1887

Crime and Corpus

The linguistic representation of crime in the press

image of Crime and Corpus

Reports on crime in newspapers do not provide a neutral representation of criminals and their offences but instead construct them in accordance with societal discourse surrounding this issue. This book takes an interdisciplinary approach at the intersection of Linguistics, Criminology, and Media Studies and demonstrates how Linguistics can contribute to the study of crime in the media. By combining the tools offered by Corpus Linguistics and Critical Stylistics (a text-based framework for Critical Discourse Analysis), evidence is provided for predominant perceptions of crime and their underlying ideologies in both British and German society. This study names and illustrates the most significant linguistic devices used to construct offenders, victims, and crimes in two newspaper corpora compiled from the German and British press. These devices are then linked to criminological frameworks.

References

  1. Abousnnouga, G. & Machin, D
    (2008) Defence discourse I: The visual institutionalization of discourses in war monuments. In A. Mayr (Ed.), Language and Power: An Introduction to Institutional Discourse (pp. 115–137). London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. (2013) The Language of War Monuments. London: Bloomsbury. doi: 10.1177/1470357210369884
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357210369884 [Google Scholar]
  3. Abrahams, H
    (2007) Supporting Women After Domestic Violence: Loss, Trauma and Recovery. London: Jessica Kingsley. doi: 10.1177/0038038509351621
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038509351621 [Google Scholar]
  4. Adolphs, S
    (2006) Introducing Electronic Text Analysis: A Practical Guide for Language and Literary Studies. London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203087701
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203087701 [Google Scholar]
  5. Agresti, A
    (2002) Categorical Data Analysis (2nd edn.). New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience. doi: 10.1002/0471249688
    https://doi.org/10.1002/0471249688 [Google Scholar]
  6. Althusser, L
    (1971) Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. New York, NY: Monthy Review Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Anthony, L
    (2012) AntConc (version 3.3.1).
  8. (2013) A critical look at software tools in corpus linguistics. Linguistic Research, 30(2), 141–161. doi: 10.17250/khisli.30.2.201308.001
    https://doi.org/10.17250/khisli.30.2.201308.001 [Google Scholar]
  9. Ashworth, A
    (1998) The Criminal Process: An Evaluative Study (2nd edn.). Oxford: OUP.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Atkinson, M. , Kilby, D. & Roca, I
    (1982) Foundations of General Lingustics. London: George Allen & Unwin.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Baker, P
    (2004) Querying keywords: Questions of difference, frequency, and sense in keyword analysis. Journal of English Linguistics, 32(4), 346–359. doi: 10.1177/0075424204269894
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424204269894 [Google Scholar]
  12. (2006) Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum. doi: 10.1177/1461445607087012
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445607087012 [Google Scholar]
  13. (2009) The BE06 corpus of British English and recent language change. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14(3), 312–337. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.14.3.02bak
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.14.3.02bak [Google Scholar]
  14. (2010) Representations of Islam in British broadsheet and tabloid newspapers 1999–2005. Journal of Language and Politics, 9(2), 310–338. doi: 10.1075/jlp.9.2.07bak
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.9.2.07bak [Google Scholar]
  15. (2011) Times may change, but we will always have Money: Diachronic variation in recent British English. Journal of English Linguistics, 39(1), 65–88. doi: 10.1177/0075424210368368
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424210368368 [Google Scholar]
  16. Baker, P. , Gabrielatos, C. , KhosraviNik, M. , Krzyzanowski, M. , McEnery, T. & Wodak, R
    (2008) A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourse of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press. Discourse Society, 19, 273–306. doi: 10.1177/0957926508088962
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926508088962 [Google Scholar]
  17. Baker, P. & McEnery, T
    (2005) A corpus-based approach to discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in UN and newspaper texts. Journal of Language and Politics, 4(2), 197–226. doi: 10.1075/jlp.4.2.04bak
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.4.2.04bak [Google Scholar]
  18. Baker, P. , McEnery, T. & Gabrielatos, C
    (2013) Discourse Analysis and Media Attitudes: The Representation of Islam in the British Press. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511920103
    https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511920103 [Google Scholar]
  19. Bamberg, M
    (1994) Development of linguistic forms: German. In R.A. Berman & D.I. Slobin (Eds.), Relating Events in Narrative: A Crosslinguistic Development Study (pp. 189–238). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Barnett, B
    (2006) Medea in the media: Narrative and myth in newspaper coverage of women who kill their children. Journalism, 7(4), 411–432. doi: 10.1177/1464884906068360
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884906068360 [Google Scholar]
  21. Beck, U
    (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage. doi: 10.1177/072551369403700115
    https://doi.org/10.1177/072551369403700115 [Google Scholar]
  22. Becker, H.S
    (1966) Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York NY: The Free Press. doi: 10.1093/sf/42.3.389
    https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/42.3.389 [Google Scholar]
  23. Bednarek, M
    (2006) Evaluation in Media Discourse: Analysis of a Newspaper Corpus. London: Continuum. doi: 10.1177/14614456080100060403
    https://doi.org/10.1177/14614456080100060403 [Google Scholar]
  24. Bednarek, M. & Caple, H
    (2012) News Discourse. London: Continuum. doi: 10.1515/lpp‑2012‑0017
    https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2012-0017 [Google Scholar]
  25. (2014) Why do news values matter? Towards a new methodological framework for analysing news discourse in critical discourse analysis and beyond. Discourse & Society, 25(2), 135–158. doi: 10.1177/0957926513516041
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926513516041 [Google Scholar]
  26. Bell, A
    (1991) The Language of News Media. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. doi: 10.1017/s004740450001695x
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s004740450001695x [Google Scholar]
  27. Benneworth, K
    (2007) ‘Just Good Friends’: Managing the clash of discourses in police interviews with paedophiles. In J. Cotterill (Ed.), The Language of Sexual Crime (pp. 42–61). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230592780_3
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230592780_3 [Google Scholar]
  28. Biber, D
    (1993) Representativeness in corpus design. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 8(4), 243–257. doi: 10.1093/llc/8.4.243
    https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/8.4.243 [Google Scholar]
  29. (2009) A corpus-driven approach to formulaic language in English. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14(3), 275–311. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.14.3.08bib
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.14.3.08bib [Google Scholar]
  30. Biber, D. , Conrad, S. & Leech, G
    (2002) Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education. doi: 10.1590/s1984‑63982003000100012
    https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982003000100012 [Google Scholar]
  31. Biber, D. , Conrad, S. & Reppen, R
    (1998) Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511804489
    https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511804489 [Google Scholar]
  32. Bickel, P.J. & Doksum, K.A
    (2007) Mathematical Statistics: Basic Ideas and Selected Topics (2nd edn.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Billig, M
    (2000) Towards a critique of the critical. Discourse & Society, 11(3), pp. 291–292. doi: 10.1177/0957926500011003001
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926500011003001 [Google Scholar]
  34. Bishop, H. & Jaworski, A
    (2003) ‘We Beat ‘em’: Nationalism and the hegemony of homogeneity in the British press reportage of Germany versus England during Euro 2000. Discourse & Society, 14(3), 243–271. doi: 10.1177/09579265030143001
