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Chapter 2. Breaking the glass & keeping the ceiling

Women presidents’ discursive practices in Latin America

image of Chapter 2. Breaking the glass & keeping the ceiling

During the last half of the 20th century grass root women’s movements have been instrumental in the transition to democracy in Latin America. These social movements were followed by an increased political representation of women at the congressional level, and within the last few decades, six women have been chosen to the highest office: Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (1990–97), Nicaragua; Mireya Moscoso de Arias (1999–2004), Panamá; Laura Chinchilla (2010–2014), in Costa Rica; Michelle Bachelet (2006–2010 & 2014 to present), Chile; Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–to present), Argentina; Dilma Rousseff (2011 to present), Brazil. In our paper, we examine the discursive practices that allowed Kirchner and Bachelet to win their presidencies, and their position on gender, human rights, and economic issues.

  • Affiliations: 1: Goucher College; 2: University of Florida

References

  1. Bachelet, Michelle
    2006(a) “Discurso de investidura.” Retóricas, Speech presented at Palacio de la Moneda , March 11. www.retoricas.com/2010/05/discurso-posesion-michelle-bachelet.html.
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  2. 2006(b) “Cuenta annual de la presidente del Congreso Pleno.” Speech presented in Valparaiso, Chile, May 21.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Barry, Carolina
    2011 Sufragio femenino: Prácticas y debates politicos, religiosos y culturales en Argentina y América. Buenos Aires: EDUNTREF.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Blommaert, Jan
    2005 Discourse: Key Topics in Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511610295
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610295 [Google Scholar]
  5. Fairclough, Norman
    1992 Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Feijoó, María del Carmen and Marcela María Alejandra Nari
    1994 “Women and Democracy in Argentina.” InThe Women’s Movement in Latin America, edited by Jane S. Jaquette , 109-129. Oxford: West View Press, Inc.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Fernández de Kirchner, Cristina
    2007 “Discurso de asunción ante la asamblea legislativa.” Speech presented in Buenos Aires, Argentina, December 10.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. 2011 “Discurso de asunción ante la asamblea legislativa.” Speech presented in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Web, December 10.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Htun, Mala N
    2002 “Women in Political Power in Latin America.” InInternational IDEA, Mujeres en el parlamento. Más allá de los números . Stockholm, Sweden. 1-12.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Jamieson, Kathleen H
    1995 Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Laclau, Ernesto
    2005 La razón populista. Buenos Aires, S.A.: Fondo de Cultura Económica de Argentina.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Levitsky, Steven and Victoria Murillo
    2008 “Argentina: De Kirchner a Kirchner.” Journal of Democracy19(2):16-30. doi: 10.1353/jod.2008.0030
     https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2008.0030 [Google Scholar]
  13. Molyneux, Maxine
    2003 Women’s Movements in International Perspecties: Latin America and Beyond. London: Institute of Latin American Studies.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Morales Quiroga, Mauricio
    2008 “La primera mujer presidenta de Chile.” Latin American Research Review43(1): 7-32. doi: 10.1353/lar.2008.0013
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lar.2008.0013 [Google Scholar]
  15. Murray, Rainbow
    ed. 2010 Cracking the Highest Glass Ceiling: A Global Comparison of Women’s Campaigns for Executive Office. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Patrouilleau, María Mercedes
    2010 “Discurso y narración en las dinámicas de consitutción identitaria. La experiencia Kirchnerista en Argentina.” CONfines de Relaciones Internacionales y Ciencia Política6(11): 37-58.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Piscopo, Jennifer M
    2010 “ Primera dama, Prima donna? Media Constructions of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in Argentina.” InCracking the Highest Glass Ceiling: A Global Comparison of Women’s Campaigns for Executive Office, edited by Rainbow Murray , 197-220. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Rojas Mira, Claudia Fedora
    2011 “Rumbo a la moneda: Historia del movimiento sufragista en Chile, 1913-1952.” InSufragio femenino: Prácticas y debates politicos, religiosas y culturales en Argentina y América Latina, edited by Barry Carolina , 391-409. Buenos Aires: EDUNTREF.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A
