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Chapter 13. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

Media’s “Ma Ellen” or the “Iron Lady” of West Africa? Textual discourse & brand of a leader

image of Chapter 13. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

Incumbent president of Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, currently serving her second term, is the first democratically elected female head of state in modern Africa. During the 2005 and 2011 elections, Sirleaf strategically performed multiple discursive identities, appealing to both male and female constituents. This qualitative pragmatic discourse analysis supplemented by quantitative data, reveals media stylizations of Sirleaf ranging from that of a “grandmother” to the “Iron Lady” to “Ma Ellen,” mother of a country. The present study demonstrates the gendered and non-gendered discourses Sirleaf employs, and introduces the theoretical framework of gender-neutral, gender-polar and gender-biased text. The political brands Sirleaf discursively establishes for herself are compared with and contrasted to brands of the Liberian president as styled by international media.

  • Affiliations: 1: University of Florida

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References

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    2004 Liberian Women PeaceMakers. Asmara, Eritrea: African World Press Inc.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Alexander, Deborah and Kristi Anderson
    1993 “Gender as a Factor in the Attribution of Leadership Traits.” Political Research Quarterly46(3): 527-545. doi: 10.1177/106591299304600305
     https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299304600305 [Google Scholar]
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     [Google Scholar]
  4. Bauman, R. and C. Briggs
    1990 “Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life.” Annual Review of Anthropology19: 59-88. doi: 10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.000423
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    1996 Women Politicians in the Media. Lexington: University of Kentucky.
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  7. Byerly, Carolyn M. and Karen Ross
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  8. Chow, Esther Ngan-ling
    2003 “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century.” International Sociology18(3): 443-460. doi: 10.1177/02685809030183001
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  10. Dahlerup, Drude
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  11. Goffman, Erving
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    1999 Getting Even: Women MPs on Life, Power and Politics. Sydney: Harper Collins.
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  13. Huddy, Leonie and Nadya Terkildsen
    1993 “Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates.” American Journal of Political Science37(1): 119-147. doi: 10.2307/2111526
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    1995 Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership. New York: Oxford University Press.
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    2003 “Language, Gender, and Politics: Putting “Women” and “Power” in the Same Sentence.” InThe Handbook of Language and Gender, edited by Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff , 161-178. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. doi: 10.1002/9780470756942.ch7
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    . “The Education of Eomen and Girls in the United States: A Historical Perspective.” Advances in Gender and Education1(1): 11-13.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. McCammon, Holly J. , Karen E. Campbell , Ellen M. Granberg , and Christine Mowery
    2001 “How Movements Win: Gendered Opportunity Structures and U.S. Women’s Suffrage Movements, 1866 to 1919.” American Sociological Review66(1): 49-70. doi: 10.2307/2657393
     https://doi.org/10.2307/2657393 [Google Scholar]
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    1989 “Gender Role and Political Office: Effects of Perceived Masculinity/Femininity of Candidate and Political Office. Psychology of Women Quarterly13(1): 77-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1471‑6402.1989.tb00986.x
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    2003 “Candidate Recruitment and Women’s Election to the State Legislatures.” Report published electronically by the Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. www.cawp.rutgers.edu/research/topics/documents/CandRecruitment.pdf
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    1996 “The Natural History of Discourse.” InNatural Histories of Discourse, edited by M. Silverstein and G. Urban , 1-17. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Simon, Adam F. and Jennifer Jerit
    2007 “Toward a Theory Relating Political Discourse, Media and Public Opinion.” Journal of Communication57(2): 254-271. doi: 10.1111/j.1460‑2466.2007.00342.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00342.x [Google Scholar]
  25. Sjoberg, Laura and J. Ann Tickner