    https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265030143001 [Google Scholar]
  35. Blommaert, J
    (2001) Context is/as critique. Critique of Anthropology, 21(1), 13–32. doi: 10.1177/0308275x0102100102
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275x0102100102 [Google Scholar]
  36. (2005) Discourse: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511610295
    https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511610295 [Google Scholar]
  37. Boehm, G
    (1989) Was heißt: Interpretation? Anmerkungen zur Rekonstruktion eines Problems. In C. Fruh , R. Rosenberg & H.P. Rosinski (Eds.), Kunstgeschichte – aber wie? Zehn Themen und Beispiele (pp. 13–26). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Braithwaite, J
    (1989) Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511804618
    https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511804618 [Google Scholar]
  39. Brown, G. & Yule, G
    (1983) Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511805226
    https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511805226 [Google Scholar]
  40. Brown, M
    (2000) Calculations of risk in contemporary penal practice. In M. Brown & J. Pratt (Eds.), Dangerous Offenders: Punishment & Social Order (pp. 93–108). London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Brown, M. & Pratt, J
    (Eds.) (2000) Dangerous Offenders: Punishment & Social Order. London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203135747
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203135747 [Google Scholar]
  42. Buchanan, D.R
    (1992) An uneasy alliance: Combining qualitative and quantitative research methods. Health Education Quarterly, 19(1), 117–135. doi: 10.1177/109019819201900108
    https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819201900108 [Google Scholar]
  43. Burgess, R. & Akers, R
    (1966) A differential association-reinforcement theory of criminal behavior. Social Problems, 14, 128–147. doi: 10.1525/sp.1966.14.2.03a00020
    https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1966.14.2.03a00020 [Google Scholar]
  44. Busà, M.G
    (2014) Introducing the Language of the News. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Carrabine, E. , Cox, P. , Lee, M. , Plummer, K. & South, N
    (2009) Criminology: A Sociological Introduction (2nd edn.). Abingdon: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Carter, R. , Goddard, A. , Reah, D. , Sanger, K. & Swift, N
    (2008) Working with Texts: A Core Introduction to Language Analysis (3rd edn.). Abingdon: Routledge. doi: 10.1017/s0272263109090214
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263109090214 [Google Scholar]
  47. Chapman, S
    (2006) Thinking about Language: Theories of English. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1177/09639470080170020502
    https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470080170020502 [Google Scholar]
  48. Chibnall, S
    (1977) Law and Order News. London: Travistock.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Chilton, P
    (2005) Missing links in mainstream CDA: Modules, blends and the critical instinct. In R. Wodak & P. Chilton (Eds.), A New Research Agenda in Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity (pp. 19–52). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/dapsac.13.05chi
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.13.05chi [Google Scholar]
  50. (2011) Still something missing in CDA. Discourse Studies, 13(6), 769–781. doi: 10.1177/1461445611421360a
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445611421360a [Google Scholar]
  51. Chomsky, N
    (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. doi: 10.2307/2270781
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2270781 [Google Scholar]
  52. (1966) Cartesian Linguistics. New York, NY: Harper & Row. doi: 10.1017/s0022226700002176
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700002176 [Google Scholar]
  53. Christie, N
    (1977) Conflicts as property. In E. McLaughlin , R. Fergusson , G. Hughes , & L. Westermarland (Eds.), Restorative justice: Critical issues (pp. 37–51). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. (1986) The ideal victim. In E.A. Fattah (Ed.), From Crime Policy to Victim Policy (pp. 17–30). Houndmills: The Macmillan Press. doi: 10.1007/978‑1‑349‑08305‑3_2
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08305-3_2 [Google Scholar]
  55. Cillia, R. de & Wodak, R
    (2007) ‘Katastrophe und Wiedergeburt’. Zur diskursiven Konstruktion gemeinsamer Geschichte im Österreich des Jahres 2005. In A. Redder (Ed.), Diskurse und Texte. Festschrift für Konrad Ehlich zum 65. Geburtstag (pp. 117–128). Tübingen: Stauffenberg.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Clark, K
    (1992) The linguistics of blame: Representations of women in The Sun’s reporting of crimes of sexual violence. In M. Toolan (Ed.), Language, Text and Context: Essays in Stylistics (pp. 208–226). London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Clarke, R.V.G
    (1980) “Situational” crime prevention: Theory and practice. British Journal of Criminology, 20(2), 136–147.10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047153
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047153 [Google Scholar]
  58. Clauβ, G. & Ebner, H
    (1983) Grundlagen der Statistik (7th edn.). Berlin: Volk und Wissen.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Coffey, L
    (2013) “Innocent Until Proven Filthy”: A corpus-based critical stylistic analysis of representations of men in women’s magazines. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Huddersfield. eprints.hud.ac.uk/19274/⟩.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Cohen, A.K
    (1955) Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. doi: 10.1177/003288555703700108
    https://doi.org/10.1177/003288555703700108 [Google Scholar]
  61. Cohen, S
    (1980) Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press. doi: 10.1177/089124167300200308
    https://doi.org/10.1177/089124167300200308 [Google Scholar]
  62. (2002) Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers (3rd edn.). London: Routledge. doi: 10.1177/089124167300200308
    https://doi.org/10.1177/089124167300200308 [Google Scholar]
  63. Cole, P. & Harcup, T
    (2010) Newspaper Journalism. London: Sage. doi: 10.1177/14648849100110060702
    https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849100110060702 [Google Scholar]
  64. Coleman, C. & Norris, C
    (2000) Introducing Criminology. Cullompton: Willan Publishing. doi: 10.1177/026455050104800120
    https://doi.org/10.1177/026455050104800120 [Google Scholar]
  65. Conboy, M
    (2006) Tabloid Britain: Constructing a Community through Language. London: Routledge. doi: 10.1177/01634437070290060902
    https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437070290060902 [Google Scholar]
  66. Cook, G
    (1989) Discourse. Oxford: OUP.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Cornwell, D. , Blad, J. & Wright, M
    (Eds.) (2013) Civilising Criminal Justice: An International Restorative Agenda for Penal Reform. Hook: Waterside Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Cotterill, J
    (2001) Domestic discord, rocky relationships: Semantic prosodies in representations of marital violence in the O.J. Simpson trial. Discourse & Society, 12(3), 291–312. doi: 10.1177/0957926501012003002
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926501012003002 [Google Scholar]
  69. (2003) Language and Power in Court: A Linguistic Analysis of the O.J. Simpson Trial. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230006010
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230006010 [Google Scholar]
  70. Cottle, S
    (2008) Social drama in a mediatized world: The racist murder of Stephen Lawrence. In G.S. John (Ed.), Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance (pp. 109–124). New York, NY: Berkhahn Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Crowther, C
    (2007) An Introduction to Criminology and Criminal Justice. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978‑1‑137‑28517‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28517-1 [Google Scholar]
  72. Culpeper, J
    (2001) Language and Characterisation: People in Plays and other Texts. Harlow: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. (2002) Computers, language and characterisation: An analysis of six characters in Romeo and Juliet . In U. Melander-Marttala , C. Östman & M. Kytö (Eds.), Conversation in Life and in Literature (pp.11–30). Uppsala: Universitetstryckeriet [Papers from the ASLA Symposium, Association Suedoise de Linguistique Appliquée (ASLA) 15].