    2006 “Still Supermadres? Gender and the Policy Priorities of Latin American Legislators.” American Journal of Political Science50(3): 570-585. doi: 10.1111/j.1540‑5907.2006.00202.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00202.x [Google Scholar]
  20. van Dijk, Teun A
    1997 “What is Political Discourse Analysis?” InPolitical Linguistics, edited by J. Blommaert and C. Bulcaen , 11-52. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Bachelet, Michelle
    2006(a) “Discurso de investidura.” Retóricas, Speech presented at Palacio de la Moneda , March 11. www.retoricas.com/2010/05/discurso-posesion-michelle-bachelet.html.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. 2006(b) “Cuenta annual de la presidente del Congreso Pleno.” Speech presented in Valparaiso, Chile, May 21.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Barry, Carolina
    2011 Sufragio femenino: Prácticas y debates politicos, religiosos y culturales en Argentina y América. Buenos Aires: EDUNTREF.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Blommaert, Jan
    2005 Discourse: Key Topics in Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511610295
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610295 [Google Scholar]
  5. Fairclough, Norman
    1992 Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Feijoó, María del Carmen and Marcela María Alejandra Nari
    1994 “Women and Democracy in Argentina.” InThe Women’s Movement in Latin America, edited by Jane S. Jaquette , 109-129. Oxford: West View Press, Inc.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Fernández de Kirchner, Cristina
    2007 “Discurso de asunción ante la asamblea legislativa.” Speech presented in Buenos Aires, Argentina, December 10.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. 2011 “Discurso de asunción ante la asamblea legislativa.” Speech presented in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Web, December 10.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Htun, Mala N
    2002 “Women in Political Power in Latin America.” InInternational IDEA, Mujeres en el parlamento. Más allá de los números . Stockholm, Sweden. 1-12.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Jamieson, Kathleen H
    1995 Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Laclau, Ernesto
    2005 La razón populista. Buenos Aires, S.A.: Fondo de Cultura Económica de Argentina.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Levitsky, Steven and Victoria Murillo
    2008 “Argentina: De Kirchner a Kirchner.” Journal of Democracy19(2):16-30. doi: 10.1353/jod.2008.0030
     https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2008.0030 [Google Scholar]
  13. Molyneux, Maxine
    2003 Women’s Movements in International Perspecties: Latin America and Beyond. London: Institute of Latin American Studies.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Morales Quiroga, Mauricio
    2008 “La primera mujer presidenta de Chile.” Latin American Research Review43(1): 7-32. doi: 10.1353/lar.2008.0013
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lar.2008.0013 [Google Scholar]
  15. Murray, Rainbow
    ed. 2010 Cracking the Highest Glass Ceiling: A Global Comparison of Women’s Campaigns for Executive Office. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Patrouilleau, María Mercedes
    2010 “Discurso y narración en las dinámicas de consitutción identitaria. La experiencia Kirchnerista en Argentina.” CONfines de Relaciones Internacionales y Ciencia Política6(11): 37-58.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Piscopo, Jennifer M
    2010 “ Primera dama, Prima donna? Media Constructions of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in Argentina.” InCracking the Highest Glass Ceiling: A Global Comparison of Women’s Campaigns for Executive Office, edited by Rainbow Murray , 197-220. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Rojas Mira, Claudia Fedora
    2011 “Rumbo a la moneda: Historia del movimiento sufragista en Chile, 1913-1952.” InSufragio femenino: Prácticas y debates politicos, religiosas y culturales en Argentina y América Latina, edited by Barry Carolina , 391-409. Buenos Aires: EDUNTREF.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A
    2006 “Still Supermadres? Gender and the Policy Priorities of Latin American Legislators.” American Journal of Political Science50(3): 570-585. doi: 10.1111/j.1540‑5907.2006.00202.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00202.x [Google Scholar]
  20. van Dijk, Teun A
    1997 “What is Political Discourse Analysis?” InPolitical Linguistics, edited by J. Blommaert and C. Bulcaen , 11-52. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]

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