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Crowdchecking conceptual metaphors

How principals and teachers frame the principal’s role in academics through metaphor

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This chapter presents a procedure for metaphor checking using a crowdsource-like technique to validate conceptual metaphors and proposed entailments gathered electronically. In an initial online survey, K-12 principals and teachers completed metaphoric stems for the roles and duties of building-level administrators. A second survey, sent to the same group of principals, asked participants to rate their levels of agreement with the most frequently referenced conceptual metaphors from the initial surveys and potential entailments that were generated by the research team. Findings from the survey and implications for metaphor analysis studies in relation to crowdchecking methods are discussed.

  • Affiliations: 1: Indiana University South Bend

References

  1. Armstrong, S.L. , Davis, H. , & Paulson, E.J
    (2011) The subjectivity problem: Improving triangulation approaches in metaphor analysis studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 10(2), 151–163.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Behrend, T.S. , Sharek, D.J. , Meade, A.W. , & Wiebe, E.N
    (2011) The viability of crowdsourcing for survey research. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 800–813. doi: 10.3758/s13428‑011‑0081‑0
     https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0081-0 [Google Scholar]
  3. Cienki, A
    (2005) Metaphor in the “Strict Father” and “Nurturant Parent” cognitive models: Theoretical issues raised in an empirical study. Cognitive Linguistics, 16(2), 279–312. doi: 10.1515/cogl.2005.16.2.279
     https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2005.16.2.279 [Google Scholar]
  4. Deutskens, E. , Ruyter, K.D. , Wetzels, M. , & Oosterveld, P
    (2004) Response rate and response quality of internet-based surveys: An experimental study. Marketing Letters, 15(1), 21–36. doi: 10.1023/B:MARK.0000021968.86465.00
     https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MARK.0000021968.86465.00 [Google Scholar]
  5. Gee, J
    (1996) Social linguistics and literacies: Ideologies in discourses (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge Falmer.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Henze, R.C
    (2005) Metaphors of diversity, intergroup relations, and equity in the discourse of educational leaders. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 4(4), 243–267. doi: 10.1207/s15327701jlie0404_1
     https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327701jlie0404_1 [Google Scholar]
  7. Howe, J
    (2006) The rise of crowdsourcing. Wired Magazine, 14(6), 1–4.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Koro-Ljungberg, M
    (2001) Metaphors as a way to explore qualitative data. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 14, 367–379. doi: 10.1080/09518390110029102
     https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390110029102 [Google Scholar]
  9. Kövecses, Z
    (2005) Metaphor in culture. Universality and variation. Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511614408
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614408 [Google Scholar]
  10. Lakoff, G. , & Johnson, M
    (1980/2003) Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Leithwood, K. , & Jantzi, D
    (2008) Linking leadership to student learning: The contributions of leader efficacy. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(4), 496–528. doi: 10.1177/0013161X08321501
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X08321501 [Google Scholar]
  12. Low, G.D
    (1999) Validating metaphor research projects. In L. Cameron & G.D. Low (Eds.), Researching and applying metaphor (pp. 48–65). Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139524704.006
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524704.006 [Google Scholar]
  13. Low, G.D. , & Todd, Z
    (2010) Guidelines for good practice in metaphor analysis. In L. Cameron & R. Maslen (Eds.), Metaphor analysis: Research practice in applied linguistics, social sciences and the humanities (pp. 217–229). London: Equinox.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. McCabe, D.H
    (2001) Metaphorical descriptions of the role of women school superintendents. Education, 21(4), 690–703.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Miles, M.B. , & Huberman, A.M
    (1994) Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Ritchie, D
    (2003) “Argument is war” – Or is it a game of chess? Multiple meanings in the analysis of implicit metaphors. Metaphor and Symbol, 18, 125–146. doi: 10.1207/S15327868MS1802_4
     https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327868MS1802_4 [Google Scholar]
  17. Robinson, V.M.J. , Lloyd, C.A. , & Rowe, K.J
    (2008) The impact of leadership on student outcomes: An analysis of the differential effects of leadership types. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(5), 635–674. doi: 10.1177/0013161X08321509
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X08321509 [Google Scholar]
  18. Spradley, J.P
    (1980) Participant observation. Toronto, ON: Thompson Learning.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Steen, G.J. , Dorst, A.G. , Herrmann, J.B. , Kaal, A.A. , Krennmayr, T. , & Pasma, T
    (2010) Metaphor in usage. Cognitive Linguistics, 21, 765–796. doi: 10.1515/cogl.2010.024
     https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2010.024 [Google Scholar]
  20. Supovitz, J. , Sirinides, P. , & May, H
    (2010) How principals and peers influence teaching and learning. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(1), 31–56. doi: 10.1177/1094670509353043
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670509353043 [Google Scholar]
  21. Swan, M
    (2012) Crowdsourced health research studies: An important emerging complement to clinical trials in the public health research ecosystem. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(2). doi: 10.2196/jmir.1988
     https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1988 [Google Scholar]
  22. Wahlstrom, K.L. , & Louis, K.S
    (2008) How teachers experience principal leadership: The roles of professional community, trust, efficacy, and shared responsibility. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(4), 458–495. doi: 10.1177/0013161X08321502
