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Effects of Spanish use on the production of Catalan vowels by early Spanish-Catalan bilinguals

image of Effects of Spanish use on the production of Catalan vowels by early Spanish-Catalan bilinguals

This study examined the production of Catalan vowels by 82 adults who had begun using both Spanish (S) and Catalan (C) at school age but differed in their self-reported percentage of Catalan use (11%=MostlyS, 40%=S/C, 63%=C/S, 86%=MostlyC). Bark-normalized Euclidean distances between the vowels /i/-/e/, /u/-/o/, /e/-/ε/ and /o/-/ɔ/ were computed to estimate the magnitude of between-vowel production differences. The results revealed an effect of Catalan use: the more frequently Catalan was used, the more open and less fronted — and thus the less Spanish-like — were productions of Catalan /ε/ and /ɔ/. Euclidean distances between /e/-/ε/ were greater for the MostlyC group than for the MostlyS and S/C groups, also indicating an effect of Catalan use. These findings suggest that Catalan /e/ and /ε/ are produced less successfully by early learners of Catalan who continue using Spanish often despite the fact that the second language (either Catalan or Spanish) was acquired in early childhood.

  • Affiliations: 1: Universitat de Barcelona; 2: University of Sussex; 3: University of Alabama at Birmingham

References

  1. Badia Margarit, Antoni Maria
    1969 “Algunes mostres de les igualacions ε=e and ɔ=o en el català parlat de Barcelona”. Sons i fonemes de la llengua catalanaed. by Antoni Maria Badia Margarit , 97-103. Barcelona: Publicacions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
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  4. Best, Catherine T
    1995 “A Direct Realist View of Cross-Language Speech Perception”. Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in cross-language researched. by Winifred Strange , 171-204. Baltimore, Md.: York Press.
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  5. Best, Catherine T. & Michael D. Tyler
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  7. Bohn, Ocke-Schwen & James E. Flege
    1990 “Interlingual Identification and the Role of Foreign Language Experience in L2 Vowel Perception”. Applied Psycholinguistics11:3.303-328. doi: 10.1017/S0142716400008912
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  8. Bosch, Laura , Albert Costa & Núria Sebastián-Gallés
    2000 “First and Second Language Vowel Perception in Early Bilinguals”. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology12:2.189-221. doi: 10.1080/09541446.2000.10590222
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  9. Bosch, Laura & Marta Ramon-Casas
    2011 “Variability in Vowel Production by Bilingual Speakers: Can input properties hinder the early stabilization of contrastive categories?”. Journal of Phonetics39:4.514-526. doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2011.02.001
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  12. Flege, James E. , Ocke-Schwen Bohn & Sunyoung Jang
    1997 “Effects of Experience on Non-Native Speakers’ Production and Perception of English vowels”. Journal of Phonetics25:4.437-470. doi: 10.1006/jpho.1997.0052
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    2009 “English /r/-/l/ Category Assimilation by Japanese Adults: Individual differences and the link to identification accuracy”. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America125:1.469-479. doi: 10.1121/1.3021295
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    2005 “Phonetic Training with Acoustic Cue Manipulations: A comparison of methods for teaching English /r/-/l/ to Japanese adults. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America118:5.3267-3278. doi: 10.1121/1.2062307
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2062307 [Google Scholar]
  17. Larsson, Johan P. , Fátima Vera-Constán , Núria Sebastián-Gallés & Gustavo Deco
    2008 “Lexical Plasticity in Early Bilinguals does not Alter Phoneme Categories. I: Neurodynamical modelling”. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience20:1.76-94. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20004
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  18. Mora, Joan C. , James L. Keidel & James E. Flege
    2011 “Why Are the Catalan Contrasts between /e/-/ε/ and /o/-/ɔ/ So Difficult for Even Early Spanish-Catalan Bilinguals to Perceive?”. Achievements and Perspectives in the Acquisition of Second Language Speech: New Sounds 2010ed. by Magdalena Wrembel , Małgorzata Kul & Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk , vol. II, 183-193. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Mora, Joan C. & Marianna Nadeu, M
    2012 “L2 Effects on the Perception and Production of a Native Vowel Contrast in Early Bilinguals”. International Journal of Bilingualism16:4.484-500. doi: 10.1177/1367006911429518
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006911429518 [Google Scholar]
  20. Ortega-Llebaria, Marta & Bosch, Laura
    2015 “A Look at Prosodic, Rhythmic and Segmental Properties in Utterances from Two Catalan Dialects”. This volume.
