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“[P]ulling tomorrow’s sky from [the] kete”

Culture-specific narrative representations of re/membering in contemporary Māori and first Australian novels

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Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia constitute plural, heterogeneous and hybrid spaces, in which a multiplicity of Indigenous and non-Indigenous cultures live together but are not treated equally. How can indigenous novels contribute to ensuing transcultural negotiations of competitive and synergetic processes of re/membering in “post”-colonial contexts? What roles do the texts play in the construction processes of different versions of the past and of cultural identities? Proposed answers rely on a cultural contextualization of “classic” categories of narratology: Indigenized methods of a “post”-colonial narratology are used to interpret culture-specific representations of cultural re/membering and to outline transcultural functional potentials of a contemporary Māori novel, Patricia Grace’s Potiki (1986), complemented by references to a First Australian text, Bruce Pascoe’s Earth (2001).

References

  1. Bamberg, M
    (2009) Identity and narration. In P. Huehn , J. Pier , W. Schmid & J Schoenert (Eds.), Handbook of narratology (pp. 132–143). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Bamberg, M. , De Fina, A. & Schiffrin, D
    (Eds.) (2007) Selves and identities in narrative and discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.9
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.9 [Google Scholar]
  3. Birk, H. & Neumann, B
    (2002) Go-between: Postkoloniale Erzähltheorie [Postcolonial narrative theory]. In A. Nünning & V. Nünning (Eds.), Neue Ansätze in der Erzähltheorie [New approaches in narrative theory] (pp. 115–152). Trier: WVT.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Boesch, E.E
    (2000) Homo narrator – Der erzählende Mensch [Homo narrator – the storytelling person]. Handlung, Kultur, Interpretation [Action, culture, interpretation], 9, 205–230.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Brockmeier, J. & Carbaugh, D
    (Eds.) (2001) Narrative and identity: Studies in autobiography, self and culture. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.1
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.1 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bruner, J.S
    (1990) Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. (2001) Self-making and world-making. In J. Brockmeier & D. Carbaugh (Eds.), Narrative and identity: Studies in autobiography, self and culture (pp. 25–39). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.1.03bru
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.1.03bru [Google Scholar]
  8. Castejon, V
    (2005) A global indigeneity?In R. West-Pavlov (Ed.), Who’s Australia? – Whose Australia? Contemporary politics, society and culture in Australia (pp. 99–106). Trier: WVT.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Cole, M
    (1996) Cultural psychology: A once and future discipline. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. De Fina, A
    (2003) Identity in narrative: A study of immigrant discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.3
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.3 [Google Scholar]
  11. DeLoughrey, Elizabeth
    (1999) The spiral temporality of Patricia Grace’s Potiki . Ariel: A Review of International English Literature, 30(1), 59–83.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Durix, J.-P
    (1996) Patricia Grace’s Potiki or the trickster behind the scenes. In H. Maes-Jelinek , G. Collier & G. Davis (Eds.), A talent(ed) digger: Creations, cameos, and essays in honour of Anna Rutherford (pp. 436–441). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. (1997) The modernity of Maori tradition: Patricia Grace’s Potiki . In G. Debusscher & M. Maufort (Eds.), Union in partition: Essays in honour of Jeanne Delbaere (pp.241–253). Liège: English Department, University of Liège.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Erll, A. , Gymnich, M. & Nünning, A
    (Eds.) (2003) Literatur – Erinnerung – Identität: Theoriekonzeptionen und Fallstudien [Literature – remembering – identity: Theoretical concepts and case studies]. Trier: WVT.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Erll, A. & Nünning, A
    (Eds) (2005) Gedächtniskonzepte der Literaturwissenschaft: Theoretische Grundlegung und Anwendungsperspektiven [Memory and remembering in literary studies: Concepts and applications]. Berlin: De Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110908435
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     https://doi.org/10.2307/303408 [Google Scholar]
  17. Grace, P
    (1995/1986) Potiki. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. (1999) Influences on writing. In V. Hereniko & R. Wilson (Eds.), Inside out: Literature, cultural politics and identity in the new pacific (pp. 65–73). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. (2001) Dogside story. London: The Women’s Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Gymnich, M
