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The impact of process protocol self-analysis on errors in the translation product

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This chapter presents the initial results of an exploratory study examining the efficacy of Integrated Problem and Decision Reporting (IPDR) logs, recorded verbalizations, and screen recordings when used by translation students as revision tools for purposes of recognizing problems and mitigating errors in their translations. Students were given the task of creating one of these three process protocol types in conjunction with nine translations. They were then asked to self-reflect on their problem-solving performance while paying particularly close attention to a series of concrete problem indicator types found in the respective protocols during a post-task retrospective session. The students had the chance to make any desired revisions to their translations as a result of analyses before submitting a final version. The revised versions were marked up for punctuation, spelling, lexical, syntactic, stylistic, and mistranslation errors. The frequency of errors for each of these types was calculated for each student in conjunction with the process protocol utilized. The total number of errors in conjunction with each process protocol type used, regardless of textual level, was also calculated. Screen recording consistently proved to be the most efficacious process protocol type in mitigating errors. The chapter concludes by positing several possible explanations for the greater success rate of screen recording as a revision tool and calls for screen recording to be implemented as a core component of a process-oriented translator training curriculum.

References

  1. Alves, Fabio , and Tania Liparini Campos
    2009 “Translation Technology in Time: Investigating the Impact of Translation Memory Systems and Time Pressure on Types of Internal and External Support.” InBehind the Mind: Methods, Models and Results in Translation Process Research: Copenhagen Studies in Language 37, ed. by Susanne Göpferich , Arnt L. Jakobsen , and Inger M. Mees , 191–218. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Angelone, Erik
    2010 “Uncertainty, Uncertainty Management and Metacognitive Problem Solving in the Translation Task.” InTranslation and Cognition, ed. by Gregory M. Shreve , and Erik Angelone , 17–40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/ata.xv.03ang
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  3. 2013 “Watching and Learning from ‘Virtual Professionals’: Utilising Screen Recording in Process-oriented Translator Training.” InNew Prospects and Perspectives for Educating Language Mediators, ed. by Don Kiraly , Silvia Hansen-Schirra , and Karin Maksymski , 139–155. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Angelone, Erik , and Gregory Shreve
    2011 “Uncertainty Management, Metacognitive Bundling in Problem-Solving, and Translation Quality.” InCognitive Explorations of Translation, ed. by Sharon O’Brien , 108–130. London: Continuum.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Dam-Jensen, Helle , and Carmen Heine
    2009 “Process Research Methods and their Application in the Didactics of Text Production and Translation: Shedding Light on the Use of Research Methods in the University Classroom.” trans-kom2 (1): 1–25. www.trans-kom.eu/ihv_02_01_2009.html
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Dragsted, Barbara , and Inge G. Hansen
    2008 “Comprehension and Production in Translation: A Pilot Study on Segmentation and the Coordination of Reading and Writing Processes.” InLooking at Eyes: Eye Tracking Studies of Reading and Translation Processes, Copenhagen Studies of Language 36, ed. by Susanne Göpferich , Arnt L. Jakobsen , and Inger M. Mees , 9–29. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Gile, Daniel
    1994 “The Process-Oriented Approach in Translation Training.” InTeaching Translation and Interpreting 2, ed. by Cay Dollerup , and Annette Lindegaard , 107–112. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.5.17gil
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.5.17gil [Google Scholar]
  8. 2004 “Integrated Problem and Decision Reporting as a Translator Training Tool.” JoSTrans2: 2–20. www.jostrans.org/issue02/art_gile.php.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Göpferich, Susanne , and Riitta Jääskeläinen
    2009 “Process Research into the Development of Translation Competence: Where are We, and Where Do We Need to Go?” Across Languages and Cultures10 (2): 169–191. doi: 10.1556/Acr.10.2009.2.1
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  10. Hansen, Gyde
    2006 “Retrospection Methods in Translator Training and Translation Research.” JoSTrans5: 2–41. www.jostrans.org/issue05/art_hansen.php.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Jakobsen, Arnt Lykke
    1999 “Logging Target Text Production with Translog.” InProbing the Process in Translation, ed. by Gyde Hansen , 9–20. Copenhagen: Sammfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Jääskeläinen, Riitta
    2000 “Focus on Methodology in Think-aloud Studies on Translating.” InTapping and Mapping the Processes of Translation and Interpreting, ed. by Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit , and Riitta Jääskeläinen , 71–82. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.37.08jaa
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.37.08jaa [Google Scholar]
  13. Kujamäki, Pekka