  21. Pallier, Cristophe , Laura Bosch & Núria Sebastián-Gallés
    1997 “A Limit on Behavioral Plasticity in Speech Perception”. Cognition64:3.B9-B17. doi: 10.1016/S0010‑0277(97)00030‑9
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(97)00030-9 [Google Scholar]
  22. Ramon-Casas, Marta , Daniel Swingley , Núria Sebastián-Gallés & Laura Bosch
    2009 “Vowel Categorization during Word Recognition in Bilingual Toddlers”. Cognitive Psychology59:1.96-121. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.02.002
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.02.002 [Google Scholar]
  23. Recasens, Daniel
    1991 Fonètica descriptiva del català: Assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i consonantisme del català al segle XX. Barcelona: Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Recasens, Daniel & Aina Espinosa
    2006 “Dispersion and Variability of Catalan Vowels”. Speech Communication48:6.645-666. doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2005.09.011
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2005.09.011 [Google Scholar]
  25. 2009 “Dispersion and Variability in Catalan Five and Six Peripheral Vowel Systems”. Speech Communication51:3.240-258. doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2008.09.002
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2008.09.002 [Google Scholar]
  26. Sebastián-Gallés, Núria , Sagrario Echeverría & Laura Bosch
    2005 “The Influence of Initial Exposure on Lexical Representation: Comparing early and simultaneous bilinguals”. Journal of Memory and Language52:2.240-255. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2004.11.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2004.11.001 [Google Scholar]
  27. Sebastián-Gallés, Núria , Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells , Ruth de Diego-Balaguer & Begoña Díaz
    2006 “First- and Second-Language Phonological Representations in the Mental Lexicon”. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience18:8.1277-1291. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1277
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  28. Sebastián-Gallés, Núria , Fátima Vera-Constán , Johan P. Larsson , Albert Costa & Gustavo Deco
    2009 “Lexical Plasticity in Early Bilinguals does not Alter Phoneme Categories. II: Experimental evidence”. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience21:12.2343-2357. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.21152
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  29. Simonet, Miquel
    2010 “Dark and Clear Laterals in Catalan and Spanish: Interaction of phonetic categories in early bilinguals”. Journal of Phonetics38:4.663-678. doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2010.10.002
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2010.10.002 [Google Scholar]
  30. 2011 “Production of a Catalan-Specific Vowel Contrast by Early Spanish-Catalan Bilinguals”. Phonetica68:1-2.88-110. doi: 10.1159/000328847
     https://doi.org/10.1159/000328847 [Google Scholar]
  31. Syrdal, Ann K. & Hundrai S. Gopal
    . 1986 “A Perceptual Model of Vowel Recognition Based on the Auditory Representation of American English Vowels”. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America79:4.1086-1100. doi: 10.1121/1.393381
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.393381 [Google Scholar]
  32. Traunmüller, Hartmut
    1997 Auditory Scales of Frequency Representation. (www.ling.su.se/staff/hartmut/bark.htm) (Retrieved onNovember 11, 2007).
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Yamada, Reiko A
    1995 “Age and Acquisition of Second Language Speech Sounds: Perception of American English /ɹ/ and /l/ by native speakers of Japanese”. Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in cross-language researched. by Winifred Strange , 305-320. Baltimore, Md.: York Press.