    (2002) Linguistics and narratology: The relevance of linguistic criteria to postcolonial narratology. In M. Gymnich & A. Nünning & V. Nünning (Eds.), Literature and linguistics: Approaches, models, and applications. Studies in honour of Jon Erickson (pp. 61–76). Trier: WVT.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. (2005) The functions of literature from the point of view of postcolonial literary studies. In M. Gymnich & A. Nünning (Eds.), Funktionen von Literatur: Theoretische Grundlagen und Modellinterpretationen [Functions of literature: Theoretical concepts and model interpretations] (pp. 121–140). Trier: WVT.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. (2007) Metasprachliche Reflexionen und sprachliche Gestaltungsmittel im englischsprachigen postkolonialen und interkulturellen Roman [Metalinguistic reflections and linguistic narrative strategies in postcolonial and intercultural novels in English]. Trier: WVT.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Hatavara, M. , Hydén, L.-Ch. & Hyvärinen, M
    (Eds.) (2013) The travelling concepts of narrative. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.18
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.18 [Google Scholar]
  24. Heim, O
    (1998) Writing along broken lines: Violence and ethnicity in contemporary Maori fiction. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Heiss, A.M
    (2003) Dhuuluu-yala/To talk straight: Publishing indigenous literature. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Holler, C. & Klepper, M
    (Eds.) (2013) Rethinking narrative identity: Persona and perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.17
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.17 [Google Scholar]
  27. Hyvärinen, M. , Hydén, L.-Ch. , Saarenheimo, M. & Tamboukou, M
    (Eds.) (2010) Beyond narrative coherence. Amsterdam: Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.11
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.11 [Google Scholar]
  28. Labov, W
    (2013) The language of life and death: The transformation of experience in oral narrative. Cambridge: University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139519632
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139519632 [Google Scholar]
  29. Lanser, S.S
    (1992) Fictions of authority: Women writers and narrative voice. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Lutz, H
    (2002a) Approaches: Essays in Native North American studies and literatures. Augsburg: Wißner.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. (2002b) The circle as a philosophical and structural concept in Native American fiction. In H. Lutz (Ed.), Approaches: Essays in Native North American studies and literatures (pp. 195–208). Augsburg: Wißner.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Morey, K.A
    (2003) Bloom. Auckland: Penguin.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. O’Connor, N
    (1995) A brief guide to New Zealand art and culture. Nelson: Craig Potton Publishing.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. O’Regan, T
    (1993) Who owns the past? Change in Māori perceptions of the past. In W. Ihimaera (Ed. in collaboration with H. Williams & I. Ramsden & D. S. Long), Te Ao Mārama: Regaining Aotearoa – Māori writers speak out. Vol. 2. He Whakaatanga O Te Ao: The reality (pp. 337–340). Auckland: Reed.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Pascoe, B
    (2001) Earth. Broome: Magabala Books.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Polkinghorne, D.E
    (1988) Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. (1998) Narrative Psychologie und Geschichtsbewußtsein: Beziehungen und Perspektiven. In J. Straub (Ed.), Erzählung, Identität und historisches Bewußtsein: Die psychologische Konstruktion von Zeit und Geschichte [Narration, identity and historical consciousness: The psychological construction of time and history] (pp.12–46). Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Prince, G
    (2005) On a postcolonial narratology. In J. Phelan & P.J. Rabinowitz (Eds.), A companion to narrative theory (pp. 372–381). London: Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9780470996935.ch25
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996935.ch25 [Google Scholar]
  39. Stewart-Harawira, M
    (2005) The new imperial order: Indigenous responses to globalization. London: Zed Books, Huia.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Straub, J
    (Ed.) (1998) Erzählung, Identität und historisches Bewußtsein: Die psychologische Konstruktion von Zeit und Geschichte [Narration, identity and historical consciousness: The psychological construction of time and history]. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. (2004) Kulturwissenschaftliche Psychologie [Cultural psychology]. In F. Jaeger & J. Straub (Eds.), Handbuch der Kulturwissenschaften: Paradigmen und Disziplinen [Handbook of cultural studies: Paradigms and disciplines] (pp. 568–591). Stuttgart: Metzler.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Tawhai, T.P
