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Secondary correlates of question signaling in Manchego Spanish

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This paper reports on an acoustic analysis of secondary prosodic cues of question signaling (baseline slope, speech rate, stressed syllable duration), comparing declarative statements, declarative questions, and wh-questions in Peninsular Spanish. The signaling of questions has been reported as more complex than the ‘high vs. low pitch’ dichotomy often referenced in the literature. Our analysis reveals that baseline slope may be the best phonetic property for categorizing wh-questions separately from statements and declarative questions; measures of speech rate and syllable duration are not a straightforward heuristic for differentiating sentence types. The distributional and statistical results are contrary to van Heuven & Haan’s (2000, 2002) idea that there is a relative prosodic marking of question type based on the number of lexico-syntactic devices used to signal a question. We propose that the tonal categories that comprise an intonational melody may account for tempo differences within and across question types, along the lines of Gussenhoven’s (2004) effort code.

  • Affiliations: 1: University of Michigan

References

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    1998 “Intonation and Procedural Encoding: The case of Spanish interrogatives”. Current Issues in Relevance Theoryed. by Villy Rouchota & Andreas H. Jucker , 169-203. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.58.09esc
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  14. 2010 “Castilian Spanish Intonation”. Prieto & Roseano , eds. 2010, Transcription of Intonation of the Spanish Language,17-48.
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  23. House, David
    2002 “Intonational and Visual Cues in the Perception of Interrogative Mode in Swedish”. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, University of Colorado, 16-20 September 2002ed. by Johan H. Hansen & Bryan Pellom , 1957-1960. Denver, Colo.: Casual Productions.
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  24. 2003 “Perceiving Question Intonation: The role of pre-focal pause and delayed focal peak”. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 15), Barcelona, 3-9 August 2003ed. by Maria-Josep Solé , Daniel Recasens & Joaquín Romero , 755-758. Barcelona: Casual Productions.
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    1979 “Admissible Values of ɣ in Direct Oblimin Rotation”. Psychometrika44:2.173-177. doi: 10.1007/BF02293969
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  27. 1978b Introduction to Factor Analysis: What it is and how to do it. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
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  28. Ladd, D. Robert
    2008 Intonational phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511808814
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  29. Liu, Fang
    2009 Intonational Systems of Mandarin and English: A functional approach. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Chicago.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Navarro Tomás, Tomás
    1944 Manual de entonación española. New York: Hispanic Institute in the United States.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Pierrehumbert, Janet B
    1980 The Phonetics and Phonology of English Intonation. Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Prieto, Pilar
    2004 “The Search for Phonological Targets in the Tonal Space: H1 scaling and alignment in five sentence-types in Peninsular Spanish”. Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonologyed. by Timothy L. Face , 29-59. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Prieto, Pilar & Paolo Roseano
    eds. 2010 Transcription of Intonation of the Spanish Language. München: Lincom Europa.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Prieto, Pilar , Maria del Mar Vanrell , Lluïsa Astruc , Elinor Payne & Brechtje Post
    2012 “Phonotactic and Phrasal Properties of Speech Rhythm. Evidence from Catalan, English, and Spanish”. Speech Communication54:6.681-702. doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2011.12.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2011.12.001 [Google Scholar]
  35. Quilis, Antonio
    1993 Tratado de fonología y fonética españolas. Madrid: Gredos.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Sadock, Jerrold M. & Aranold M. Zwicky
    1985 “Speech Act Distinctions in Syntax”. Language Typology and Syntactic Descriptioned. by Timothy Shopen , vol.1, 155-196. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Schwab, Sandra & Isabelle Racine
    2013 “Le débit lent des Suisses romands: Mythe ou réalité?”. Journal of French Language Studies23:2.281-295. doi: 10.1017/S095926951200021X
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    2009 Multivariate Statistics for the Environmental Sciences. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
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  39. Sosa, Juan Manuel
    1999 La entonación del español. Madrid: Cátedra.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Thorsen, Nina G
    1980 “A Study of the Perception of Sentence Intonation: Evidence from Danish”. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America67:3.1014-1030. doi: 10.1121/1.384069
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.384069 [Google Scholar]
  41. van Heuven, Vincent J. & Judith Haan