     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Badia Margarit, Antoni Maria
    1969 “Algunes mostres de les igualacions ε=e and ɔ=o en el català parlat de Barcelona”. Sons i fonemes de la llengua catalanaed. by Antoni Maria Badia Margarit , 97-103. Barcelona: Publicacions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. 1970 “Les vocals tòniques e i o en el català de Barcelona. Sons i fonemes de la llengua catalanaed. by Antoni Maria Badia Margarit , 141-190. Barcelona: Publicacions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Baker, Wendy & Pavel Trofimovich
    2005 “Interaction of Native- and Second-Language Vowel System(s) in Early and Late Bilinguals”. Language and Speech48:1.1-27. doi: 10.1177/00238309050480010101
     https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309050480010101 [Google Scholar]
  4. Best, Catherine T
    1995 “A Direct Realist View of Cross-Language Speech Perception”. Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in cross-language researched. by Winifred Strange , 171-204. Baltimore, Md.: York Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Best, Catherine T. & Michael D. Tyler
    2007 “Nonnative and Second-Language Speech Perception: Commonalities and complementarities”. Language Experience in Second Language Speech Learning: In honor of James Emil Flegeed. by Ocke-Schwen Bohn & Murray J. Munro , 13-34. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/lllt.17.07bes
     https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.17.07bes [Google Scholar]
  6. Boersma, Paul & David Weenink
    2009 Praat: Doing phonetics by computer: Version 5.1.05 (www.praat.org/) (Retrieved onMay 1, 2009).
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Bohn, Ocke-Schwen & James E. Flege
    1990 “Interlingual Identification and the Role of Foreign Language Experience in L2 Vowel Perception”. Applied Psycholinguistics11:3.303-328. doi: 10.1017/S0142716400008912
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400008912 [Google Scholar]
  8. Bosch, Laura , Albert Costa & Núria Sebastián-Gallés
    2000 “First and Second Language Vowel Perception in Early Bilinguals”. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology12:2.189-221. doi: 10.1080/09541446.2000.10590222
     https://doi.org/10.1080/09541446.2000.10590222 [Google Scholar]
  9. Bosch, Laura & Marta Ramon-Casas
    2011 “Variability in Vowel Production by Bilingual Speakers: Can input properties hinder the early stabilization of contrastive categories?”. Journal of Phonetics39:4.514-526. doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2011.02.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2011.02.001 [Google Scholar]
  10. Flege, James E
    1995 “Second Language Speech Learning: Theory, findings, and problems”. Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in cross-language researched. by Winifred Strange , 233-277. Baltimore, Md.: York Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. 2007 “Language Contact in Bilingualism: Phonetic system interactions”. Laboratory Phonology 9ed. by Jennifer Cole & José Ignacio Hualde , 353-382. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Flege, James E. , Ocke-Schwen Bohn & Sunyoung Jang
    1997 “Effects of Experience on Non-Native Speakers’ Production and Perception of English vowels”. Journal of Phonetics25:4.437-470. doi: 10.1006/jpho.1997.0052
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1997.0052 [Google Scholar]
  13. Flege, James E. , Naoyuki Takagi & Virginia Mann
    1995 “Japanese Adults can Learn to Produce English /r/ and /l/ Accurately”. Language and Speech38:1.25-55.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Hattori, Kota & Paul Iverson
    2009 “English /r/-/l/ Category Assimilation by Japanese Adults: Individual differences and the link to identification accuracy”. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America125:1.469-479. doi: 10.1121/1.3021295
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3021295 [Google Scholar]
  15. Institut d’Estudis Catalans
    2011 Coneixements i usos del català a Catalunya el 2010: Dades del baròmetre de la comunicació i la cultura. [Knowledge and Use of Catalan in Catalonia in 2010: Data from the Communication and Culture Barometer]. Barcelona: Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Iverson, Paul , Valerie Hazan & Kerry Bannister
    2005 “Phonetic Training with Acoustic Cue Manipulations: A comparison of methods for teaching English /r/-/l/ to Japanese adults. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America118:5.3267-3278. doi: 10.1121/1.2062307
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2062307 [Google Scholar]
  17. Larsson, Johan P. , Fátima Vera-Constán , Núria Sebastián-Gallés & Gustavo Deco
    2008 “Lexical Plasticity in Early Bilinguals does not Alter Phoneme Categories. I: Neurodynamical modelling”. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience20:1.76-94. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20004
     https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20004 [Google Scholar]
  18. Mora, Joan C. , James L. Keidel & James E. Flege
    2011 “Why Are the Catalan Contrasts between /e/-/ε/ and /o/-/ɔ/ So Difficult for Even Early Spanish-Catalan Bilinguals to Perceive?”. Achievements and Perspectives in the Acquisition of Second Language Speech: New Sounds 2010ed. by Magdalena Wrembel , Małgorzata Kul & Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk , vol. II, 183-193. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Mora, Joan C. & Marianna Nadeu, M
    2012 “L2 Effects on the Perception and Production of a Native Vowel Contrast in Early Bilinguals”. International Journal of Bilingualism16:4.484-500. doi: 10.1177/1367006911429518
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006911429518 [Google Scholar]
  20. Ortega-Llebaria, Marta & Bosch, Laura
    2015 “A Look at Prosodic, Rhythmic and Segmental Properties in Utterances from Two Catalan Dialects”. This volume.
