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The rise of ‘subordination features’ in the history of Greek and their decline

The ‘Indirect Speech Traits Cycle’

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This study is a contribution based on Greek material to a field of inquiry that deals with the diachronic development of formal syntactic devices and their interrelationship with the dichotomy between main and subordinate clauses in Indo-European (Kiparsky 1995, Lühr 2008). First, we focus on some devices signaling indirect speech that emerged in Pre-Classical and Classical Greek, such as the development of a system of complementizers (hóti ‘that.COMP’, hōs ‘that.COMP’) and some characteristic usages of moods (the optative of indirect speech). In Post-Classical Greek, this system of traits that had been employed to code indirect speech collapsed, as evidenced by the disappearance of hōs ‘that.COMP’ and the optative of indirect speech as well as the high frequency of pleonastic hóti ‘that.COMP’. Later in the history of Greek a new subordination system arises. We interpret these developments in the light of contemporary syntactic theory (Emonds 2004, 2012), and try to formulate a hypothesis regarding the cycle-like regularities and recurrent patterns that are followed by (clusters of) traits, that is, the “Indirect Speech Traits Cycle”.

  • Affiliations: 1: University of Salzburg

References

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    1961 A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature: A Translation and Revision of the Ninth–Tenth German Edition Incorporating Supplementary Notes of A. Debrunner (translated by Robert W. Funk ). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Chomsky, Noam
    1973 Conditions on Transformations. A Festschrift for Morris Halleed. by Stephen R. Anderson & Paul Kiparsky , 232–286. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Christidis, A.F
    ed. 2007 A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Emonds, Joseph
    1970 Root and Structure-Preserving Transformations. Cambridge, MA: MIT PhD dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. 1976 A Transformational Approach to English Syntax. New York: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. 2004 Unspecified Categories as the Key to Root Constructions. Peripheries: Syntactic Edges and their Effectsed. by David Adger , Cécile de Cat & George Tsoulas , 75–120. Dordrecht: Kluwer. doi: 10.1007/1‑4020‑1910‑6_4
     https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-1910-6_4 [Google Scholar]
  7. 2012 Augmented Structure Preservation and the Tensed S Constraint. Main Clause Phenomena: New Horizonsed. by Loebke Aelbrecht , Liliane Haegeman & Rachel Nye , 23–46. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.190
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.190 [Google Scholar]
  8. van Gelderen, Elly
    2011 Language Change as Cyclical: A Window on the Language Faculty. Studies in Modern English27.1–23.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Gippert, Jost
    2004 Indo-European Word Order in Main and Subordinate Clauses in a Diachronic Perspective. Analecta homini universali dedicata: Arbeiten zur Indogermanistik, Linguistik, Philologie, Politik, Musik und Dichtung. Festschrift für Oswald Panagl zum 65. Geburtstag, Vol. Ied. by Thomas Krisch , Thomas Lindner & Ulrich Müller , 48–68. Stuttgart: Heinz.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Heine, Bernd , Ulrike Claudi & Friederike Hünnemeyer
    1991 Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Hermann, Eduard
    1894 Gab es im Indogermanischen nebensätze?Jena: University of Jena PhD dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 1895 Gab es im Indogermanischen nebensätze?Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung33.481–535.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Hock, Hans Henrich
    1982 The Sanskrit Quotative: A Historical and Comparative Study. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences12.39–85.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Hooper, Joan & Sandra Thompson
    1973 On the Applicability of Root Transformations. Linguistic Inquiry4.465–491.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Horrocks, Geoffrey
    2007 Syntax: From Classical Greek to the Koine. In A.F. Christidis , ed., A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity,618–631.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Jannaris, Anthony N
    1897 An Historical Greek Grammar Chiefly of the Attic Dialect. Hildesheim: Georg Olms. (Reprinted 1968.)
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Joseph, Brian
    1983 The Synchrony and Diachrony of the Balkan Infinitive: A Study in Areal, General and Historical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Kiparsky, Paul
    1995 The Indo-European Origins of Germanic Syntax. Clause Structure and Language Changeed. by Adrian Battye & Ian Roberts , 140–170. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Lehmann, Winfred P
    1980 The Reconstruction of Non-Simple Sentences in Proto-Indo-European. Linguistic Reconstruction and Indo-European Syntax: Proceedings of the Colloquium of the ‘Indogermanische Gesellschaft’, University of Pavia, 6–7 September 1979ed. by Paolo Ramat , 113–144. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.19.10leh
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.19.10leh [Google Scholar]
  20. Lühr, Rosemarie
    2008 Competitive Indo-European Syntax. Principles of Syntactic Reconstructioned. by Gisella Ferraresi & Maria Goldbach , 121–159. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.302.07luh
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.302.07luh [Google Scholar]
  21. Markopoulos, Theodore
    2009 The Future in Greek: From Ancient to Medieval. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Miller, Gary
    2002 Nonfinite Structures in Theory and Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Monro, David B
    1891 A Grammar of Homeric Greek. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Philippaki-Warburton, Irene
    2007 The Syntax of Classical Greek. In A.F. Christidis , ed., A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity,590–598.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Rizzi, Luigi
    1997 The Fine Structure of the Left Periphery. Elements of Grammar: A Handbook of Generative Syntaxed. by Liliane Haegeman , 281–337. Dordrecht: Kluwer. doi: 10.1007/978‑94‑011‑5420‑8_7
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5420-8_7 [Google Scholar]
  26. Roberts, Ian
    2007 Diachronic Syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Roberts, Ian & Anna Roussou
    2003 Syntactic Change: A Minimalist Approach to Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511486326
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486326 [Google Scholar]
  28. Schwyzer, Eduard
    1988 Syntax und syntaktische Stilistik. München: Beck´sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Sevdali, Christina
    2007 Infinitival Clauses in Ancient Greek: Overt and Full Subjects, the Role of Case and Focus. Cambridge: Cambridge University PhD dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Smyth, Herbert Weir
    1918 Greek Grammar. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Vikner, Sten
    1995 Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]

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