    2000 “Phonetic Correlates of Statement versus Question Intonation in Dutch”. Intonation: Analysis, Modelling and Technologyed. by Antonis Botinis , 119-143. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. 2002 “Temporal Distribution of Interrogativity Markers in Dutch: A perceptual study”. Laboratory Phonology 7ed. by Carlos Gussenhoven & Natasha Warner , 61-86. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. van Heuven, Vincent J. & Ellen van Zanten
    2005 “Speech Rate as a Secondary Prosodic Characteristic of Polarity Questions in Three Languages”. Speech Communication47:1-2.87-99. doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2005.05.010
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2005.05.010 [Google Scholar]
  44. Vanrell, Maria del Mar , Antonio Stella , Barbara Gili Fivela & Pilar Prieto
    2013 “Prosodic Manifestations of the Effort Code in Catalan, Italian and Spanish Contrastive Focus”. Journal of the International Phonetic Association43:2.195-220. doi: 10.1017/S0025100313000066
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100313000066 [Google Scholar]
  45. Willis, Erik
    2006/7 “Utterance Signaling and Tonal Levels in Dominican Spanish Declaratives and Interrogatives”. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics5/6.179-202.
     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Alvord, Scott M
    2006 Spanish Intonation in Contact: The case of Miami Cuban bilinguals. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Basilevsky, Alexander
    1994 Statistical Factor Analysis and Related Methods: Theory and applications. New York: Wiley.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Beckman, Mary , Manuel Díaz-Campos , Julia McGory & Terrell A. Morgan
    2002 “Intonation across Spanish in the Tones and Break Indices Framework”. Probus14:1.9-36. doi: 10.1515/prbs.2002.008
     https://doi.org/10.1515/prbs.2002.008 [Google Scholar]
  4. Beckman, Mary E. & Janet B. Pierrehumbert
    1986 “Intonational Structure in Japanese and English”. Phonology Yearbook3.255-309. doi: 10.1017/S095267570000066X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S095267570000066X [Google Scholar]
  5. Boersma, Paul & David Weenink
    2012 Praat: Doing phonetics by computer: Version 5.3.09 (www.praat.org/) (Retrieved onMarch 12, 2012).
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Cangemi, Francesco & Mariapaola D’Imperio
    2011 “Local Speech Rate Differences between Questions and Statements in Italian”. Paper presented at17th International Congress of Phonetics Sciences (ICPhS 17), Hong Kong, August 2011.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. 2015 “Sentence Modality and Tempo in Neapolitan Italian”. This volume.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Clopper, Cynthia G. & John C. Paolillo
    2006 “North American English Vowels: A factor-analytic perspective”. Literary and Linguistic Computing21:4.445-462. doi: 10.1093/llc/fql039
     https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fql039 [Google Scholar]
  9. Dziuban, Charles D. & Edwin C. Shirkey
    1974 “When is a Correlation Matrix Appropriate for Factor Analysis?: Some decision rules”. Psychological Bulletin81:6.358-361. doi: 10.1037/h0036316
     https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036316 [Google Scholar]
  10. Escandell-Vidal, M. Victoria
    1998 “Intonation and Procedural Encoding: The case of Spanish interrogatives”. Current Issues in Relevance Theoryed. by Villy Rouchota & Andreas H. Jucker , 169-203. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.58.09esc
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.58.09esc [Google Scholar]
  11. 1999 “Los enunciados interrogativos: Aspectos semánticos y pragmáticos”. Gramática descriptiva de la lengua españolaed. by Ignacio Bosque & Violeta Demonte , 3929-3991. Madrid: Espasa.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 2011 “‘Verum focus’ y prosodia: Cuando la duración (sí que) importa.”Oralia14.181-201.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Estebas-Vilaplana, Eva & Pilar Prieto
    2008 “La notación prosódica del español: Una revisión del Sp_ToBI”. Estudios de fonética experimental17.263-283.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. 2010 “Castilian Spanish Intonation”. Prieto & Roseano , eds. 2010, Transcription of Intonation of the Spanish Language,17-48.
  15. Face, Timothy L
    2004 “The Intonation of Absolute Interrogatives in Castilian Spanish”. Southwest Journal of Linguistics23:2.65-79.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. 2005 “F0 Peak Height and the Perception of Sentence type in Castilian Spanish”. Revista de Lingüística Iberoamericana2:6.49-65.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. 2007 “The Role of Intonational Cues in the Perception of Declaratives and Absolute Interrogatives in Castilian Spanish”. Estudios de fonología experimental16.185-225.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Gussenhoven, Carlos
    2004 The phonology of tone and intonation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511616983
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511616983 [Google Scholar]
  19. Haan, Judith
    2002 Speaking of Questions: An exploration of Dutch question intonation. Utrecht: LOT.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Henriksen, Nicholas
    2012 “The Intonation and Signaling of Declarative Questions in Manchego Peninsular Spanish”. Language and Speech55:4.543-576. doi: 10.1177/0023830911434126
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830911434126 [Google Scholar]
  21. 2013 “Style, Prosodic Variation, and the Social Meaning of Intonation”. Journal of the International Phonetic Association43:2.153-193. doi: 10.1017/S0025100313000054