  21. Pallier, Cristophe , Laura Bosch & Núria Sebastián-Gallés
    1997 “A Limit on Behavioral Plasticity in Speech Perception”. Cognition64:3.B9-B17. doi: 10.1016/S0010‑0277(97)00030‑9
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(97)00030-9 [Google Scholar]
  22. Ramon-Casas, Marta , Daniel Swingley , Núria Sebastián-Gallés & Laura Bosch
    2009 “Vowel Categorization during Word Recognition in Bilingual Toddlers”. Cognitive Psychology59:1.96-121. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.02.002
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.02.002 [Google Scholar]
  23. Recasens, Daniel
    1991 Fonètica descriptiva del català: Assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i consonantisme del català al segle XX. Barcelona: Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Recasens, Daniel & Aina Espinosa
    2006 “Dispersion and Variability of Catalan Vowels”. Speech Communication48:6.645-666. doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2005.09.011
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2005.09.011 [Google Scholar]
  25. 2009 “Dispersion and Variability in Catalan Five and Six Peripheral Vowel Systems”. Speech Communication51:3.240-258. doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2008.09.002
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2008.09.002 [Google Scholar]
  26. Sebastián-Gallés, Núria , Sagrario Echeverría & Laura Bosch
    2005 “The Influence of Initial Exposure on Lexical Representation: Comparing early and simultaneous bilinguals”. Journal of Memory and Language52:2.240-255. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2004.11.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2004.11.001 [Google Scholar]
  27. Sebastián-Gallés, Núria , Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells , Ruth de Diego-Balaguer & Begoña Díaz
    2006 “First- and Second-Language Phonological Representations in the Mental Lexicon”. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience18:8.1277-1291. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1277
     https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1277 [Google Scholar]
  28. Sebastián-Gallés, Núria , Fátima Vera-Constán , Johan P. Larsson , Albert Costa & Gustavo Deco
    2009 “Lexical Plasticity in Early Bilinguals does not Alter Phoneme Categories. II: Experimental evidence”. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience21:12.2343-2357. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.21152
     https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21152 [Google Scholar]
  29. Simonet, Miquel
    2010 “Dark and Clear Laterals in Catalan and Spanish: Interaction of phonetic categories in early bilinguals”. Journal of Phonetics38:4.663-678. doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2010.10.002
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2010.10.002 [Google Scholar]
  30. 2011 “Production of a Catalan-Specific Vowel Contrast by Early Spanish-Catalan Bilinguals”. Phonetica68:1-2.88-110. doi: 10.1159/000328847
     https://doi.org/10.1159/000328847 [Google Scholar]
  31. Syrdal, Ann K. & Hundrai S. Gopal
    . 1986 “A Perceptual Model of Vowel Recognition Based on the Auditory Representation of American English Vowels”. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America79:4.1086-1100. doi: 10.1121/1.393381
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.393381 [Google Scholar]
  32. Traunmüller, Hartmut
    1997 Auditory Scales of Frequency Representation. (www.ling.su.se/staff/hartmut/bark.htm) (Retrieved onNovember 11, 2007).
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Yamada, Reiko A
    1995 “Age and Acquisition of Second Language Speech Sounds: Perception of American English /ɹ/ and /l/ by native speakers of Japanese”. Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in cross-language researched. by Winifred Strange , 305-320. Baltimore, Md.: York Press.
     [Google Scholar]

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