    [Google Scholar]
  74. (2009) Words, parts-of-speech and semantic categories in the character-talk of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet . International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14(1), 29–59. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.14.1.03cul
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.14.1.03cul [Google Scholar]
  75. Davies, M
    (2013) Oppositions and Ideology in News Discourse. London: Bloomsbury.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. de Cillia, R. , Reisigl, M. & Wodak, R
    (1999) The discursive construction of national identities. Discourse & Society, 10(2), 149–173. doi: 10.1177/0957926599010002002
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002 [Google Scholar]
  77. Derrida, J
    (1967, 2005) Writing and Difference. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Dobash, R.E. & Dobash, R.P
    (1992) Women, Violence and Social Change. London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203450734
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203450734 [Google Scholar]
  79. (Eds.) (1998) Rethinking Violence against Women. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi: 10.1177/097152150200900114
    https://doi.org/10.1177/097152150200900114 [Google Scholar]
  80. Dunning, T
    (1993) Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence. Computational Linguistics, 19(1), 61–74.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Durant, A. & Lambrou, M
    (2009) Language and Media: A resource Book for Students. Abingdon: Routledge. doi: 10.1177/09639470100190030702
    https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470100190030702 [Google Scholar]
  82. Durkheim, É
    (1938) The Rules of Sociological Method (8th edn., translated by S.A. Solovay and J.H. Mueller , and edited by G.E.G. Catlin ). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Ehrlich, S
    (1999) Communities of practice, gender and the representation of sexual assault. Language in Society, 28(2), 239–256. doi: 10.1017/s0047404599002067
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404599002067 [Google Scholar]
  84. (2001) Representing Rape: Language and Sexual Consent. London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203459034
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203459034 [Google Scholar]
  85. Ehrlich, S. & King, R
    (1996) Consensual sex or sexual harassment: Negotiating meaning. In V.L. Bergvall , J.M. Bing , & A.F. Freed (Eds.), Rethinking Language and Gender Research: Theory and Practice (pp. 153–172). Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Eilders, C
    (2002) Conflict and consonance in media opinion: Political positions of five German quality newspapers. European Journal of Communication, 17, 25–63. doi: 10.1177/0267323102017001606
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323102017001606 [Google Scholar]
  87. Erwin-Tripp, S.M
    (1969) Sociolinguistic rules of address. In J.B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 225–240). Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Evison, J
    (2010) What are the basics of analysing a corpus?In A. O’Keeffe & M. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Milton Park: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203856949.ch10
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203856949.ch10 [Google Scholar]
  89. Fahrmeir, L. , Künstler, R. , Pigeot, I. & Tutz, G
    (2007) Statistik (6th edn.). Berlin: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978‑3‑662‑10033‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10033-2 [Google Scholar]
  90. Fairclough, N
    (1992a) Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press. doi: 10.1017/s0047404500017309
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500017309 [Google Scholar]
  91. (1992b) Discourse and text: Linguistic and intertextual analysis within discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 3(2), 193–217. doi: 10.1177/0957926592003002004
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926592003002004 [Google Scholar]
  92. (1995) Media Discourse. London: Hodder Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. (2000) New Labour, New Language?London: Routledge. doi: 10.1177/03058298020310010908
    https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298020310010908 [Google Scholar]
  94. (2001a) The dialectics of discourse. In G. Cortese & D. Hymes (Eds.), Textus, 14(2), 231–242.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. (2001b) Language and Power (2nd edn.). Essex: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. (2003) ‘Political Correctness’: The politics of culture and language. Discourse & Society, 14(1), 17–28. doi: 10.1177/0957926503014001927
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926503014001927 [Google Scholar]
  97. (2005) Peripheral vision: Discourse analysis in organization studies: the case for critical realism. Organization Studies, 26(6), 915–939. doi: 10.1177/0170840605054610
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840605054610 [Google Scholar]
  98. (Ed.) (1992c) Critical Language Awareness. Harlow: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Fairclough, N. & Wodak, R
    (1997) Critical discourse analysis. In T.A. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse as Social Interaction: Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction (Vol. 2, pp. 258–284). London: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781446289068.n17
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446289068.n17 [Google Scholar]
  100. Felson, M
    (1987) Routine activities and crime presention in the developing metropolis. Criminology, 25(4), 911–932. doi: 10.1111/j.1745‑9125.1987.tb00825.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00825.x [Google Scholar]
  101. Firth, J.R
    (1957) A synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930–1955. In J.R. Firth (Ed.), Studies in Linguistic Analysis (pp. 1–32). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Fischer-Starke, B
    (2009) Keywords and frequent phrases of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice . International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14(4), 492–523. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.14.4.03fis
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.14.4.03fis [Google Scholar]
  103. (2010) Corpus Linguistics in Literary Analysis: Jane Austen and her Contemporaries. London: Continuum. doi: 10.1515/east‑2011‑0010
    https://doi.org/10.1515/east-2011-0010 [Google Scholar]
  104. Fogarty, K. , Augoustinos, M. & Kettler, L
    (2013) Re-thinking rapport through the lens of progressivity in investigative interviews into child sexual abuse. Discourse Studies, 15(4), 395–420. doi: 10.1177/1461445613482429
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445613482429 [Google Scholar]
  105. Forster, E.M
    (1927) Aspects of the Novel. London: Edward Arnold.
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Foucault, M
    (1972) The Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Tavistock. doi: 10.1017/s0033291700007650
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700007650 [Google Scholar]
  107. (1977) Discipline and Punish. London: Allen Lane. doi: 10.1177/017084068000100211
    https://doi.org/10.1177/017084068000100211 [Google Scholar]
  108. Fowler, R
    (1981) Literature as Social Discourse: The Practice of Linguistic Criticism. London: Batsford Academic and Educational.
    [Google Scholar]
  109. (1991) Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge. doi: 10.1017/s004740450001695x
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s004740450001695x [Google Scholar]
  110. Fowler, R. , Hodge, B. , Kress, G. & Trew, T
    (1979a) Language and Control. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. doi: 10.1093/sf/59.3.854
    https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/59.3.854 [Google Scholar]
  111. Fowler, R. & Kress, G
    (1979b) Critical linguistics. In R. Fowler , B. Hodge , G. Kress & T. Trew (Eds.), Language and Control. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. doi: 10.1093/sf/59.3.854
    https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/59.3.854 [Google Scholar]
  112. Francis, W.N. & Kucera, H
    (1979) Manual of Information to Accompany a Standard Sample of Present-day Edited American English, for Use with Digital Computers (original ed. 1964, revised 1971, revised and augmented 1979 edn.). Providence, RI: Brown University.