    2010 “Auf der Suche nach treffenden Worten. Bildschirmvideos als Mittel zur Analyse von studentischen Übersetzungsleistungen.” InInfinite Kontrastive Hypothesen. Beiträge des Festsymposiums zum 60. Geburtstag von Irma Hyvärinen, ed. by Leena Kolehmainen , Hartmut Lenk , and Annikki Liimatainen , 141–164. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Massey, Gary , and Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow
    2011 “Commenting on Translation: Implications for Translator Training.” JoSTrans16: 26–41. www.jostrans.org/issue16/art_massey_ehrensberger_dow.php.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. O’Brien, Sharon
    2008 “Processing Fuzzy Matches in Translation Memory Tools: An Eye-Tracking Analysis.” InLooking at Eyes: Eye Tracking Studies of Reading and Translation Processes, Copenhagen Studies of Language 36, ed. by Susanne Göpferich , Arnt L. Jakobsen , and Inger M. Mees , 79–102. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. PACTE
    2005 “Investigating Translation Competence: Conceptual and Methodological Issues.” Meta50(2): 609–619. doi: 10.7202/011004ar
     https://doi.org/10.7202/011004ar [Google Scholar]
  17. 2011 “PACTE Translation Competence Model: Translation Project and Dynamic Translation Index.” InCognitive Explorations of Translation, ed. by Sharon O’Brien , 30–56. London: Continuum.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Pym, Anthony
    2009 “Using Process Studies in Translator Training: Self-discovery through Lousy Experiments.” InMethodology, Technology and Innovation in Translation Process Research: Copenhagen Studies in Language 38, ed. by Susanne Göpferich , Fabio Alves , and Inger M. Mees , 135–156. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Reiss, Katharina
    1976 Texttyp und Übersetzungsmethode: Der operative Text. Kronberg: Skriptorverlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Sharmin, Selina , Oleg Spakov , Kari-Jouko Räihä , and Arnt L. Jakobsen
    2008 “Where on the Screen do Translation Students Look While Translating, and for How Long.” InLooking at Eyes: Eye Tracking Studies of Reading and Translation Processes, Copenhagen Studies of Language 36, ed. by Susanne Göpferich , Arnt L. Jakobsen , and Inger M. Mees , 31–51. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Shreve, Gregory M
    2002 “Knowing Translation: Cognitive and Experiential Aspects of Translation Expertise from the Perspective of Expertise Studies.” InTranslation Studies: Perspectives on an Emerging Discipline, ed. by Alessandra Riccardi , 150–171. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 2006 “The Deliberate Practice: Translation and Expertise.” Journal of Translation Studies9 (1): 27–42.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. 2009 “Recipient-orientation and Metacognition in the Translation Process.” InTranslators and their Readers: In Homage to Eugene A. Nida, ed. by Radica Dimitriu , and Miriam Shlesinger , 255–270. Brussels: Les Editions du Hazard.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Shreve, Gregory , Isabel Lacruz , and Erik Angelone
    2011 “Sight Translation and Speech Disfluency: Performance Analysis as a Window to Cognition.” InInvestigating the Process- What it Tells Us About Translating and Interpreting, ed. by Cecilia Alvstad , Adelina Hild , and Elisabet Tiselius , 93–120. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.94.09shr
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.94.09shr [Google Scholar]
  25. Toury, Gideon
    1995 Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.4
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.4 [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Alves, Fabio , and Tania Liparini Campos
    2009 “Translation Technology in Time: Investigating the Impact of Translation Memory Systems and Time Pressure on Types of Internal and External Support.” InBehind the Mind: Methods, Models and Results in Translation Process Research: Copenhagen Studies in Language 37, ed. by Susanne Göpferich , Arnt L. Jakobsen , and Inger M. Mees , 191–218. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Angelone, Erik
    2010 “Uncertainty, Uncertainty Management and Metacognitive Problem Solving in the Translation Task.” InTranslation and Cognition, ed. by Gregory M. Shreve , and Erik Angelone , 17–40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/ata.xv.03ang
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ata.xv.03ang [Google Scholar]
  3. 2013 “Watching and Learning from ‘Virtual Professionals’: Utilising Screen Recording in Process-oriented Translator Training.” InNew Prospects and Perspectives for Educating Language Mediators, ed. by Don Kiraly , Silvia Hansen-Schirra , and Karin Maksymski , 139–155. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Angelone, Erik , and Gregory Shreve
    2011 “Uncertainty Management, Metacognitive Bundling in Problem-Solving, and Translation Quality.” InCognitive Explorations of Translation, ed. by Sharon O’Brien , 108–130. London: Continuum.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Dam-Jensen, Helle , and Carmen Heine
    2009 “Process Research Methods and their Application in the Didactics of Text Production and Translation: Shedding Light on the Use of Research Methods in the University Classroom.” trans-kom2 (1): 1–25. www.trans-kom.eu/ihv_02_01_2009.html
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Dragsted, Barbara , and Inge G. Hansen
