ideology. Connecticut: Yale University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Bhabha, Homi K
    1994 “Frontlines/Borderposts.” InDisplacements: Cultural Identities in Question, ed. By Angelika Bammer , 269-272. Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Caldas-Coulthard, Carmen R
    2003 “Cross-Cultural Representation of ‘Otherness’ in Media Discourse.” InCritical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity in Critical Discourse Analysis, ed. By Gilbert Weiss and Ruth Wodak , 272-296. London: Palgrave.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Cameron, Lynne
    2010 “The discourse dynamics framework for metaphor.” InMetaphor Analysis: Research Practice in Applied Linguistics, Social Sciences and the Humanities, ed. By Lynne Cameron and Robert Maslen , 77-94. London: Equinox.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Charteris-Black, Jonathan
    2004 Corpus approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis. Houndmills, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230000612
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230000612 [Google Scholar]
  9. Crawley, Heaven , and Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah
    2005 InSeeking Scapegoats: The Coverage of Asylum in the UK Press. London: Institute for Public Policy Research.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Croucher, Sheila
    1998 “South Africa’s Illegal Aliens: Constructing National Boundaries in a Post-Apartheid State.” Ethnic and Racial Studies21(4): 639-660. doi: 10.1080/014198798329801
     https://doi.org/10.1080/014198798329801 [Google Scholar]
  11. Crush, Jonathan
    2001 Immigration, Xenophobia and Human Rights in South Africa. Cape Town: Southern African Migration Project / South African Human Rights Commission.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 2003 “Migration and Development in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” InPopulation, Environment and the Challenge of Development, ed. by Ann Sakia , 201-226. New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Crush, Jonathan , and Vincent Williams
    2003 “Criminal Tendencies: Immigrants and Illegality in South Africa.” Migration Policy Brief No. 10. Cape Town: Southern Africa Migration Project.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Danso, Ransford , and David McDonald
    2001 “Writing Xenophobia: Immigration and the Print Media in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Africa Today48 (3): 114-37. doi: 10.2979/AFT.2001.48.3.114
     https://doi.org/10.2979/AFT.2001.48.3.114 [Google Scholar]
  15. Draft Refugee White Paper
    1998 Pretoria: Government GazetteVolume 396: 18988.
  16. Everatt, David
    2010 South African Civil Society and Xenophobia (Synthesis). Johannesburg: The Atlantic Philanthropies.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Fairclough, Norman
    1989 Language and Power. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. 2003 Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Fine, Jack , and William Bird
    2002 Shades of Prejudice: An Investigation Into South African Media’s Coverage of Racial Violence and Xenophobia. Johannesburg: Media Monitoring Project.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Flückiger, Katja M
    2006 “Xenophobia, Media Stereotyping, and Their Role in Global Insecurity.” Program on the Geopolitical Implications of Globalization and Transnational Security. Available at: www.gcsp.ch/content/download/.../GCSP%20Policy%20Brief%2021.pdf [accessed on17 October 2010].
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Gabrielatos, Costas , and Paul Baker
    2008 “Fleeing, Sneaking, Flooding: A Corpus Analysis of Discursive Constructions of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the UK Press 1996-2005.” Journal of English Linguistics. 36(1): 5-38. doi: 10.1177/0075424207311247
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424207311247 [Google Scholar]
  22. Geldenhuys, Janneke , and Luan de Wet
    2008 “Exploring Xenophobia in South Africa: The Cause, Coverage and Controversy.” Unpublished thesis. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Harris, Bronwyn
    2001 A Foreign Experience: Violence, Crime and Xenophobia during South Africa’s transition. Braamfontein: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 2002 “Xenophobia: A New Pathology for a New South Africa? Psychopathology and Social Prejudice.” InPsychopathology and Social Prejudice, ed. by Derek Hook and Gillian Eagle , 169-184. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Hassim, Shireen , Tawana Kupe , and Eric Worby
    2008 Go Home or Die Here: Violence, Xenophobia and the Reinvention of Difference in South Africa. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Iglicka, Krystyna
    2008 Poland: Waiting for Immigrants. But Do We Really Want Them?Centre for International Relations. Available at: www.cespi.it/WPMIG/Country%20mig-POLAND.pdf [accessed on13 August 2009].