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Gabrielatos, C. & Baker, P
    (2008) Fleeing, sneaking, flooding: A corpus analysis of discursive constructions of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press, 1996–2005. Journal of English Linguistics, 361, 5–38. doi: 10.1177/0075424207311247
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424207311247 [Google Scholar]
  114. Gabrielatos, C. , McEnery, T. , Diggle, P.J. & Baker, P
    (2012) The peaks and troughs of corpus-based contextual analysis. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 17(2), 151–175. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.17.2.01gab
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.17.2.01gab [Google Scholar]
  115. Galtung, J. & Ruge, M
    (1973) Structuring and selecting the news. In S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.), The Manufacture of News: Deviance, Social Problems and the Mass Media. London: Constable.
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Garland, D
    (2001) The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Oxford: OUP. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258024.003.0008
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258024.003.0008 [Google Scholar]
  117. Gavins, J
    (2007) Text World Theory: An Introduction. Edinburgh: EUP. doi: 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748622993.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748622993.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  118. (2012) Leda and the stylisticians. Language and Literature, 21(4), 345–362. doi: 10.1177/0963947012444959
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947012444959 [Google Scholar]
  119. Giddens, A. , Duneier, M. & Appelbaum, R.P
    (2003) Introduction to Sociology (4th edn.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Gramsci, A
    (1971) Selections from the Prison Notebooks. London: Lawrence and Wishart. doi: 10.2307/479844
    https://doi.org/10.2307/479844 [Google Scholar]
  121. Greenbaum, S. & Nelson, G
    (2009) An introduction to English grammar (3rd edn.). Harlow: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Greer, C
    (2003) Sex Crime and the Media: Sex Offending and the Press in a Divided Society. Cullompton: Willan Publishing. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azh057
    https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azh057 [Google Scholar]
  123. Gregoriou, C
    (2011) Language, Ideology and Identity in Serial Killer Narratives. London: Routledge. doi: 10.1177/0963947012454367
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947012454367 [Google Scholar]
  124. Grice, H.P
    (1975) Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts (pp. 41–58). New York, NY: Academic Press. doi: 10.1017/s0022226700005296
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700005296 [Google Scholar]
  125. (1978) Further notes on logic and conversation. In P. Cole (Ed.), Syntax and Semantics 9: Pragmatics (pp. 113–127). New York, NY: Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Gries, S.T
    (2010) Corpus linguistics and theoretical linguistics. A love-hate relationship? Not necessarily …International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 15(3), 327–343. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.15.3.02gri
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.15.3.02gri [Google Scholar]
  127. Guo, J.-y
    (2012) ‘Anyone in my shoes will end up like me’: Female inmates discourse of responsibility for crime. Discourse & Society, 23(1), 34–46. doi: 10.1177/0957926511424658
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926511424658 [Google Scholar]
  128. Hall, A
    (2008) Monster. London: Penguin Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Hall, S
    (1996) The problem of ideology: Marxism without guarantees. In D. Morely & K.-H. Chen (Eds.), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (pp. 25–46). London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Hall, S. , Critcher, C. , Jefferson, T. , Clarke, J. & Roberts, B
    (1978) Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order. London: Macmillan. doi: 10.1177/030639687802000207
    https://doi.org/10.1177/030639687802000207 [Google Scholar]
  131. (2013) Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order (2nd edn.). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1086/227223
    https://doi.org/10.1086/227223 [Google Scholar]
  132. Halliday, M.A.K
    (1971) Linguistic function and literary style: An inquiry into the language of William Golding’s The Inheritors . In S. Chatman (Ed.), Literary Style: A Symposium (pp. 330–368). London: OUP.
    [Google Scholar]
  133. (1985) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold. doi: 10.1017/s0272263100007051
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100007051 [Google Scholar]
  134. Harcup, T
    (2004) Journalism: Principles and Practice. London: Sage. doi: 10.1177/17504813110050020503
    https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813110050020503 [Google Scholar]
  135. Harcup, T. & O’Neill, D
    (2001) What is news? Galtung and Ruge revisited. Journalism Studies, 2(2), 261–280. doi: 10.1080/14616700118449
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700118449 [Google Scholar]
  136. Hardie, A. & McEnery, T
    (2010) On two traditions in corpus linguistics, and what they have in common. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 15(3), 384–394. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.15.3.09har
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.15.3.09har [Google Scholar]
  137. Hart, A
    (1991) Understanding the Media: A Practical Guide. London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203978771
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203978771 [Google Scholar]
  138. Hart, C
    (2011a) Force-interactive patterns in immigration discourse: A cognitive linguistic approach to CDA. Discourse & Society, 22(3), 269–286. doi: 10.1177/0957926510395440
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926510395440 [Google Scholar]
  139. (2011b) Legitimizing assertions and the logico-rhetorical module: Evidence and epistemic vigilance in media discourse on immigration. Discourse Studies, 13(6), 751–769. doi: 10.1177/1461445611421360
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445611421360 [Google Scholar]
  140. (2013) Event-construal in press reports of violence in two recent political protests. Journal of Language and Politics, 12(3), 400–423. doi: 10.1075/jlp.12.3.05har
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.12.3.05har [Google Scholar]
  141. Hayward, K. & Young, J
    (2004) Cultural criminology: Some notes on the script. Theoretical Criminology, 8(3), 259–273. doi: 10.1177/1362480604044608
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480604044608 [Google Scholar]
  142. (2007) Cultural criminology. In M. Maguire , R. Morgan & R. Reiner (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (pp.102–121). Oxford: OUP. doi: 10.1093/he/9780199590278.003.0004
    https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199590278.003.0004 [Google Scholar]
  143. Helbig, G. & Buscha, J
    (2001) Deutsche Grammatik: Ein Handbuch für den Ausländerunterricht. Berlin: Langenscheidt.
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Henley, N.M. , Miller, M. & Beazley, J.A
    (1995) Syntax, semantics and sexual violence: Agency and the passive voice. Journal of Language and Social Psychology14(1–2), 60–84. doi: 10.1177/0261927x95141004
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x95141004 [Google Scholar]
  145. Henley, N.M. , Miller, M.D. , Beazley, J.A. , Nguyen, D.N. , Kaminski, D. & Sanders, R
    (2002) Frequency and specificity of referents to violence in news reports of anti-gay attacks. Discourse & Society, 13(1), 75–104. doi: 10.1177/0957926502013001004
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926502013001004 [Google Scholar]
  146. Henry, F. & Tator, C
    (2002) Discourse of Domination: Racial Bias in the Canadian English-language Press. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. doi: 10.3138/9781442673946
    https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442673946 [Google Scholar]
  147. Hoey, M
    (2005) Lexical Priming: A New Theory of Words and Language. Abingdon: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203327630
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203327630 [Google Scholar]
  148. (2007) Lexical priming and literary creativity. In M. Hoey , M. Mahlberg , M. Stubbs & W. Teubert (Eds.), Text, Discourse and Corpora (pp. 7–29). London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Hoffmann, S
    (2005) Grammaticalization and English Complex Prepositions: A Corpus-based Study. London: Routledge. doi: 10.1093/fmls/cql146
    https://doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cql146 [Google Scholar]
  150. Hoyle, C. & Zedner, L
    (2007) Victims, victimization, and criminal justice. In M. Maguire , R. Morgan & R. Reiner (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (pp. 461–495). Oxford: OUP.
