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REACT – A constructivist theoretic framework for attitudes

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This text is devoted to a new theoretical framework for (language) attitudes (REACT) integrating both the traditional idea of attitudes as (more or less stable) cognitive assessment categories and the constructivist view on attitudes as situated evaluative practices. The text discusses five constitutive elements to the theory (Relevance, Evaluation, Activation, Construction, and Targeting) against the background of respective theories: a theory of actional relevance (cf. Schütz 1970), a listener judgment theory (cf. Purschke 2011), a model for cognitive activation (cf. Kroeber-Riel et al. 2009), a constructivist symbol theory (cf. Cassirer 1953–57 |1923–29|), and a model for attitude functions (cf. Katz 1960). The paper then concludes with proposing an integrative definition of attitudes as evaluation routines in social practices that conforms to the constructivist criticism of classic attitude theory, while at the same time taking account of the fundamental structuring patterns of social interaction that also determine the structure and dynamics of attitudes.

  • Affiliations: 1: University of Luxembourg

References

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    1995[1874] Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint. London: Routledge.
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    1953–57[1923–29] Philosophy of Symbolic Forms,3 Vols. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.
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  10. 1923[1910]. Der Begriff der symbolischen Form im Aufbau der Geisteswissenschaften. InVorträge der der Bibliothek Warburg, Vol. 1, Friedrich Saxl (ed.), 11-39. Leipzig: Winter.
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  23. Hobsbawm, Eric
    1983 Introduction: Inventing traditions. InThe Invention of Tradition, Eric Hobsbawm & Terence Ranger (eds), 1-14. Cambridge: CUP.
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    1982[1913] Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy – First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology. Translated by Fred Kersten . The Hague: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978‑94‑009‑7445‑6
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    2011 Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Kasper, Simon
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  30. Katz, Daniel
    1960 The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly24: 163–204. doi: 10.1086/266945
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  31. Kroeber-Riel, Werner , Weinberg, Peter & Gröppel-Klein, Andrea
    2009 Konsumentenverhalten, 9th edn. München: Vahlen.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Markard, Morus
    1984 Einstellung. Kritik eines sozialpsychologischen Grundkonzepts. Frankfurt: Campus.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Myers, David
    2006 Social Psychology, 9th edn. New York NY: Basic Books.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Pfaff, Donald
    2006 Brain Arousal and Information Theory: Neural and Genetic Mechanisms. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. doi: 10.4159/9780674042100
     https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674042100 [Google Scholar]
  35. Potter, Jonathan
    1998 Discursive social psychology: From attitudes to evaluative practices. European Review of Social Psychology9(1):233–66. doi: 10.1080/14792779843000090
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779843000090 [Google Scholar]
  36. Potter, Jonathan & Wetherell, Margaret
    1987 Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Preston, Dennis R
    2011 The power of language regard – Discrimination, classification, comprehension, and production. Dialectologia2: 9-33. Special issue, Production, Perception and Attitude, John Nerbonne , Stefan Grondelaers & Dirk Speelman (eds).
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Purschke, Christoph
    2011 Regionalsprache und Hörerurteil. Grundzüge einer perzeptiven Variationslinguistik [Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik. Beihefte 149]. Stuttgart: Steiner.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. 2015 Das Holz, die Axt, der Hieb. Über den Zusammenhang von Einstellung und Handeln am Beispiel des Handlungsschemas ‘Holz hacken.’InSprache, Literatur, Raum. Festgabe für Willy Diercks, Robert Langhanke (ed.), 145-162. Bielefeld: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. 2014a “I remember it like it was interesting.” Zur Theorie von Salienz und Pertinenz. InDie Vermessung der Salienz(forschung), Helen Christen & Evelyn Ziegler (eds). Linguistik Online 66: 31–50.
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  41. 2014b REACT – Einstellungen als evaluative Routinen in sozialen Praxen. InSprechen über Sprache: Perspektiven und neue Methoden der linguistischen Einstellungsforschung, Christina Cuonz & Rebekka Studler (eds), 123-142. Tübingen: Stauffenberg.
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  43. Rosenberg, Milton & Hovland, Carl
    1960 Cognitive, affective, and behavioral components in attitudes. InAttitude Organization and Change: An Analysis of Consistency among Attitude Components, Carl Hovland & Milton Rosenberg (eds), 1-14. New Haven CT: Yale University Press,
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Schmidt, Jürgen Erich & Herrgen, Joachim
    2011 Sprachdynamik. Eine Einführung in die moderne Regionalsprachenforschung. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Schütz, Alfred
    1970 Reflections on the Problem of Relevance, edited, annotated, and with an introduction by Richard Zaner. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Schütz, Alfred & Luckmann, Thomas
    1973 The Structures of the Life-world,Vol. 1. Evanston IL: Northwestern University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. 1989 The Structures of the Life-world,Vol. 2. Evanston IL: Northwestern University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Simmel, Georg