    (2002 [1988]) Maori religion. In G. Harvey (Ed.), Readings in indigenous religions (pp. 237–249). London: Continuum.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Wertsch, J
    (2002) Voices of collective remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511613715
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511613715 [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Bamberg, M
    (2009) Identity and narration. In P. Huehn , J. Pier , W. Schmid & J Schoenert (Eds.), Handbook of narratology (pp. 132–143). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Bamberg, M. , De Fina, A. & Schiffrin, D
    (Eds.) (2007) Selves and identities in narrative and discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.9
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.9 [Google Scholar]
  3. Birk, H. & Neumann, B
    (2002) Go-between: Postkoloniale Erzähltheorie [Postcolonial narrative theory]. In A. Nünning & V. Nünning (Eds.), Neue Ansätze in der Erzähltheorie [New approaches in narrative theory] (pp. 115–152). Trier: WVT.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Boesch, E.E
    (2000) Homo narrator – Der erzählende Mensch [Homo narrator – the storytelling person]. Handlung, Kultur, Interpretation [Action, culture, interpretation], 9, 205–230.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Brockmeier, J. & Carbaugh, D
    (Eds.) (2001) Narrative and identity: Studies in autobiography, self and culture. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.1
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.1 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bruner, J.S
    (1990) Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. (2001) Self-making and world-making. In J. Brockmeier & D. Carbaugh (Eds.), Narrative and identity: Studies in autobiography, self and culture (pp. 25–39). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.1.03bru
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.1.03bru [Google Scholar]
  8. Castejon, V
    (2005) A global indigeneity?In R. West-Pavlov (Ed.), Who’s Australia? – Whose Australia? Contemporary politics, society and culture in Australia (pp. 99–106). Trier: WVT.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Cole, M
    (1996) Cultural psychology: A once and future discipline. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. De Fina, A
    (2003) Identity in narrative: A study of immigrant discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.3
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.3 [Google Scholar]
  11. DeLoughrey, Elizabeth
    (1999) The spiral temporality of Patricia Grace’s Potiki . Ariel: A Review of International English Literature, 30(1), 59–83.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Durix, J.-P
    (1996) Patricia Grace’s Potiki or the trickster behind the scenes. In H. Maes-Jelinek , G. Collier & G. Davis (Eds.), A talent(ed) digger: Creations, cameos, and essays in honour of Anna Rutherford (pp. 436–441). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. (1997) The modernity of Maori tradition: Patricia Grace’s Potiki . In G. Debusscher & M. Maufort (Eds.), Union in partition: Essays in honour of Jeanne Delbaere (pp.241–253). Liège: English Department, University of Liège.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Erll, A. , Gymnich, M. & Nünning, A
    (Eds.) (2003) Literatur – Erinnerung – Identität: Theoriekonzeptionen und Fallstudien [Literature – remembering – identity: Theoretical concepts and case studies]. Trier: WVT.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Erll, A. & Nünning, A
    (Eds) (2005) Gedächtniskonzepte der Literaturwissenschaft: Theoretische Grundlegung und Anwendungsperspektiven [Memory and remembering in literary studies: Concepts and applications]. Berlin: De Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110908435
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110908435 [Google Scholar]
  16. Fuchs, M
    (1994) Reading toward the indigenous pacific: Patricia Grace’s Potiki, a case study. Asia/Pacific as Space of Cultural Production. Boundary 2: An International Journal of Literature and Culture, 21(1), 165–184. doi: 10.2307/303408
     https://doi.org/10.2307/303408 [Google Scholar]
  17. Grace, P
    (1995/1986) Potiki. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. (1999) Influences on writing. In V. Hereniko & R. Wilson (Eds.), Inside out: Literature, cultural politics and identity in the new pacific (pp. 65–73). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. (2001) Dogside story. London: The Women’s Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Gymnich, M