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Hughes, E.C
    (1945) Dilemmas and contradictions of status. American Journal of Sociology, 50(5 March), 353–359. doi: 10.1086/219652
    https://doi.org/10.1086/219652 [Google Scholar]
  152. Humboldt, W. von
    ([1812] 2002) Werke in fünf Bänden, Band V (2nd edn.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Hunston, S
    (2007) Semantic prosody revisited. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 12(2), 249–268. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.12.2.09hun
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.12.2.09hun [Google Scholar]
  154. Izadi, F. & Saghaye-Biria, H
    (2007) A discourse analysis of elite American newspaper editorials: The case of Iran’s nuclear program. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 31(2), 140–165. doi: 10.1177/0196859906298073
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859906298073 [Google Scholar]
  155. Jäger, S
    (2001) Discourse and knowledge: Theoretical and methodological aspects of a critical discourse and dispositive ananlysis. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9780857028020.d5
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020.d5 [Google Scholar]
  156. (2004) Kritische Diskursanalyse: Eine Einführung (4th edn.). Münster: Unrast-Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Jaworska, S. & Krishnamurthy, R
    (2012) On the F word: A corpus-based analysis of the media representation of feminism in British and German press discourse, 1990–2009. Language and Literature, 23(4), 401–431. doi: 10.1177/0957926512441113
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926512441113 [Google Scholar]
  158. Jefferson, T. & Shapland, J
    (1990) Criminal justice and the production of order and control: Trends since 1980 in the UK. Paper presented atthe paper presented to GERN seminar on the production of order and control.
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Jeffries, L
    (2000) Don’t throw out the baby with the bathwater: In defence of theoretical eclecticism in Stylistics. PALA, Occasional Papers, 12.
    [Google Scholar]
  160. (2006) Discovering Language: The Structure of Modern English. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1177/09639470080170020502
    https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470080170020502 [Google Scholar]
  161. (2007) Textual Construction of the Female Body: A Critical Discourse Approach. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1177/09639470110200020503
    https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470110200020503 [Google Scholar]
  162. (2010a) Critical Stylistics. The Power of English. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1177/09579265110220050607
    https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265110220050607 [Google Scholar]
  163. (2010b) Opposition in Discourse: The Construction of Oppositional Meaning. London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  164. (2014a) Critical stylistics. In M. Burke (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Stylistics (pp. 408–420). Millbank: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315795331
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315795331 [Google Scholar]
  165. (2014b) Interpretation. In P. Stockwell & S. Whiteley (Eds.), The Handbook of Stylistics (pp. 469–486). Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139237031.035
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139237031.035 [Google Scholar]
  166. . Forthcoming. Critical stylistics. In V. Sotirova (Ed.) A Companion to Stylistics. London: Bloomsbury. doi: 10.4324/9781315795331.ch25
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315795331.ch25 [Google Scholar]
  167. Jeffries, L. & McIntyre, D
    (2010) Stylistics. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1007/978‑1‑137‑04516‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-04516-4 [Google Scholar]
  168. Jeffries, L. & Walker, B
    (2012) Keywords in the press: A critical corpus-assisted analysis of ideology in the Blair years (1998–2007). English Text Construction, 5(2), 208–229. doi: 10.1075/etc.5.2.03jef
    https://doi.org/10.1075/etc.5.2.03jef [Google Scholar]
  169. Jensen, L.C
    (2012) Norwegian petroleum extraction in Arctic waters to save the environment: Introducing ‘discourse co-optation’ as a new analytical term. Critical Discourse Studies, 9(1), 29–38. doi: 10.1080/17405904.2011.632138
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2011.632138 [Google Scholar]
  170. Jewkes, Y
    (2004a) The construction of crime news. In C. Greer (Ed.), Crime and Media: A Reader. Abingdon: Routledge. doi: 10.1177/17416590100060011101
    https://doi.org/10.1177/17416590100060011101 [Google Scholar]
  171. (2004b) Media & Crime. London: Sage. doi: 10.2298/tem0504054n
    https://doi.org/10.2298/tem0504054n [Google Scholar]
  172. (2011) Media & Crime (2nd edn.). London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  173. (Ed.) (2009) Crime and Media (Vol. 2). London: Sage. doi: 10.2298/tem0504054n
    https://doi.org/10.2298/tem0504054n [Google Scholar]
  174. Johnson, S. , Culpeper, J. & Suhr, S
    (2003a) From ‘Politically Correct Councillors’ to ‘Blairite Nonsense’: Discourses of ‘Political Correctness’ in three British newspapers. Discourse & Society, 14(1), 29–47. doi: 10.1177/0957926503014001928
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926503014001928 [Google Scholar]
  175. Johnson, S. & Suhr, S
    (2003b) From ‘Political Correctness’ to ‘Politische Korrektheit’: Discourses of ‘PC’ in the German newspaper Die Welt . Discourse & Society, 14(1), 49–68. doi: 10.1177/0957926503014001929
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926503014001929 [Google Scholar]
  176. Julian, P.M
    (2011) Appraising through someone else’s words: The evaluative power of quotations in news reports. Discourse Society, 22(6), 766–780. doi: 10.1177/0957926511411697
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926511411697 [Google Scholar]
  177. Katz, J
    (1987) What makes crime ‘news’? Media, Culture and Society, 9(1), 47–75. doi: 10.1177/016344387009001004
    https://doi.org/10.1177/016344387009001004 [Google Scholar]
  178. Kennedy, G
    (1998) An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. Harlow: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  179. Kenny, D
    (2000) Translators at play: Exploitations of collocational norms in German-English translation. In B. Dodd (Ed.), Working with German Corpora (pp. 143–160). Birmingham: University of Birmingham Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  180. KhosraviNik, M
    (2009) The representation of refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in British newspapers during the Balkan conflict (1999) and the British general election (2005). Discourse & Society, 20(4), 477–498. doi: 10.1177/0957926509104024
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926509104024 [Google Scholar]
  181. Kilgarriff, A
    (2001) Comparing corpora. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 6(1), 97–133. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.6.1.05kil
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.6.1.05kil [Google Scholar]
  182. (2005) Language is never, ever, ever, random. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 1(2), 263–275. doi: 10.1515/cllt.2005.1.2.263
    https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt.2005.1.2.263 [Google Scholar]
  183. Kitzinger, J
    (2009) Rape in the media. In M.A.H. Horvath & J.M. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging Contemporary Thinking (pp.74–98). Cullompton: Willan Publishing. doi: 10.1111/j.1468‑2311.2011.00701_2.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2011.00701_2.x [Google Scholar]
  184. Kompisch, K. & Otto, F
    (2006) Teufel in Menschengestalt: Die Deutschen und ihre Serienmörder. Leipzig: Bastei Lübbe.
