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Models of what processes?

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Toury (1995; 2012) distinguishes between cognitive translation acts on the one hand, and sociological translation events on the other; a translation act is embedded in a translation event, and both acts and events are seen as processes. He also explains three senses of ‘translation problem,’ which relate to different notions of the processes involved in the translation act. The present chapter analyzes and develops these ideas. It distinguishes between what are here labeled virtual, reverse-engineered, and actual processes of translation acts or events, which correlate with Toury’s three senses of ‘translation problem.’ A few examples are given of models of each kind of process, both classical and more recent ones. Also discussed is the extent to which the various models are predictive and hence testable. To designate the translation process at the historical and cultural level, alongside the mental act and the situational event, the term ‘translation practice’ is suggested.

References

  1. Bly, Robert
    1984 “The Eight Stages of Translation.” InTranslation. Literary, Linguistic and Philosophical Perspectives, ed. by William Frawley , 67–89. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Buzelin, Hélène
    2005 “Unexpected Allies: How Latour’s Network Theory could Complement Bourdieusian Analyses in Translation Studies.” The Translator11 (2): 193–218. doi: 10.1080/13556509.2005.10799198
     https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2005.10799198 [Google Scholar]
  3. Carl, Michael
    2012 “A Computational Cognitive Model of Human Translation Processes.” InEmerging Applications of Natural Language Processing: Concepts and New Research, ed. by Sivaji Bandyopadhyay , Sudip K. Naskar , and Asif Ekbal , 110–128. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Chesterman, Andrew
    2008 “On Explanation.” InBeyond Descriptive Studies. Investigations in Homage to Gideon Toury, ed. by Anthony Pym , Miriam Schlesinger , and Daniel Simeoni , 363–379. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.75.27che
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.75.27che [Google Scholar]
  5. Englund Dimitrova, Birgitta
    2005 Expertise and Explicitation in the Translation Process. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.64
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.64 [Google Scholar]
  6. Gile, Daniel
    2009 Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. Revised edition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.8
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.8 [Google Scholar]
  7. Göpferich, Susanne
    2009 “Towards a Model of Translation Competence and its Acquisition: The Longitudinal Study TransComp.” InBehind the Mind: Methods, Models and Results in Translation Process Research, ed. by Susanne Göpferich , Arnt Lykke Jakobsen , and Inger M. Mees , 11–37. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Holz-Mänttäri, Justa
    1984 Translatorisches Handeln. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Hönig, Hans
    1995 Konstruktives Übersetzen. Tübingen: Stauffenberg.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Jääskeläinen, Riitta
    1999 Tapping the Process: An Explorative Study of the Cognitive and Affective Factors Involved in Translating. Joensuu: University of Joensuu.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Jakobsen, Arnt Lykke
    2011 “Tracking Translators’ Keystrokes and Eye Movements with Translog.” InMethods and Strategies of Process Research, ed. by Cecilia Alvstad , Adelina Hild , and Elisabet Tiselius , 37–55. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.94.06jak
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    2011 Poetry Translating as Expert Action: Processes, Priorities and Networks. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.93
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.93 [Google Scholar]
  13. Kinnunen, Tuija , and Kaisa Koskinen
    (eds) 2010 Translators’ Agency. Tampere: Tampere University Press. urn.fi/urn:isbn:978-951-44-8082-9.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Koskinen, Kaisa
    2008 Translating Institutions. Manchester: St. Jerome.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Krings, Hans P
    1986 Was in den Köpfen von Übersetzern vorgeht: eine empirische Untersuchung zur Struktur des Übersetzungsprozesses an fortgeschrittenen Französischlernern. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Künzli, Alexander , and Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow
    2011 “Innovative Subtitling. A Reception Study.” InMethods and Strategies of Process Research, ed. by Cecilia Alvstad , Adelina Hild , and Elisabet Tiselius , 187–200. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.94.14kun
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  17. Kussmaul, Paul
    2007 Verstehen und Übersetzen. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Leppihalme, Ritva
    1997 Culture Bumps. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Levý, Jiří
    1967 “Translation as a Decision Process.” InTo Honor Roman Jakobson. Janua Linguarum Series Major 33, 1171–1182. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Lörscher, Wolfgang
