1887
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oa The study of Germanic heritage languages in the Americas

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  • Affiliations: 1: University of Oslo; 2: University of Wisconsin – Madison

References

  1. Arnbjörnsdóttir, Birna
    2006 North American Icelandic: The Life of a Language. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Avineri, Netta
    2012 Heritage Language Socialization Practices in Secular Yiddish Educational Contexts: The Creation of a Metalinguistic Community. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Los Angeles dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Barrière, Isabelle
    2013 “Lecture on Contemporary Hasidic Yiddish.”Presented at theYIVO, October.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Beam, C. Richard , et al.
    2004 The Comprehensive Pennsylvania Dutch Dictionary. Millersville, PA: Center for Pennsylvania German Studies.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Beijbom, Ulf
    1971 Swedes in Chicago. A Demographic and Social Study of the 1846–1880 Emigration. Diss. Studia Historica Upsaliensia/Chicago Historical Society. Läromedelsförlagen.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bousquette, Joshua and Todd Ehresmann
    2010 “West Frisian in Wisconsin: A Historical Profile of Immigrant Language Use in Randolph Township.”It Beaken72(1): 247–278.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Buffington, Albert F
    1939 “Pennsylvania German: Its Relation to Other German Dialects.”American Speech14: 276–286. doi: 10.2307/451627
     https://doi.org/10.2307/451627 [Google Scholar]
  8. Fader, Ayala
    2009 Mitzvah Girls: Bringing Up the Next Generation of Hasidic Jews in Brooklyn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Fishman, Joshua A
    (ed) 1981 Never Say Die: A Thousand Years of Yiddish in Jewish Life and Letters. The Hague: Mouton. doi: 10.1515/9783110820805
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110820805 [Google Scholar]
  10. 1991 Reversing Language Shift. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Frey, Benjamin
    2013 Toward a General Theory of Language Shift: A Case Study in Wisconsin German and North Carolina Cherokee. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Frey, J. William
    1985 A Simple Grammar of Pennsylvania Dutch. Lancaster, PA: Brookshire.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Galema, Annemieke
    1996 Frisians to America 1880–1914: With the Baggage of the Fatherland. Groningen: REGIO-Projekt Uitgevers.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Gilbert, Glenn G
    (ed) 1971 The German Language in America.Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Grosjean, François
    2008 Studying Bilinguals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Haldeman, Samuel Stehman
    1870 Pennsylvania Dutch: A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English. London: Trübner & Co.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Hasselmo, Nils
    1974 Amerikasvenska. En bok om språkutvecklingen i Svensk-Amerika. (Skrifter utg. av Svenska språknämnden 51). Lund: Esselte.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Haugen, Einar
    1953 The Norwegian Language in America: A Study in Bilingual Behavior. 2nd Edition. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Huffines, Marion Lois
    1980 “Pennsylvania German: Maintenance and Shift.”International Journal of the Sociology of Language25: 43–57.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Isaacs, Miriam
    1999 “Haredi, Haymish and Frim: Yiddish Vitality and Language Choice in a Transnational, Multilingual Community.”International Journal of the Sociology of Language138: 9–30. doi: 10.1515/ijsl.1999.138.9
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1999.138.9 [Google Scholar]
  21. Jacobs, Neil
    2005 Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Joseph Salmons
    (eds) 2012 Norsk i Amerika. Special issue of the Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Linguistics Journal] 2.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Signe Laake
    2012 “Østnorsk som norsk fellesdialekt i Midtvesten.”Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Linguistics Journal]30(2): 365–380.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. . Forthcoming. “Eastern Norwegian as a Common Norwegian Dialect in the American Midwest.”Journal of Language Contact.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Johnson-Weiner, Karen
    1998 “Community Identity and Language Change in North American Anabaptist Communities.”Journal of Sociolinguistics2(3): 375–394. doi: 10.1111/1467‑9481.00051
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00051 [Google Scholar]
  26. Katz, Dovid
    (ed) 1988 Dialects of the Yiddish Language. (Winter Studies in Yiddish, vol. 2: Papers from the Second Annual Oxford Winter Symposium in Yiddish Language and Literature, 14–16 December 1986). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Kerswill, Paul