    [Google Scholar]
  185. Kortmann, B
    (2005) English Linguistics: Essentials, Anglistik, Amerikanistik. Berlin: Cornelsen.
    [Google Scholar]
  186. Kress, G. & Leeuwen, T. van
    (1996) Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge. doi: 10.1075/fol.3.2.15vel
    https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.3.2.15vel [Google Scholar]
  187. (2001) Multimodal discourse: The modes and media of contemporary communication. London: Hodder Arnold. doi: 10.1017/s0047404504221054
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404504221054 [Google Scholar]
  188. Kurtz, C.J. & Hunter, R.D
    (2004) Dark Truths: Enter the Twisted World of the Serial Killer. London: Virgin Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  189. Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M
    (2003) Metaphors We Live By. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press. doi: 10.1007/s11616‑003‑0093‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11616-003-0093-6 [Google Scholar]
  190. Laycock, G
    (2001) Scientists or politicians – who has the answer to crime? ⟨www.jdi.ucl.ac.uk/downloads/publications/other_publications/inaugural_lecture/speech_text.pdf
  191. Leech, G
    (1999) The distribution and function of vocatives in American and British English conversation. In H. Hasselgård & S. Oksefjell (Eds.), Out of Corpora: Studies in Honour of Stig Johansson (pp. 107–118). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
    [Google Scholar]
  192. (2011) The modals ARE declining: Reply to Neil Millar’s “Modal verbs in TIME: Frequency changes 1923–2006”, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 14:2 (2009), 191–220. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 16(4), 547–564. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.16.4.05lee
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.16.4.05lee [Google Scholar]
  193. Leech, G. & Short, M
    (1981) Style in Fiction. London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  194. (2007) Style in Fiction (2nd edn.). London: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  195. Lemert, E
    (1951) Social Pathology: A Systematic Approach to the Theory of Sociopathic Behavior. New York, NY: Mcgraw-Hill. doi: 10.2307/2571653
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2571653 [Google Scholar]
  196. Lemnitzer, L. & Zinsmeister, H
    (2010) Korpuslinguistik: Eine Einführung. Tübingen: Narr.
    [Google Scholar]
  197. Levi, M. , Maguire, M. & Brookman, F
    (2007) Violent crime. In M. Maguire , R. Morgan , & R. Reiner (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (pp. 687–732). Oxford: OUP.
    [Google Scholar]
  198. Levinson, S.C
    (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP.
    [Google Scholar]
  199. Lippmann, W
    (1922) Public Opinion. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace.
    [Google Scholar]
  200. Loader, I. & Sparks, R
    (2011) Public Criminology?Abingdon: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  201. Löbner, S
    (1985) Definites. Journal of Semantics, 4(4), 279–326. doi: 10.1093/jos/4.4.279
    https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/4.4.279 [Google Scholar]
  202. (2011) Concept types and determination. Journal of Semantics, 28(3), 279–333. doi: 10.1093/jos/ffq022
    https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffq022 [Google Scholar]
  203. Lombroso, C
    (2006) Criminal Man. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. doi: 10.1177/00380385070410031207
    https://doi.org/10.1177/00380385070410031207 [Google Scholar]
  204. Lombroso, C. & Ferrero, G
    (2004) Criminal Women, the Prostitute, and the Normal Woman. Durham NC: Duke University Press. doi: 10.1007/s10611‑005‑6537‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-005-6537-3 [Google Scholar]
  205. Louw, B
    (1993) Irony in the text or insincerity in the writer? The diagnostic potential of semantic prosodies. In M. Baker , G. Francis & E. Tognini-Bonelli (Eds.), Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair (157–176). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/z.64.11lou
    https://doi.org/10.1075/z.64.11lou [Google Scholar]
  206. Machin, D
    (2007) Introduction to Multimodality. London: Arnold.
    [Google Scholar]
  207. Machin, D. & Mayr, A
    (2012) How to do Critical Discourse Analysis: A Multimodal Introduction. London: Sage. doi: 10.1177/1461445613510812a
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445613510812a [Google Scholar]
  208. (2013) Personalising crime and crime-fighting in factual television: An analysis of social actors and transitivity in language and images. Critical Discourse Studies, 10(4), 356–372. doi: 10.1080/17405904.2013.813771
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2013.813771 [Google Scholar]
  209. Mahlberg, M
    (2007) Clusters, key clusters and local textual functions in Dickens. Corpora, 2(1), 1–31. doi: 10.3366/cor.2007.2.1.1
    https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2007.2.1.1 [Google Scholar]
  210. Mahlberg, M. & McIntyre, D
    (2011) A case for corpus stylistics: Ian Fleming’s Casino Royal . English Text Construction, 4(2), 204–227. doi: 10.1075/etc.4.2.03mah
    https://doi.org/10.1075/etc.4.2.03mah [Google Scholar]
  211. Mason, P
    (2006) Lies, distortion and what doesn’t work: Monitoring prison stories in the British media. Crime, Media, Culture, 2(3), pp. 251–267. doi: 10.1177/1741659006069558
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659006069558 [Google Scholar]
  212. Mautner, G
    (2005) Time to get wired: Using web-based corpora in critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 6(6), 809–828. doi: 10.1177/0957926505056661
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926505056661 [Google Scholar]
  213. (2009) Checks and balances: How corpus linguistics can contribute to CDA. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (2nd edn., pp. 122–143). London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  214. Mawby, R.I. & Walklate, S
    (1994) Critical Victimology: International Perspectives. London: Sage. doi: 10.1177/026975809500400108
    https://doi.org/10.1177/026975809500400108 [Google Scholar]
  215. Maxwell, M
    (2010) Limitations of corpora. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 15(3), 379–383. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.15.3.08max
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.15.3.08max [Google Scholar]
  216. Mayr, A
    (2008) Language and Power: An Introduction to Institutional Discourse. London: Continuum. doi: 10.1017/s0047404509990418
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404509990418 [Google Scholar]
  217. (2012)  Chopper: From the inside: Discourses of the ‘celebrity’ criminal Mark Brandon Read. Language and Literature, 21(3), 260–273. doi: 10.1177/0963947012444220
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947012444220 [Google Scholar]
  218. Mayr, A. & Machin, D
    (2012) The Language of Crime and Deviance: An Introduction to Critical Linguistic Analysis in Media and Popular Culture. London: Continuum. doi: 10.1017/s0047404512000772
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404512000772 [Google Scholar]
  219. Mazid, B.-e. M
    (2007) Presuppositions and strategic functions in Bush’s 20/9/2001 speech: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Journal of Language and Politics, 6(3), 351–375. doi: 10.1075/jlp.6.3.05maz
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.6.3.05maz [Google Scholar]
  220. McEnery, T
    (2006) Swearing in English: Bad Language, Purity and Power, 1586 to the Present. London: Routledge. doi: 10.1093/applin/aml026
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml026 [Google Scholar]
  221. (2009) Keywords and moral panics: Mary Whitehouse and media censorship. In D. Archer (Ed.), What’s in a Word-list? Investigating Word Frequency and Keyword Extraction (pp. 93–124). Surrey: Ashgate. doi: 10.1515/zrs.2010.050
    https://doi.org/10.1515/zrs.2010.050 [Google Scholar]
  222. McEnery, T. & Wilson, A
    (1996) Corpus Linguistics: An Introduction (2nd edn.). Edinburgh: EUP.