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100313000054 [Google Scholar]
  22. 2014 “Initial Peaks and Final Falls in the Intonation of Manchego Spanish Wh-Questions”. Probus26:1.83-133. doi: 10.1515/probus‑2013‑0003
     https://doi.org/10.1515/probus-2013-0003 [Google Scholar]
  23. House, David
    2002 “Intonational and Visual Cues in the Perception of Interrogative Mode in Swedish”. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, University of Colorado, 16-20 September 2002ed. by Johan H. Hansen & Bryan Pellom , 1957-1960. Denver, Colo.: Casual Productions.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 2003 “Perceiving Question Intonation: The role of pre-focal pause and delayed focal peak”. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 15), Barcelona, 3-9 August 2003ed. by Maria-Josep Solé , Daniel Recasens & Joaquín Romero , 755-758. Barcelona: Casual Productions.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Jennrich, Robert I
    1979 “Admissible Values of ɣ in Direct Oblimin Rotation”. Psychometrika44:2.173-177. doi: 10.1007/BF02293969
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293969 [Google Scholar]
  26. Kim, Jae-On. & Charles W. Mueller
    1978a Factor Analysis: Statistical methods and practical issues. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. 1978b Introduction to Factor Analysis: What it is and how to do it. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Ladd, D. Robert
    2008 Intonational phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511808814
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808814 [Google Scholar]
  29. Liu, Fang
    2009 Intonational Systems of Mandarin and English: A functional approach. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Chicago.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Navarro Tomás, Tomás
    1944 Manual de entonación española. New York: Hispanic Institute in the United States.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Pierrehumbert, Janet B
    1980 The Phonetics and Phonology of English Intonation. Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Prieto, Pilar
    2004 “The Search for Phonological Targets in the Tonal Space: H1 scaling and alignment in five sentence-types in Peninsular Spanish”. Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonologyed. by Timothy L. Face , 29-59. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Prieto, Pilar & Paolo Roseano
    eds. 2010 Transcription of Intonation of the Spanish Language. München: Lincom Europa.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Prieto, Pilar , Maria del Mar Vanrell , Lluïsa Astruc , Elinor Payne & Brechtje Post
    2012 “Phonotactic and Phrasal Properties of Speech Rhythm. Evidence from Catalan, English, and Spanish”. Speech Communication54:6.681-702. doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2011.12.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2011.12.001 [Google Scholar]
  35. Quilis, Antonio
    1993 Tratado de fonología y fonética españolas. Madrid: Gredos.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Sadock, Jerrold M. & Aranold M. Zwicky
    1985 “Speech Act Distinctions in Syntax”. Language Typology and Syntactic Descriptioned. by Timothy Shopen , vol.1, 155-196. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Schwab, Sandra & Isabelle Racine
    2013 “Le débit lent des Suisses romands: Mythe ou réalité?”. Journal of French Language Studies23:2.281-295. doi: 10.1017/S095926951200021X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S095926951200021X [Google Scholar]
  38. Shaw, Peter J. A
    2009 Multivariate Statistics for the Environmental Sciences. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Sosa, Juan Manuel
    1999 La entonación del español. Madrid: Cátedra.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Thorsen, Nina G
    1980 “A Study of the Perception of Sentence Intonation: Evidence from Danish”. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America67:3.1014-1030. doi: 10.1121/1.384069
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.384069 [Google Scholar]
  41. van Heuven, Vincent J. & Judith Haan
    2000 “Phonetic Correlates of Statement versus Question Intonation in Dutch”. Intonation: Analysis, Modelling and Technologyed. by Antonis Botinis , 119-143. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. 2002 “Temporal Distribution of Interrogativity Markers in Dutch: A perceptual study”. Laboratory Phonology 7ed. by Carlos Gussenhoven & Natasha Warner , 61-86. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. van Heuven, Vincent J. & Ellen van Zanten
    2005 “Speech Rate as a Secondary Prosodic Characteristic of Polarity Questions in Three Languages”. Speech Communication47:1-2.87-99. doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2005.05.010
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2005.05.010 [Google Scholar]
  44. Vanrell, Maria del Mar , Antonio Stella , Barbara Gili Fivela & Pilar Prieto
    2013 “Prosodic Manifestations of the Effort Code in Catalan, Italian and Spanish Contrastive Focus”. Journal of the International Phonetic Association43:2.195-220. doi: 10.1017/S0025100313000066
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100313000066 [Google Scholar]
  45. Willis, Erik
    2006/7 “Utterance Signaling and Tonal Levels in Dominican Spanish Declaratives and Interrogatives”. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics5/6.179-202.
     [Google Scholar]

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