    2002 “Koineization and Accommodation.”InThe Handbook of Language Variation and Change, ed. by J.K. Chambers , Peter Trudgill and Natalie Schilling-Estes , 669–702. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Kerswill, Paul and Peter Trudgill
    2005 “The Birth of New Dialects.”InDialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages, ed. by Peter Auer , Frans Hinskens and Paul Kerswill , 196–220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511486623.009
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486623.009 [Google Scholar]
  29. Kloss, Heinz
    1966 “German-American Language Maintenance Efforts.”InLanguage Loyalty in the United States: The Maintenance and Perpetuation of Non-English Mother Tongues by American Ethnic and Religious Groups, ed. by Joshua Fishman , 206–252. Hague: Mouton.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Krabbendam, Hans
    2009 Freedom on the Horizon: Dutch Immigration to America, 1840–1940. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Kristjánsson, Júníus
    1983 Vesturfaraskrá, 1870–1914: A Record of Emigrants from Iceland to America 1870–1914. Reykjavík: Institute of History, University of Iceland.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Louden, Mark L
    1988 Bilingualism and Syntactic Change in Pennsylvania German. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. 2006 “Pennsylvania German in the Twenty-First Century.”InSprachinselwelten – The World of Language Islands, ed. by Nina Berend and Elisabeth Knipf-Komlósi , 89–107. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Lucht, Felecia
    . Manuscript. Life after Language Death: The Effects of Community Change on the History and Future of German in Southeastern Wisconsin.Wayne State University.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Montrul, Silvia
    2008 Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism: Re-examining the Age Factor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sibil.39
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.39 [Google Scholar]
  36. Nützel, Daniel
    2009 The East Franconian Dialect of Haysville, Indiana: A Study in Language Death / Die ostfränkische Mundart von Haysville, Indiana: Eine Untersuchung mit ausgewählten morphologischen und syntaktischen Phänomenen. (Regensburger Dialektforum, vol. 15). Regensburg: Edition Vulpes.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Polinsky, Maria and Olga Kagan
    2007 “Heritage Languages in the ‘Wild’ and in the Classroom.”Language and Linguistics Compass1: 368–395. doi: 10.1111/j.1749‑818X.2007.00022.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00022.x [Google Scholar]
  38. Putnam, Michael T
    (ed) 2011 Studies on German-Language Islands. Amsterdam: Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/slcs.123
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.123 [Google Scholar]
  39. Rothman, Jason
    2009 “Understanding the Nature and Outcomes of Early Bilingualism: Romance Languages as Heritage Languages.”The International Journal of Bilingualism13: 155–163. doi: 10.1177/1367006909339814
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006909339814 [Google Scholar]
  40. Salmons, Joseph
    (ed) 1993 The German Language in America: 1683–1991. Madison: Max Kade Institute.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. 2002 “The Shift from German to English, World War I, and the German-Language Press in Wisconsin.”InMenschen zwischen zwei Welten: Auswanderung, Ansiedlung, Akkulturation, ed. by W.G. Rödel and Helmut Schmahl , 179–193. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. 2005a “Community, Region and Language Shift in German-Speaking Wisconsin.”InRegionalism in the Age of Globalism, vol. 1: Concepts of Regionalism, ed. by Lothar Hönnighausen , Marc Frey , James Peacock , and Niklaus Steiner , 129–138. Madison, WI: Center for the Study of Upper Midwestern Cultures.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. 2005b “The Role of Community and Regional Structure in Language Shift.”InRegionalism in the Age of Globalism, vol. 2: Forms of Regionalism, ed. by Lothar Hönnighausen , Anke Ortlepp , James Peacock , Niklaus Steiner , and Carrie Matthews (consulting editor), 133–144. Madison, WI: Center for the Study of Upper Midwestern Cultures.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Shandler, Jeffrey
    2006 Adventures in Yiddishland: Postvernacular Language and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Shin, Hyon B. and Robert A. Kominski
    2010 Language Use in the United States: 2007. American Community Survey Reports. U.S. Census Bureau. www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/ACS-12.pdf.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. StatCan
    . www.statcan.gc.cawww76.statcan.gc.ca/stcsr/query.html?style=empandqt=Icelandicandcharset=iso-8859-1andqm=1). RetrievedNovember 21, 2013.