    (2002) Linguistics and narratology: The relevance of linguistic criteria to postcolonial narratology. In M. Gymnich & A. Nünning & V. Nünning (Eds.), Literature and linguistics: Approaches, models, and applications. Studies in honour of Jon Erickson (pp. 61–76). Trier: WVT.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. (2005) The functions of literature from the point of view of postcolonial literary studies. In M. Gymnich & A. Nünning (Eds.), Funktionen von Literatur: Theoretische Grundlagen und Modellinterpretationen [Functions of literature: Theoretical concepts and model interpretations] (pp. 121–140). Trier: WVT.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. (2007) Metasprachliche Reflexionen und sprachliche Gestaltungsmittel im englischsprachigen postkolonialen und interkulturellen Roman [Metalinguistic reflections and linguistic narrative strategies in postcolonial and intercultural novels in English]. Trier: WVT.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Hatavara, M. , Hydén, L.-Ch. & Hyvärinen, M
    (Eds.) (2013) The travelling concepts of narrative. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.18
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.18 [Google Scholar]
  24. Heim, O
    (1998) Writing along broken lines: Violence and ethnicity in contemporary Maori fiction. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Heiss, A.M
    (2003) Dhuuluu-yala/To talk straight: Publishing indigenous literature. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Holler, C. & Klepper, M
    (Eds.) (2013) Rethinking narrative identity: Persona and perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.17
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.17 [Google Scholar]
  27. Hyvärinen, M. , Hydén, L.-Ch. , Saarenheimo, M. & Tamboukou, M
    (Eds.) (2010) Beyond narrative coherence. Amsterdam: Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sin.11
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sin.11 [Google Scholar]
  28. Labov, W
    (2013) The language of life and death: The transformation of experience in oral narrative. Cambridge: University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139519632
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139519632 [Google Scholar]
  29. Lanser, S.S
    (1992) Fictions of authority: Women writers and narrative voice. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Lutz, H
    (2002a) Approaches: Essays in Native North American studies and literatures. Augsburg: Wißner.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. (2002b) The circle as a philosophical and structural concept in Native American fiction. In H. Lutz (Ed.), Approaches: Essays in Native North American studies and literatures (pp. 195–208). Augsburg: Wißner.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Morey, K.A
    (2003) Bloom. Auckland: Penguin.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. O’Connor, N
    (1995) A brief guide to New Zealand art and culture. Nelson: Craig Potton Publishing.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. O’Regan, T
    (1993) Who owns the past? Change in Māori perceptions of the past. In W. Ihimaera (Ed. in collaboration with H. Williams & I. Ramsden & D. S. Long), Te Ao Mārama: Regaining Aotearoa – Māori writers speak out. Vol. 2. He Whakaatanga O Te Ao: The reality (pp. 337–340). Auckland: Reed.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Pascoe, B
    (2001) Earth. Broome: Magabala Books.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Polkinghorne, D.E
    (1988) Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. (1998) Narrative Psychologie und Geschichtsbewußtsein: Beziehungen und Perspektiven. In J. Straub (Ed.), Erzählung, Identität und historisches Bewußtsein: Die psychologische Konstruktion von Zeit und Geschichte [Narration, identity and historical consciousness: The psychological construction of time and history] (pp.12–46). Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Prince, G
    (2005) On a postcolonial narratology. In J. Phelan & P.J. Rabinowitz (Eds.), A companion to narrative theory (pp. 372–381). London: Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9780470996935.ch25
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996935.ch25 [Google Scholar]
  39. Stewart-Harawira, M
    (2005) The new imperial order: Indigenous responses to globalization. London: Zed Books, Huia.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Straub, J
    (Ed.) (1998) Erzählung, Identität und historisches Bewußtsein: Die psychologische Konstruktion von Zeit und Geschichte [Narration, identity and historical consciousness: The psychological construction of time and history]. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. (2004) Kulturwissenschaftliche Psychologie [Cultural psychology]. In F. Jaeger & J. Straub (Eds.), Handbuch der Kulturwissenschaften: Paradigmen und Disziplinen [Handbook of cultural studies: Paradigms and disciplines] (pp. 568–591). Stuttgart: Metzler.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Tawhai, T.P
    (2002 [1988]) Maori religion. In G. Harvey (Ed.), Readings in indigenous religions (pp. 237–249). London: Continuum.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Wertsch, J
    (2002) Voices of collective remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511613715
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511613715 [Google Scholar]

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