    1903 Soziologie des Raumes. Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich27(1): 27–71.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Silverstein, Michael
    1981 The Limits of Awareness [Sociolinguistic Working Paper 84]. Austin TX: ERIC.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. 2003 Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & Communication23:193–229. doi: 10.1016/S0271‑5309(03)00013‑2
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(03)00013-2 [Google Scholar]
  51. Smith, Brewster , Bruner, Jerome S. & White, Robert W
    1956 Opinions and Personality. New York NY: Wiley & Sons.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Soukup, Barbara
    2012 Current issues in the social psychological study of ‘language attitudes’: Constructionism, context, and the attitude-behavior link. Language and Linguistics Compass6(4): 212–224. doi: 10.1002/lnc3.332
     https://doi.org/10.1002/lnc3.332 [Google Scholar]
  53. van Bavel, Jay J. , Xi, Jenny Xiao & Cunningham, William A
    2012 Evaluation is a dynamic process: Moving beyond dual systems models. Social and Personality Psychology Compass6(6): 438–454. doi: 10.1111/j.1751‑9004.2012.00438.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00438.x [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Albarracín, Dolores , Johnson, Blair T. & Zanna, Mark P
    (eds) 2005 The Handbook of Attitudes. Mawah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Allport, Gordon
    1935 Attitudes. InA Handbook of Social Psychology, Carl Murchison (ed.), 789-844. Worcester MA: Clark University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. 1967 Attitudes. InReadings in Attitude, Theory and Measurement, Martin Fishbein (ed.), 1-13. New York NY: Wiley & Sons.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Auer, Peter & di Luzio, Aldo
    (eds) 1992 The Contextualization of Language [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 22]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.22
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.22 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bayer, Thora Hin
    2001 Cassirer's Metaphysics of Symbolic Forms. A Philosophical Commentary. New Haven CT: Yale University Press. doi: 10.12987/yale/9780300083316.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300083316.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bergson, Henri
    1896 Matière et mémoire. Essai sur la relation du corps à l'esprit. Paris: F. Alcan.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Bourdieu, Pierre
    1977 Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511812507
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812507 [Google Scholar]
  8. Brentano, Franz
    1995[1874] Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Cassirer, Ernst
    1953–57[1923–29] Philosophy of Symbolic Forms,3 Vols. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. 1923[1910]. Der Begriff der symbolischen Form im Aufbau der Geisteswissenschaften. InVorträge der der Bibliothek Warburg, Vol. 1, Friedrich Saxl (ed.), 11-39. Leipzig: Winter.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Cunningham, William , Zelazo, Philip David , Packer, Dominic J. & Van Bavel, Jay J
    2007 The iterative reprocessing model: A multilevel framework for attitudes and behavior. Social Cognition25(5): 736–760. doi: 10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.736
     https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.736 [Google Scholar]
  12. Eagly, Alice & Chaiken, Shelly
    1993 The Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth TX: Harcourt Brace & Company.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. 2007 The advantages of an inclusive definition of attitude. Social Cognition25(5): 582–602. doi: 10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.582
     https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.582 [Google Scholar]
  14. Eckert, Penelope
    2008 Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics12(4): 453–476. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2008.00374.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2008.00374.x [Google Scholar]
  15. Eysenck, Michael
    1982 Attention and Arousal. Cognition and Performance. Berlin: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978‑3‑642‑68390‑9
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68390-9 [Google Scholar]
  16. Fazio, Russel H
    2000 Accessible attitudes as tools for object appraisal: Their costs and benefits. InWhy We Evaluate: Functions of Attitudes, Gregory Maio & James Olson (eds), 1-36. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Fishbein, Martin & Ajzen, Icek
    1975 Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading MA:Addison-Wesley.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Gee, Philip , Stephensen, David & Wright, Donald E
    1994 Temporal discrimination learning of operant feeding in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior62: 1–13. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1994.62‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1994.62-1 [Google Scholar]
  19. Giddens, Anthony
    1984 The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Gumperz, John
    1982 Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511611834
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611834 [Google Scholar]
  21. Hall, Stuart
    1997 Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Hartmann, Dirk
    1996 Kulturalistische Handlungstheorie. InMethodischer Kulturalismus – Zwischen Naturalismus und Postmoderne, Dirk Hartmann & Peter Janich (eds), 70-114. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Hobsbawm, Eric
    1983 Introduction: Inventing traditions. InThe Invention of Tradition, Eric Hobsbawm & Terence Ranger (eds), 1-14. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Husserl, Edmund
    1982[1913] Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy – First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology. Translated by Fred Kersten . The Hague: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978‑94‑009‑7445‑6