  47. Swierenga, Robert P
    2000 Faith and Family: Dutch Immigration and Settlement in the United States, 1820–1920. New York, London: Holmes and Meier.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Van Hinte, Jacob and Robert P. Swierenga
    1985 Netherlanders in America: A Study of Emigration and Settlement in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries in the United States of America. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Van Marle, Jaap
    2001 “The Acculturation of Dutch Immigrants in the USA: A Linguist’s view.”InThe Dutch Adapting in North America, ed. by Richard Harms , 18–26. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Calvin College.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Veltman, Calvin
    1983 Language Shift in the United States. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110824001
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110824001 [Google Scholar]
  51. Waggoner, Dorothy
    1981 “Statistics on Language Use.”InLanguage in the USA, ed. by Charles A. Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath , 486–515. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Wilkerson, Miranda and Joseph Salmons
    2008 “‘Good Old Immigrants of Yesteryear’ Who Didn’t Learn English: Germans in Wisconsin.”American Speech83(3): 259–283. doi: 10.1215/00031283‑2008‑020
     https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2008-020 [Google Scholar]
  53. 2012 “Linguistic Marginalities: Becoming American Without Learning English.”Journal of Transnational American Studies4(2). acgcc_jtas_7115. www.escholarship.org/uc/item/5vn092kk.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Wokeck, Marianne S
    1999 Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Arnbjörnsdóttir, Birna
    2006 North American Icelandic: The Life of a Language. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Avineri, Netta
    2012 Heritage Language Socialization Practices in Secular Yiddish Educational Contexts: The Creation of a Metalinguistic Community. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Los Angeles dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Barrière, Isabelle
    2013 “Lecture on Contemporary Hasidic Yiddish.”Presented at theYIVO, October.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Beam, C. Richard , et al.
    2004 The Comprehensive Pennsylvania Dutch Dictionary. Millersville, PA: Center for Pennsylvania German Studies.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Beijbom, Ulf
    1971 Swedes in Chicago. A Demographic and Social Study of the 1846–1880 Emigration. Diss. Studia Historica Upsaliensia/Chicago Historical Society. Läromedelsförlagen.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bousquette, Joshua and Todd Ehresmann
    2010 “West Frisian in Wisconsin: A Historical Profile of Immigrant Language Use in Randolph Township.”It Beaken72(1): 247–278.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Buffington, Albert F
    1939 “Pennsylvania German: Its Relation to Other German Dialects.”American Speech14: 276–286. doi: 10.2307/451627
     https://doi.org/10.2307/451627 [Google Scholar]
  8. Fader, Ayala
    2009 Mitzvah Girls: Bringing Up the Next Generation of Hasidic Jews in Brooklyn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Fishman, Joshua A
    (ed) 1981 Never Say Die: A Thousand Years of Yiddish in Jewish Life and Letters. The Hague: Mouton. doi: 10.1515/9783110820805
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110820805 [Google Scholar]
  10. 1991 Reversing Language Shift. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Frey, Benjamin
    2013 Toward a General Theory of Language Shift: A Case Study in Wisconsin German and North Carolina Cherokee. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Frey, J. William
    1985 A Simple Grammar of Pennsylvania Dutch. Lancaster, PA: Brookshire.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Galema, Annemieke
    1996 Frisians to America 1880–1914: With the Baggage of the Fatherland. Groningen: REGIO-Projekt Uitgevers.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Gilbert, Glenn G
    (ed) 1971 The German Language in America.Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Grosjean, François
    2008 Studying Bilinguals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Haldeman, Samuel Stehman