    [Google Scholar]
  223. McEnery, T. , Xiao, R. & Tono, Y
    (2006) Corpus-based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. Abingdon: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  224. McGough, R
    (1979) Holiday on Death Row. London: Cape.
    [Google Scholar]
  225. McIntyre, D
    (2010) Dialogue and characterization in Quentin Tarantino’s Reservoir Dogs: A corpus stylistic analysis. In D. McIntyre & B. Busse (Eds.), Language and Style (pp. 162–182). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  226. (2013) Corpora and literature. In C. Chappelle (Ed.), Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (pp. 1–6). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  227. McIntyre, D. & Walker, B
    (2010) How can corpora be used to explore the language of poetry and drama. In A. O’Keeffe & M. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics (pp. 516–530). Abingdon: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203856949.ch37
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203856949.ch37 [Google Scholar]
  228. Miers, D
    (1989) Positivist victimology: A critique. International Review of Victimology, 1(1), 3–22. doi: 10.1177/026975809500300401
    https://doi.org/10.1177/026975809500300401 [Google Scholar]
  229. Millar, N
    (2009) Modal verbs in TIME. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14(2), 191–220. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.14.2.03mil
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.14.2.03mil [Google Scholar]
  230. Miller, A
    (1983) Am Anfang war Erziehung. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Taschenbuch.
    [Google Scholar]
  231. Moore, S.E.H
    (2014) Crime and the Media. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978‑1‑137‑40054‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-40054-3 [Google Scholar]
  232. Mulderrig, J
    (2011) The grammar of governance. Critical Discourse Studies, 8(1), 45–68. doi: 10.1080/17405904.2011.533570
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2011.533570 [Google Scholar]
  233. (2012) Manufacturing consent: A corpus-based critical discourse analysis of New Labour’s educational governance. Journal of Educational Philosophy and Theory, 43(6), 562–578. doi: 10.1111/j.1469‑5812.2010.00723.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00723.x [Google Scholar]
  234. Mythen, G
    (2007) Cultural victimology: Are we all victims now?In S. Walklate (Ed.), Handbook of Victims and Victimology (pp. 464–483). Cullompton: Willan Publishing. doi: 10.1177/0734016808325615
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016808325615 [Google Scholar]
  235. Nahajec, L
    (2009) Negation and the creation of implicit meaning in poetry. Language and Literature, 18(2), 109–127. doi: 10.1177/0963947009105340
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947009105340 [Google Scholar]
  236. Natarajan, M
    (Ed.) (2011) Crime Opportunity Theories. Farnham: Ashgate.
    [Google Scholar]
  237. Newburn, T
    (2007) Criminology. Cullompton: Willan Publishing. doi: 10.1093/bjc/42.4.823
    https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/42.4.823 [Google Scholar]
  238. O’Halloran, K
    (2007) Corpus-assisted literary evaluation. Corpora, 2(1), 33–63. doi: 10.3366/cor.2007.2.1.33
    https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2007.2.1.33 [Google Scholar]
  239. O’Keefe, A. , McCarthy, M.J. & Carter, R.A
    (2007) From Corpus to Classroom: Language Use and Language Teaching. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511497650
    https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511497650 [Google Scholar]
  240. O’Keeffe, A. & Breen, M.J
    (2007) At the hands of the brothers: A corpus-based lexico-grammatical analysis of stance in newspaper reporting of child sexual abuse cases. In J. Cotterill (Ed.), The Language of Sexual Crime (pp. 217–236). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230592780_12
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230592780_12 [Google Scholar]
  241. O’Malley, P
    (2000) Risk societies and the government of crime. In M. Brown & J. Pratt (Eds.), Dangerous Offenders: Punishment & Social Order (pp. 17–33). London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  242. (2010) Crime and Risk. London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  243. Oakes, M.P
    (1998) Statistics for Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: EUP. doi: 10.1076/jqul.6.3.269.6160
    https://doi.org/10.1076/jqul.6.3.269.6160 [Google Scholar]
  244. Ohmann, R
    (1970a) Generative grammars and the concept of literary style. In Freeman, D.C . (Ed.), Linguistics and literary style (pp.258–278). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
    [Google Scholar]
  245. (1970b) Modes of order. In D.C. Freeman (Ed.), Linguistics and Literary Style (pp.209–242). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
    [Google Scholar]
  246. (1981) Speech, literature and the space between. In D.C. Freeman (Ed.), Essays in Modern Stylistics (pp. 361–376). London: Methuen & Co.
    [Google Scholar]
  247. Page, R
    (2014) Counter narratives and controversial crimes: The Wikipedia article for the ‘Murder of Meredith Kercher’. Language and Literature, 23(1), 61–76. doi: 10.1177/0963947013510648
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947013510648 [Google Scholar]
  248. Partington, A
    (2010) Modern diachronic corpus-assisted discourse studies (MD-CADS) on UK newspapers: An overview of the project. Corpora, 5(2), 83–108. doi: 10.3366/cor.2010.0101
    https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2010.0101 [Google Scholar]
  249. Parton, N. & O’Byrne, P
    (2000) Constructive Social Work: Towards a New Practice. Houndmills: Macmillan Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  250. Peelo, M
    (2009) Framing homicide narratives in newspapers: Mediated witness and the construction of virtual victimhood. In Y. Jewkes (Ed.), Crime and Media (Vol. 2, pp. 143–157). London: Sage. doi: 10.1177/1741659006065404
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659006065404 [Google Scholar]
  251. Pfeiffer, C. , Windzio, M. & Kleimann, M
    (2005) Media use and its impacts on crime perception, sentencing attitudes and crime policy. European Journal of Criminology, 2(3), 259–285. doi: 10.1177/1477370805054099
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370805054099 [Google Scholar]
  252. Pickering, M
    (2001) Stereotyping: The Politics of Representation. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  253. Pollex, N
    (2008) Definiteness marking in English and German: A constrastive study. Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück. cogsci.uni-osnabrueck.de/~cl/download/BSc_Pollex2008.pdf
  254. Quinney, R
    (1972) Who is the victim?Criminology, November, 309–329.