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Lakoff, George , and Mark Johnson
    1980 Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Mail & Guardian Online
    2009 Available at: www.mg.co.za/page/history [accessed on12 February 2009].
  29. Mawadza, Aquilina , and Jonathan Crush
    2010 “Metaphors of Migration: Zimbabwean Migrants in the South African Media.” InZimbabwe’s Exodus: Crisis, Migration, Survival, ed. by Jonathan Crush and Daniel Tevera , 363-374. Cape Town, Ottawa: SAMP, IDRC.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. McDonald, David , John Gay , Lovemore Zinyama , Robert Mattes , and Fion de Vletter
    1998 Challenging Xenophobia: Myths and Realities. Cape Town: Southern African Migration Project.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. McDonald, David , and Sean Jacobs
    2005 “(Re)writing Xenophobia: Understanding Press Coverage of Cross-border Migration in Southern Africa.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies23(3): 295-324. doi: 10.1080/02589000500274050
     https://doi.org/10.1080/02589000500274050 [Google Scholar]
  32. MediaClub South Africa
    2009 Available at: www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com [accessed on29 February 2009].
  33. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
    . Available at: www.merriam-webster.com/ [accessed on22 September 2010].
  34. Musolff, Andreas
    (2004) Metaphor Corpora and Corporeal Metaphors. Analogical Reasoning in Debates About Europe. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave-Macmillan.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Neocosmos, Michael
    2006 “From ‘Foreign Natives’ to ‘Native Foreigners’: Explaining Xenophobia in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Available at: http//www.codesria.org/Links/Publications/monograps/neocosmos.pdf [accessed on8 March 2009].
     [Google Scholar]
  36. 2008 “The Politics of Fear and the Fear of Politics: Reflections on Xenophobic Violence in South Africa.” Journal of Asian and African Studies43(6): 586-594. doi: 10.1177/0021909608096655
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909608096655 [Google Scholar]
  37. OOED (Online Oxford English Dictionary)
    . Available at: www.oed.com/ [accessed on6 November 2010].
  38. Palmary, Ingrid
    2004 Refugees, Safety and Xenophobia in South African Cities: The Role of Local Government. Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. Available at: www.csvr.org.za/index.htm [accessed12 November 2009].
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Riggins, Stephen H
    1997 “The Rhetoric of Othering.” InThe Language and Politics of Exclusion, ed. by Stephen H Riggins , 1-30. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Rogers, Rebecca , Elizabeth Malancharuvil-Berkes , Melissa Mosley , Diane Hui , and Glynis Joseph
    2005 “Critical Discourse Analysis in Education: A Review of the Literature.” Review of Educational Research75 (3): 365-416. doi: 10.3102/00346543075003365
     https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075003365 [Google Scholar]
  41. SA History Online
    2010 Available at: www.sahistory.org.za/ [accessed on9 May 2010].
  42. Santa Ana, Otto
    2004 Brown Tide Rising: Metaphors of Latinos in Contemporary American Public Discourse. Austin: University of Texas Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Shindondola, Hilma
    2002 “Xenophobia in South Africa: The Views, Opinions, and Experiences of International Students at the Rand Afrikaans University.” Unpublished thesis. Johannesburg: Rand Afrikaans University.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Simpson, Paul , and Andrea Mayr
    2010 “Language and Power.” InLanguage and Power: A Resource Book for Students, ed. by Paul Simpson and Andrea Mayr , 1-6. Oxon: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Steen, Gerard
    2007 “Finding Metaphor in Discourse: Pragglejaz and Beyond.” Culture, Language and Representation5: 9-25.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific Cultural Organisation Workshop)
    2001 World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance. Durban: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. Available at: unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001238/123862E.pdf [accessed on27 October 2009].
     [Google Scholar]
  47. UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)
    1998 Information for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in South Africa. Pretoria: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Van Dijk, Teun A
    2000 “Ideologies, Racism, Discourse. Debates on Immigration and Ethnic Issues.” InComparative Perspectives on Racism, ed. by Jessica ter Wal and Maykel Verkuyten , 91-116. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. White Paper on International Migration
    1999 Pretoria: Government Gazette, Volume 406: 1992.
  50. Williams, Vincent
    2008 Xenophobia in South Africa: Overview and analysis. Cape Town: Perspectives.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Wodak, Ruth
    2007 “Editorial: Language and Ideology – Language in Ideology.” Journal of Language and Politics6 (1): 1-6.
     [Google Scholar]

  • From This Site

    /content/books/9789027267863-dapsac.65.06cry
    dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal
    10
    5
/content/books/9789027267863-dapsac.65.06cry
dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Journal
10
5
Chapter
content/books/9789027267863
Book
false
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error