    1870 Pennsylvania Dutch: A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English. London: Trübner & Co.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Hasselmo, Nils
    1974 Amerikasvenska. En bok om språkutvecklingen i Svensk-Amerika. (Skrifter utg. av Svenska språknämnden 51). Lund: Esselte.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Haugen, Einar
    1953 The Norwegian Language in America: A Study in Bilingual Behavior. 2nd Edition. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Huffines, Marion Lois
    1980 “Pennsylvania German: Maintenance and Shift.”International Journal of the Sociology of Language25: 43–57.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Isaacs, Miriam
    1999 “Haredi, Haymish and Frim: Yiddish Vitality and Language Choice in a Transnational, Multilingual Community.”International Journal of the Sociology of Language138: 9–30. doi: 10.1515/ijsl.1999.138.9
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1999.138.9 [Google Scholar]
  21. Jacobs, Neil
    2005 Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Joseph Salmons
    (eds) 2012 Norsk i Amerika. Special issue of the Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Linguistics Journal] 2.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Signe Laake
    2012 “Østnorsk som norsk fellesdialekt i Midtvesten.”Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Linguistics Journal]30(2): 365–380.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. . Forthcoming. “Eastern Norwegian as a Common Norwegian Dialect in the American Midwest.”Journal of Language Contact.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Johnson-Weiner, Karen
    1998 “Community Identity and Language Change in North American Anabaptist Communities.”Journal of Sociolinguistics2(3): 375–394. doi: 10.1111/1467‑9481.00051
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00051 [Google Scholar]
  26. Katz, Dovid
    (ed) 1988 Dialects of the Yiddish Language. (Winter Studies in Yiddish, vol. 2: Papers from the Second Annual Oxford Winter Symposium in Yiddish Language and Literature, 14–16 December 1986). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Kerswill, Paul
    2002 “Koineization and Accommodation.”InThe Handbook of Language Variation and Change, ed. by J.K. Chambers , Peter Trudgill and Natalie Schilling-Estes , 669–702. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Kerswill, Paul and Peter Trudgill
    2005 “The Birth of New Dialects.”InDialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages, ed. by Peter Auer , Frans Hinskens and Paul Kerswill , 196–220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511486623.009
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486623.009 [Google Scholar]
  29. Kloss, Heinz
    1966 “German-American Language Maintenance Efforts.”InLanguage Loyalty in the United States: The Maintenance and Perpetuation of Non-English Mother Tongues by American Ethnic and Religious Groups, ed. by Joshua Fishman , 206–252. Hague: Mouton.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Krabbendam, Hans
    2009 Freedom on the Horizon: Dutch Immigration to America, 1840–1940. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Kristjánsson, Júníus
    1983 Vesturfaraskrá, 1870–1914: A Record of Emigrants from Iceland to America 1870–1914. Reykjavík: Institute of History, University of Iceland.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Louden, Mark L
    1988 Bilingualism and Syntactic Change in Pennsylvania German. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. 2006 “Pennsylvania German in the Twenty-First Century.”InSprachinselwelten – The World of Language Islands, ed. by Nina Berend and Elisabeth Knipf-Komlósi , 89–107. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Lucht, Felecia
    . Manuscript. Life after Language Death: The Effects of Community Change on the History and Future of German in Southeastern Wisconsin.Wayne State University.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Montrul, Silvia
    2008 Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism: Re-examining the Age Factor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sibil.39
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.39 [Google Scholar]
  36. Nützel, Daniel
    2009 The East Franconian Dialect of Haysville, Indiana: A Study in Language Death / Die ostfränkische Mundart von Haysville, Indiana: Eine Untersuchung mit ausgewählten morphologischen und syntaktischen Phänomenen. (Regensburger Dialektforum, vol. 15). Regensburg: Edition Vulpes.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Polinsky, Maria and Olga Kagan