    1989 “Models of the Translation Process: Claim and Reality.” Target1 (1): 43–68. doi: 10.1075/target.1.1.05lor
     https://doi.org/10.1075/target.1.1.05lor [Google Scholar]
  21. 1991 Translation Performance, Translation Process and Translation Strategies. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Nida, Eugene A
    1969 “Science of Translating.” Language45 (3): 483–498. doi: 10.2307/411434
     https://doi.org/10.2307/411434 [Google Scholar]
  23. Nord, Christiane
    1991 Text Analysis in Translation. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Nordman, Lieselott
    2009 Lagöversättning som process och produkt. Helsingfors: Nordica, Helsingfors universitet.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Pym, Anthony
    1998 Method in Translation History. Manchester: St. Jerome.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Reiss, Katharina , and Hans J. Vermeer
    1984 Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tübingen: Niemeyer. doi: 10.1515/9783111351919
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111351919 [Google Scholar]
  27. Risku, Hanna
    2010 “A Cognitive Scientific View of Technical Communication and Translation. Do Embodiment and Situatedness Really Make a Difference?” Target22 (1): 94–111. doi: 10.1075/target.22.1.06ris
     https://doi.org/10.1075/target.22.1.06ris [Google Scholar]
  28. Sager, Juan C
    1994 Language Engineering and Translation — Consequences of Automation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.1
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.1 [Google Scholar]
  29. Schmidt, Morena Azbel
    2005 “How Do You Do it Anyway?” A Longitudinal Study of Three Translator Students Translating from Russian into Swedish. Stockholm: Stockholm University. su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:197703.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Shreve, Gregory M. , Isabel Lacruz , and Erik Angelone
    2011 “Sight Translation and Speech Disfluency: Performance Analysis as a Window to Cognitive Translation Processes.” InMethods and Strategies of Process Research, ed. by Cecilia Alvstad , Adelina Hild , and Elisabet Tiselius , 93–120. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.94.09shr
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.94.09shr [Google Scholar]
  31. Toury, Gideon
    2002 “What’s the Problem with ‘Translation Problem’?” InTranslation and Meaning 6, ed. by Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk , and Marcel Thelen , 57–71. Maastricht: Hogeschool Zuyd, Maastricht School of Translation and Interpreting.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. 1995 Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.4
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.4 [Google Scholar]
  33. 2012 Descriptive Translation Studies — and Beyond. Revised edition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.100
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.100 [Google Scholar]
  34. Wolf, Michaela , and Alexandra Fukari
    (eds) 2007 Constructing a Sociology of Translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.74
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.74 [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Bly, Robert
    1984 “The Eight Stages of Translation.” InTranslation. Literary, Linguistic and Philosophical Perspectives, ed. by William Frawley , 67–89. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Buzelin, Hélène
    2005 “Unexpected Allies: How Latour’s Network Theory could Complement Bourdieusian Analyses in Translation Studies.” The Translator11 (2): 193–218. doi: 10.1080/13556509.2005.10799198
     https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2005.10799198 [Google Scholar]
  3. Carl, Michael
    2012 “A Computational Cognitive Model of Human Translation Processes.” InEmerging Applications of Natural Language Processing: Concepts and New Research, ed. by Sivaji Bandyopadhyay , Sudip K. Naskar , and Asif Ekbal , 110–128. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Chesterman, Andrew
    2008 “On Explanation.” InBeyond Descriptive Studies. Investigations in Homage to Gideon Toury, ed. by Anthony Pym , Miriam Schlesinger , and Daniel Simeoni , 363–379. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.75.27che
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.75.27che [Google Scholar]
  5. Englund Dimitrova, Birgitta
    2005 Expertise and Explicitation in the Translation Process. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.64
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.64 [Google Scholar]
  6. Gile, Daniel
    2009 Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. Revised edition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.8
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.8 [Google Scholar]
  7. Göpferich, Susanne
    2009 “Towards a Model of Translation Competence and its Acquisition: The Longitudinal Study TransComp.” InBehind the Mind: Methods, Models and Results in Translation Process Research, ed. by Susanne Göpferich , Arnt Lykke Jakobsen , and Inger M. Mees , 11–37. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Holz-Mänttäri, Justa
    1984 Translatorisches Handeln. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Hönig, Hans
    1995 Konstruktives Übersetzen. Tübingen: Stauffenberg.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Jääskeläinen, Riitta