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X08321502 [Google Scholar]
  23. Wan, W
    (2011) An examination of the validity of metaphor analysis studies: Problems with metaphor elicitation techniques. Metaphor and the Social World, 1(2), 261–287. doi: 10.1075/msw.1.2.07wan
     https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.1.2.07wan [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Armstrong, S.L. , Davis, H. , & Paulson, E.J
    (2011) The subjectivity problem: Improving triangulation approaches in metaphor analysis studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 10(2), 151–163.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Behrend, T.S. , Sharek, D.J. , Meade, A.W. , & Wiebe, E.N
    (2011) The viability of crowdsourcing for survey research. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 800–813. doi: 10.3758/s13428‑011‑0081‑0
     https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0081-0 [Google Scholar]
  3. Cienki, A
    (2005) Metaphor in the “Strict Father” and “Nurturant Parent” cognitive models: Theoretical issues raised in an empirical study. Cognitive Linguistics, 16(2), 279–312. doi: 10.1515/cogl.2005.16.2.279
     https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2005.16.2.279 [Google Scholar]
  4. Deutskens, E. , Ruyter, K.D. , Wetzels, M. , & Oosterveld, P
    (2004) Response rate and response quality of internet-based surveys: An experimental study. Marketing Letters, 15(1), 21–36. doi: 10.1023/B:MARK.0000021968.86465.00
     https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MARK.0000021968.86465.00 [Google Scholar]
  5. Gee, J
    (1996) Social linguistics and literacies: Ideologies in discourses (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge Falmer.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Henze, R.C
    (2005) Metaphors of diversity, intergroup relations, and equity in the discourse of educational leaders. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 4(4), 243–267. doi: 10.1207/s15327701jlie0404_1
     https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327701jlie0404_1 [Google Scholar]
  7. Howe, J
    (2006) The rise of crowdsourcing. Wired Magazine, 14(6), 1–4.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Koro-Ljungberg, M
    (2001) Metaphors as a way to explore qualitative data. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 14, 367–379. doi: 10.1080/09518390110029102
     https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390110029102 [Google Scholar]
  9. Kövecses, Z
    (2005) Metaphor in culture. Universality and variation. Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511614408
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614408 [Google Scholar]
  10. Lakoff, G. , & Johnson, M
    (1980/2003) Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Leithwood, K. , & Jantzi, D
    (2008) Linking leadership to student learning: The contributions of leader efficacy. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(4), 496–528. doi: 10.1177/0013161X08321501
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X08321501 [Google Scholar]
  12. Low, G.D
    (1999) Validating metaphor research projects. In L. Cameron & G.D. Low (Eds.), Researching and applying metaphor (pp. 48–65). Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139524704.006
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524704.006 [Google Scholar]
  13. Low, G.D. , & Todd, Z
    (2010) Guidelines for good practice in metaphor analysis. In L. Cameron & R. Maslen (Eds.), Metaphor analysis: Research practice in applied linguistics, social sciences and the humanities (pp. 217–229). London: Equinox.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. McCabe, D.H
    (2001) Metaphorical descriptions of the role of women school superintendents. Education, 21(4), 690–703.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Miles, M.B. , & Huberman, A.M
    (1994) Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Ritchie, D
    (2003) “Argument is war” – Or is it a game of chess? Multiple meanings in the analysis of implicit metaphors. Metaphor and Symbol, 18, 125–146. doi: 10.1207/S15327868MS1802_4
     https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327868MS1802_4 [Google Scholar]
  17. Robinson, V.M.J. , Lloyd, C.A. , & Rowe, K.J
    (2008) The impact of leadership on student outcomes: An analysis of the differential effects of leadership types. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(5), 635–674. doi: 10.1177/0013161X08321509
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X08321509 [Google Scholar]
  18. Spradley, J.P
    (1980) Participant observation. Toronto, ON: Thompson Learning.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Steen, G.J. , Dorst, A.G. , Herrmann, J.B. , Kaal, A.A. , Krennmayr, T. , & Pasma, T
    (2010) Metaphor in usage. Cognitive Linguistics, 21, 765–796. doi: 10.1515/cogl.2010.024
     https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2010.024 [Google Scholar]
  20. Supovitz, J. , Sirinides, P. , & May, H
    (2010) How principals and peers influence teaching and learning. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(1), 31–56. doi: 10.1177/1094670509353043
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670509353043 [Google Scholar]
  21. Swan, M
    (2012) Crowdsourced health research studies: An important emerging complement to clinical trials in the public health research ecosystem. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(2). doi: 10.2196/jmir.1988
     https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1988 [Google Scholar]
  22. Wahlstrom, K.L. , & Louis, K.S
    (2008) How teachers experience principal leadership: The roles of professional community, trust, efficacy, and shared responsibility. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(4), 458–495. doi: 10.1177/0013161X08321502
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X08321502 [Google Scholar]
  23. Wan, W
    (2011) An examination of the validity of metaphor analysis studies: Problems with metaphor elicitation techniques. Metaphor and the Social World, 1(2), 261–287. doi: 10.1075/msw.1.2.07wan
     https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.1.2.07wan [Google Scholar]

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