    2007 “Heritage Languages in the ‘Wild’ and in the Classroom.”Language and Linguistics Compass1: 368–395. doi: 10.1111/j.1749‑818X.2007.00022.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00022.x [Google Scholar]
  38. Putnam, Michael T
    (ed) 2011 Studies on German-Language Islands. Amsterdam: Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/slcs.123
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.123 [Google Scholar]
  39. Rothman, Jason
    2009 “Understanding the Nature and Outcomes of Early Bilingualism: Romance Languages as Heritage Languages.”The International Journal of Bilingualism13: 155–163. doi: 10.1177/1367006909339814
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006909339814 [Google Scholar]
  40. Salmons, Joseph
    (ed) 1993 The German Language in America: 1683–1991. Madison: Max Kade Institute.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. 2002 “The Shift from German to English, World War I, and the German-Language Press in Wisconsin.”InMenschen zwischen zwei Welten: Auswanderung, Ansiedlung, Akkulturation, ed. by W.G. Rödel and Helmut Schmahl , 179–193. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. 2005a “Community, Region and Language Shift in German-Speaking Wisconsin.”InRegionalism in the Age of Globalism, vol. 1: Concepts of Regionalism, ed. by Lothar Hönnighausen , Marc Frey , James Peacock , and Niklaus Steiner , 129–138. Madison, WI: Center for the Study of Upper Midwestern Cultures.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. 2005b “The Role of Community and Regional Structure in Language Shift.”InRegionalism in the Age of Globalism, vol. 2: Forms of Regionalism, ed. by Lothar Hönnighausen , Anke Ortlepp , James Peacock , Niklaus Steiner , and Carrie Matthews (consulting editor), 133–144. Madison, WI: Center for the Study of Upper Midwestern Cultures.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Shandler, Jeffrey
    2006 Adventures in Yiddishland: Postvernacular Language and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Shin, Hyon B. and Robert A. Kominski
    2010 Language Use in the United States: 2007. American Community Survey Reports. U.S. Census Bureau. www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/ACS-12.pdf.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. StatCan
    . www.statcan.gc.cawww76.statcan.gc.ca/stcsr/query.html?style=empandqt=Icelandicandcharset=iso-8859-1andqm=1). RetrievedNovember 21, 2013.
  47. Swierenga, Robert P
    2000 Faith and Family: Dutch Immigration and Settlement in the United States, 1820–1920. New York, London: Holmes and Meier.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Van Hinte, Jacob and Robert P. Swierenga
    1985 Netherlanders in America: A Study of Emigration and Settlement in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries in the United States of America. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Van Marle, Jaap
    2001 “The Acculturation of Dutch Immigrants in the USA: A Linguist’s view.”InThe Dutch Adapting in North America, ed. by Richard Harms , 18–26. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Calvin College.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Veltman, Calvin
    1983 Language Shift in the United States. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110824001
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110824001 [Google Scholar]
  51. Waggoner, Dorothy
    1981 “Statistics on Language Use.”InLanguage in the USA, ed. by Charles A. Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath , 486–515. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Wilkerson, Miranda and Joseph Salmons
    2008 “‘Good Old Immigrants of Yesteryear’ Who Didn’t Learn English: Germans in Wisconsin.”American Speech83(3): 259–283. doi: 10.1215/00031283‑2008‑020
     https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2008-020 [Google Scholar]
  53. 2012 “Linguistic Marginalities: Becoming American Without Learning English.”Journal of Transnational American Studies4(2). acgcc_jtas_7115. www.escholarship.org/uc/item/5vn092kk.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Wokeck, Marianne S
    1999 Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
     [Google Scholar]

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