    1999 Tapping the Process: An Explorative Study of the Cognitive and Affective Factors Involved in Translating. Joensuu: University of Joensuu.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Jakobsen, Arnt Lykke
    2011 “Tracking Translators’ Keystrokes and Eye Movements with Translog.” InMethods and Strategies of Process Research, ed. by Cecilia Alvstad , Adelina Hild , and Elisabet Tiselius , 37–55. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.94.06jak
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.94.06jak [Google Scholar]
  12. Jones, Francis R
    2011 Poetry Translating as Expert Action: Processes, Priorities and Networks. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.93
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.93 [Google Scholar]
  13. Kinnunen, Tuija , and Kaisa Koskinen
    (eds) 2010 Translators’ Agency. Tampere: Tampere University Press. urn.fi/urn:isbn:978-951-44-8082-9.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Koskinen, Kaisa
    2008 Translating Institutions. Manchester: St. Jerome.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Krings, Hans P
    1986 Was in den Köpfen von Übersetzern vorgeht: eine empirische Untersuchung zur Struktur des Übersetzungsprozesses an fortgeschrittenen Französischlernern. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Künzli, Alexander , and Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow
    2011 “Innovative Subtitling. A Reception Study.” InMethods and Strategies of Process Research, ed. by Cecilia Alvstad , Adelina Hild , and Elisabet Tiselius , 187–200. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.94.14kun
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.94.14kun [Google Scholar]
  17. Kussmaul, Paul
    2007 Verstehen und Übersetzen. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Leppihalme, Ritva
    1997 Culture Bumps. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Levý, Jiří
    1967 “Translation as a Decision Process.” InTo Honor Roman Jakobson. Janua Linguarum Series Major 33, 1171–1182. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Lörscher, Wolfgang
    1989 “Models of the Translation Process: Claim and Reality.” Target1 (1): 43–68. doi: 10.1075/target.1.1.05lor
     https://doi.org/10.1075/target.1.1.05lor [Google Scholar]
  21. 1991 Translation Performance, Translation Process and Translation Strategies. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Nida, Eugene A
    1969 “Science of Translating.” Language45 (3): 483–498. doi: 10.2307/411434
     https://doi.org/10.2307/411434 [Google Scholar]
  23. Nord, Christiane
    1991 Text Analysis in Translation. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Nordman, Lieselott
    2009 Lagöversättning som process och produkt. Helsingfors: Nordica, Helsingfors universitet.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Pym, Anthony
    1998 Method in Translation History. Manchester: St. Jerome.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Reiss, Katharina , and Hans J. Vermeer
    1984 Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tübingen: Niemeyer. doi: 10.1515/9783111351919
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111351919 [Google Scholar]
  27. Risku, Hanna
    2010 “A Cognitive Scientific View of Technical Communication and Translation. Do Embodiment and Situatedness Really Make a Difference?” Target22 (1): 94–111. doi: 10.1075/target.22.1.06ris
     https://doi.org/10.1075/target.22.1.06ris [Google Scholar]
  28. Sager, Juan C
    1994 Language Engineering and Translation — Consequences of Automation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.1
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.1 [Google Scholar]
  29. Schmidt, Morena Azbel
    2005 “How Do You Do it Anyway?” A Longitudinal Study of Three Translator Students Translating from Russian into Swedish. Stockholm: Stockholm University. su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:197703.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Shreve, Gregory M. , Isabel Lacruz , and Erik Angelone
    2011 “Sight Translation and Speech Disfluency: Performance Analysis as a Window to Cognitive Translation Processes.” InMethods and Strategies of Process Research, ed. by Cecilia Alvstad , Adelina Hild , and Elisabet Tiselius , 93–120. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.94.09shr
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.94.09shr [Google Scholar]
  31. Toury, Gideon
    2002 “What’s the Problem with ‘Translation Problem’?” InTranslation and Meaning 6, ed. by Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk , and Marcel Thelen , 57–71. Maastricht: Hogeschool Zuyd, Maastricht School of Translation and Interpreting.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. 1995 Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.4
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.4 [Google Scholar]
  33. 2012 Descriptive Translation Studies — and Beyond. Revised edition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.100
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.100 [Google Scholar]
  34. Wolf, Michaela , and Alexandra Fukari
    (eds) 2007 Constructing a Sociology of Translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.74
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.74 [Google Scholar]

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