    eds. 2013 Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past, Present and Future. New York: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Svaleryd, H
    2002 “Female Representation-Is it Important for Policy Decisions?” Mimeo: Stockholm University.
  27. Swamy, Anand , Stephen Knack , Young Lee , and Omar Azfar
    2003 “Gender and Corruption.” InDemocracy, Governance and Growth, edited by Stephen F. Knack , 191-224. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Thomas, Gwynn and Melinda Adams
    . “Breaking the Final Glass Ceiling: The Influence of Gender in the Elections of Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf and Michelle Bachelet.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy31(2) 2010: 105-131. doi: 10.1080/15544771003697270
     https://doi.org/10.1080/15544771003697270 [Google Scholar]
  29. Thomas, Sue and Susan Welch
    1991 “The Impact of Gender on Activities and Priorities of State Legislators.” Western Political Quarterly44(2): 445-56. doi: 10.2307/448788
     https://doi.org/10.2307/448788 [Google Scholar]
  30. Wodak, Ruth
    2011 The Discourse of Politics in Action: Politics as Usual2nd Edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230316539
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    2005 “Donna, economista e mediatrice Johnson-Sirleaf, madre e ‘lady di ferro’.” [Woman, economist and mediator Johnson-Sirleaf, mother and Iron Lady.] La Repubblica, November11. www.repubblica.it/2005/k/sezioni/esteri/weaperde/ironlady/ironlady.html
     [Google Scholar]
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    2005 “An Act of Kindness 20 Years Ago, Resonating Today.” New York Times, December18. www.nytimes.com/2005/12/18/opinion/18sun3.html?_r=0
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Dixon, Robyn
    2005 “Liberians Jam Polling Places to Cast Ballots for President; A Runoff is Expected as a Popular Former Soccer Player, an ex-World Bank Official and 20 Other Candidates Vie for the Top Position.” Los Angeles Times, October12. articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/12/world/fg-liberia12
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Ford, Tamasin
    2011 “Peace prize: Women Who Fought and Won Unequal Struggles.” The Guardian, October8. www.lexisnexis.com.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/?verb=sr&csi=138620
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Ginori, Anais
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     [Google Scholar]
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    2005 “Johnson-Sirleaf Declared Liberian President.” November23. www.lexisnexis.com.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/?verb=sr&csi=138620
  37. Hartill, Lane
    2005 “Liberia’s ‘Iron Lady’ Goes for Gold.” Washington Post, October5. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/04/AR2005100401564.html
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Haygood, Wil
    2005 “For Liberia's ‘Iron Lady,’ Toughness Part of Territory.” Washington Post, December16. www.lexisnexis.com.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/?verb=sr&csi=8075
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Howden, Daniel
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     [Google Scholar]
  42. Kajee, Ayesha
    2005 “Liberia: A New Wind of Change is Stirring.” Business Day, November15. allafrica.com/stories/200511150264.html
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Los Angeles Times, The 2005 “Woman is Officially Named Winner of Liberia Presidency.” November24. search.proquest.com.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/docview/421993282/1E528DAEEEFC4B09PQ/10?accountid=10920
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  44. Merkel, Rainer
    2011 “Mein langer Lauf durch Liberia.” [My long run through Liberia.] Die Welt, October10. www.welt.de/print/die_welt/kultur/article13651092/Mein-langer-Lauf-durch-Liberia.html
     [Google Scholar]
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    2011 “Ellen Sirleaf: «Il futuro è delle donne E noi cambieremo il volto dell'Africa».” [Ellen Sirleaf: “The future belongs to women and we will change the face of Africa.”] Il Corriere della Sera, October27. www.corriere.it/esteri/11_ottobre_27/muglia_intervista-sirleaf_2e60897e-0059-11e1-a50b-be6aa0df10bc.shtml
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    2005 “The World; Economist Looks Certain to Win Liberian Election; Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf Would Be Africa's First Elected Female Head of State. Her Former Soccer Star Opponent Demands a New Round of Voting.” Los Angeles Times, November13. search.proquest.com.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/docview/422086114/1610FED4C5C74CBDPQ/2?accountid=10920
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  48. 2005b “In First for Africa, Woman Wins Election as President of Liberia.” New York Times, November12. www.nytimes.com/2005/11/12/international/africa/12liberia.html?pagewanted=all
     [Google Scholar]
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    2011 “Peace Prize: A Summons to Women.” Washington Post, October8. www.lexisnexis.com.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/?verb=sr&csi=80
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