    2008 “Comprehension and Production in Translation: A Pilot Study on Segmentation and the Coordination of Reading and Writing Processes.” InLooking at Eyes: Eye Tracking Studies of Reading and Translation Processes, Copenhagen Studies of Language 36, ed. by Susanne Göpferich , Arnt L. Jakobsen , and Inger M. Mees , 9–29. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Gile, Daniel
    1994 “The Process-Oriented Approach in Translation Training.” InTeaching Translation and Interpreting 2, ed. by Cay Dollerup , and Annette Lindegaard , 107–112. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.5.17gil
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.5.17gil [Google Scholar]
  8. 2004 “Integrated Problem and Decision Reporting as a Translator Training Tool.” JoSTrans2: 2–20. www.jostrans.org/issue02/art_gile.php.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Göpferich, Susanne , and Riitta Jääskeläinen
    2009 “Process Research into the Development of Translation Competence: Where are We, and Where Do We Need to Go?” Across Languages and Cultures10 (2): 169–191. doi: 10.1556/Acr.10.2009.2.1
     https://doi.org/10.1556/Acr.10.2009.2.1 [Google Scholar]
  10. Hansen, Gyde
    2006 “Retrospection Methods in Translator Training and Translation Research.” JoSTrans5: 2–41. www.jostrans.org/issue05/art_hansen.php.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Jakobsen, Arnt Lykke
    1999 “Logging Target Text Production with Translog.” InProbing the Process in Translation, ed. by Gyde Hansen , 9–20. Copenhagen: Sammfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Jääskeläinen, Riitta
    2000 “Focus on Methodology in Think-aloud Studies on Translating.” InTapping and Mapping the Processes of Translation and Interpreting, ed. by Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit , and Riitta Jääskeläinen , 71–82. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.37.08jaa
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.37.08jaa [Google Scholar]
  13. Kujamäki, Pekka
    2010 “Auf der Suche nach treffenden Worten. Bildschirmvideos als Mittel zur Analyse von studentischen Übersetzungsleistungen.” InInfinite Kontrastive Hypothesen. Beiträge des Festsymposiums zum 60. Geburtstag von Irma Hyvärinen, ed. by Leena Kolehmainen , Hartmut Lenk , and Annikki Liimatainen , 141–164. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Massey, Gary , and Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow
    2011 “Commenting on Translation: Implications for Translator Training.” JoSTrans16: 26–41. www.jostrans.org/issue16/art_massey_ehrensberger_dow.php.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. O’Brien, Sharon
    2008 “Processing Fuzzy Matches in Translation Memory Tools: An Eye-Tracking Analysis.” InLooking at Eyes: Eye Tracking Studies of Reading and Translation Processes, Copenhagen Studies of Language 36, ed. by Susanne Göpferich , Arnt L. Jakobsen , and Inger M. Mees , 79–102. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. PACTE
    2005 “Investigating Translation Competence: Conceptual and Methodological Issues.” Meta50(2): 609–619. doi: 10.7202/011004ar
     https://doi.org/10.7202/011004ar [Google Scholar]
  17. 2011 “PACTE Translation Competence Model: Translation Project and Dynamic Translation Index.” InCognitive Explorations of Translation, ed. by Sharon O’Brien , 30–56. London: Continuum.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Pym, Anthony
    2009 “Using Process Studies in Translator Training: Self-discovery through Lousy Experiments.” InMethodology, Technology and Innovation in Translation Process Research: Copenhagen Studies in Language 38, ed. by Susanne Göpferich , Fabio Alves , and Inger M. Mees , 135–156. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Reiss, Katharina
    1976 Texttyp und Übersetzungsmethode: Der operative Text. Kronberg: Skriptorverlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Sharmin, Selina , Oleg Spakov , Kari-Jouko Räihä , and Arnt L. Jakobsen
    2008 “Where on the Screen do Translation Students Look While Translating, and for How Long.” InLooking at Eyes: Eye Tracking Studies of Reading and Translation Processes, Copenhagen Studies of Language 36, ed. by Susanne Göpferich , Arnt L. Jakobsen , and Inger M. Mees , 31–51. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Shreve, Gregory M
    2002 “Knowing Translation: Cognitive and Experiential Aspects of Translation Expertise from the Perspective of Expertise Studies.” InTranslation Studies: Perspectives on an Emerging Discipline, ed. by Alessandra Riccardi , 150–171. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 2006 “The Deliberate Practice: Translation and Expertise.” Journal of Translation Studies9 (1): 27–42.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. 2009 “Recipient-orientation and Metacognition in the Translation Process.” InTranslators and their Readers: In Homage to Eugene A. Nida, ed. by Radica Dimitriu , and Miriam Shlesinger , 255–270. Brussels: Les Editions du Hazard.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Shreve, Gregory , Isabel Lacruz , and Erik Angelone
    2011 “Sight Translation and Speech Disfluency: Performance Analysis as a Window to Cognition.” InInvestigating the Process- What it Tells Us About Translating and Interpreting, ed. by Cecilia Alvstad , Adelina Hild , and Elisabet Tiselius , 93–120. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.94.09shr
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.94.09shr [Google Scholar]
  25. Toury, Gideon
    1995 Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/btl.4
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.4 [Google Scholar]

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