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7445-6 [Google Scholar]
  25. Jaffe, Alexandra
    2013 Introduction. InStance: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, Alexandra Jaffe (ed.), 1-28. Oxford: OUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. James, William
    1890 The Principles of Psychology, 2 Vols. New York NY: Henry Holt & Company. doi: 10.1037/11059‑000
     https://doi.org/10.1037/11059-000 [Google Scholar]
  27. Jung, Carl
    1971[1921] Psychological Types [The collected works of C. G. Jung 6]. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Kahnemann, Daniel
    2011 Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Kasper, Simon
    2015 Instruction Grammar. From Perception via Grammar to Action [Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 293]. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110430158
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110430158 [Google Scholar]
  30. Katz, Daniel
    1960 The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly24: 163–204. doi: 10.1086/266945
     https://doi.org/10.1086/266945 [Google Scholar]
  31. Kroeber-Riel, Werner , Weinberg, Peter & Gröppel-Klein, Andrea
    2009 Konsumentenverhalten, 9th edn. München: Vahlen.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Markard, Morus
    1984 Einstellung. Kritik eines sozialpsychologischen Grundkonzepts. Frankfurt: Campus.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Myers, David
    2006 Social Psychology, 9th edn. New York NY: Basic Books.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Pfaff, Donald
    2006 Brain Arousal and Information Theory: Neural and Genetic Mechanisms. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. doi: 10.4159/9780674042100
     https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674042100 [Google Scholar]
  35. Potter, Jonathan
    1998 Discursive social psychology: From attitudes to evaluative practices. European Review of Social Psychology9(1):233–66. doi: 10.1080/14792779843000090
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779843000090 [Google Scholar]
  36. Potter, Jonathan & Wetherell, Margaret
    1987 Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Preston, Dennis R
    2011 The power of language regard – Discrimination, classification, comprehension, and production. Dialectologia2: 9-33. Special issue, Production, Perception and Attitude, John Nerbonne , Stefan Grondelaers & Dirk Speelman (eds).
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Purschke, Christoph
    2011 Regionalsprache und Hörerurteil. Grundzüge einer perzeptiven Variationslinguistik [Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik. Beihefte 149]. Stuttgart: Steiner.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. 2015 Das Holz, die Axt, der Hieb. Über den Zusammenhang von Einstellung und Handeln am Beispiel des Handlungsschemas ‘Holz hacken.’InSprache, Literatur, Raum. Festgabe für Willy Diercks, Robert Langhanke (ed.), 145-162. Bielefeld: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. 2014a “I remember it like it was interesting.” Zur Theorie von Salienz und Pertinenz. InDie Vermessung der Salienz(forschung), Helen Christen & Evelyn Ziegler (eds). Linguistik Online 66: 31–50.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. 2014b REACT – Einstellungen als evaluative Routinen in sozialen Praxen. InSprechen über Sprache: Perspektiven und neue Methoden der linguistischen Einstellungsforschung, Christina Cuonz & Rebekka Studler (eds), 123-142. Tübingen: Stauffenberg.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. . In preparation. Kognition, Kommunikation, Kultur – Eine Philosophie der Selbstbehauptung. Habilitation, University of Luxemburg.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Rosenberg, Milton & Hovland, Carl
    1960 Cognitive, affective, and behavioral components in attitudes. InAttitude Organization and Change: An Analysis of Consistency among Attitude Components, Carl Hovland & Milton Rosenberg (eds), 1-14. New Haven CT: Yale University Press,
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Schmidt, Jürgen Erich & Herrgen, Joachim
    2011 Sprachdynamik. Eine Einführung in die moderne Regionalsprachenforschung. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Schütz, Alfred
    1970 Reflections on the Problem of Relevance, edited, annotated, and with an introduction by Richard Zaner. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Schütz, Alfred & Luckmann, Thomas
    1973 The Structures of the Life-world,Vol. 1. Evanston IL: Northwestern University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. 1989 The Structures of the Life-world,Vol. 2. Evanston IL: Northwestern University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Simmel, Georg
    1903 Soziologie des Raumes. Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich27(1): 27–71.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Silverstein, Michael
    1981 The Limits of Awareness [Sociolinguistic Working Paper 84]. Austin TX: ERIC.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. 2003 Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & Communication23:193–229. doi: 10.1016/S0271‑5309(03)00013‑2
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(03)00013-2 [Google Scholar]
  51. Smith, Brewster , Bruner, Jerome S. & White, Robert W
    1956 Opinions and Personality. New York NY: Wiley & Sons.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Soukup, Barbara
    2012 Current issues in the social psychological study of ‘language attitudes’: Constructionism, context, and the attitude-behavior link. Language and Linguistics Compass6(4): 212–224. doi: 10.1002/lnc3.332
     https://doi.org/10.1002/lnc3.332 [Google Scholar]
  53. van Bavel, Jay J. , Xi, Jenny Xiao & Cunningham, William A
    2012 Evaluation is a dynamic process: Moving beyond dual systems models. Social and Personality Psychology Compass6(6): 438–454. doi: 10.1111/j.1751‑9004.2012.00438.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00438.x [Google Scholar]

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