    [Google Scholar]
  255. Quirk, R
    (1960) Towards a description of English usage. Transactions of the Philological Society, 40–61. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑968x.1960.tb00308.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968x.1960.tb00308.x [Google Scholar]
  256. Quirk, R. , Greenbaum, S. , Leech, G. & Svartvik, J
    (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman. doi: 10.1177/007542428702000108
    https://doi.org/10.1177/007542428702000108 [Google Scholar]
  257. Rasinger, S.M
    (2010) ‘Lithuanian migrants send crime rocketing’: Representation of ‘new’ migrants in regional print media. Media, Culture & Society, 32(6), 1021–1030. doi: 10.1177/0163443710380311
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443710380311 [Google Scholar]
  258. Rayson, P
    (2008) From key words to key semantic domains. Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(4), 519–549. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.13.4.06ray
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.13.4.06ray [Google Scholar]
  259. Rayson, P. , Berridge, D. & Francis, B
    (2004) Extending the Cochran rule for the comparison of word frequencies between corpora. Paper presented atthe 7th International Conference on Statistical analysis of textual data (JADT 2004), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
    [Google Scholar]
  260. Rayson, P. & Garside, R
    (2000) Comparing corpora using frequency profiling. Paper presented at the38th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2000). doi: 10.3115/1117729.1117730
    https://doi.org/10.3115/1117729.1117730 [Google Scholar]
  261. Reeves, D.H. & Dunn, P
    (2010) The status of crime victims and witnesses in the twenty-first century. In A. Bottoms & J.V. Roberts (Eds.), Hearing the Victim: Adversarial Justice, Crime Victims and the State (pp. 46–71). Cullompton: Willan Publishing. doi: 10.1525/nclr.2011.14.2.330
    https://doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2011.14.2.330 [Google Scholar]
  262. Reiner, R
    (2007) Media-made criminality: The representation of crime in the mass media. In M. Maguire , R. Morgan , & R. Reiner (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (pp. 302–337). Oxford: OUP.
    [Google Scholar]
  263. Reiner, R. , Livingstone, S. & Allen, J
    (2003) From law and order to lynch mobs: Crime news since the Second World War. In P. Mason (Ed.), Criminal Visions: Media Representations of Crime and Justice (pp. 13–32). Devon: Willan Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  264. Reisigl, M. & Wodak, R
    (2009) The discourse-historical approach (DHA). In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (2nd edn., pp. 87–121). London: Sage. doi: 10.1177/1461445610393457
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445610393457 [Google Scholar]
  265. Richardson, J.E
    (2007) Analysing Newspapers: An Approach from Critical Discourse Analysis. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978‑0‑230‑20968‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20968-8 [Google Scholar]
  266. Rissanen, M
    (2012) Corpora and the study of English historical syntax. In M. Kytö (Ed.), English Corpus Linguistics: Crossing Paths (pp. 197–220). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
    [Google Scholar]
  267. Rock, P
    (2004) Constructing Victim’s Rights: The Home Office, New Labour and Victims. Oxford: OUP. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275496.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275496.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  268. Rüger, B
    (2002) Test- und Schätztheorie (Vol. 2). Munich: R. Oldenbourg. doi: 10.1524/9783486599633
    https://doi.org/10.1524/9783486599633 [Google Scholar]
  269. Russell, P. , Johnson, G. & Garofano, L
    (2010) Darkness Descending: The Murder of Meredith Kercher. London: Simon & Schuster UK.
    [Google Scholar]
  270. Ryan, M
    (1991) Possible Worlds, Artificial Intelligence and Narrative Theory. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  271. Saussure, F. de
    (1986) Course in General Linguistics. Chicago, IL: Open Court.
    [Google Scholar]
  272. Schegloff, E
    (1999a) Naivete vs sophistication or discipline vs self-indulgence: A rejoinder to Billig. Discourse & Society, 10(4), 577–578. doi: 10.1177/0957926599010004008
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010004008 [Google Scholar]
  273. (1999b) Schegloff’s texts as Billig’s data: A critical reply. Discourse & Society, 10(4), 558–572. doi: 10.1177/0957926599010004006
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010004006 [Google Scholar]
  274. Schiffrin, D
    (1994) Approaches to Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell. doi: 10.1017/s0047404500020455
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500020455 [Google Scholar]
  275. Schmid, D
    (2005) Natural Born Celebrities: Serial Killers in American Culture. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press. doi: 10.1017/s002187580668345x
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s002187580668345x [Google Scholar]
  276. Scott, M
    (2002) Picturing the key words of a very large corpus and their lexical upshots or getting at the Guardian’s view of the world. In B. Kettemann & G. Marko (Eds.), Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis (pp. 43–50). Amsterdam: Rodopi. doi: 10.1163/9789004334236_006
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004334236_006 [Google Scholar]
  277. (2004) WordSmith Tools, version 4. Oxford: OUP.
    [Google Scholar]
  278. (2009) In search of a bad reference corpus. In D. Archer (Ed.), What’s in a Word-list? Investigating Word Frequency and Keyword Extraction (pp. 79–91). Surrey: Ashgate.
    [Google Scholar]
  279. Scott, M. & Tribble, C
    (2006) Textual Patterns: Key Words and Corpus Analysis in Language Education. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.3366/cor.2007.2.1.121
    https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2007.2.1.121 [Google Scholar]
  280. Semino, E
    (1997) Language and World Creation in Poems and Other Texts. Harlow: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  281. Semino, E. & Short, M
    (2004) Corpus Stylistics: Speech, Writing and Thought Presentation in a Corpus of English Writing. London: Routledge. doi: 10.1093/llc/fqm030
    https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqm030 [Google Scholar]
  282. Shi-xu
    (2005) A Cultural Approach to Discourse. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  283. Short, M
    (1996) Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays and Prose. Essex: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  284. (2007) Thought presentation 25 years on. Style, 41(2), 227–257.
    [Google Scholar]
  285. (2009) Language in Literature: Stylistics. In J. Culpeper , F. Katamba , P. Kerswill , R. Wodak , & T. McEnery (Eds.), English Language: Description, Variation and Context (pp. 464–476). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1017/s0047404512000413
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404512000413 [Google Scholar]
  286. (2012) Discourse presentation and speech (and writing, but not thought) summary. Language and Literature, 21(1), 18–32. doi: 10.1177/0963947011432049
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947011432049 [Google Scholar]
  287. Simpson, P
    (1993) Language, Ideology and Point of View. London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203312612
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203312612 [Google Scholar]
  288. Simpson, P. & Mayr, A
    (2010) Language and Power: A Resource Book for Students. London: Routlegde. doi: 10.1177/0963947010361771
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947010361771 [Google Scholar]
  289. Sinclair, J
    (1991) Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: OUP. doi: 10.1177/003368829302400207
    https://doi.org/10.1177/003368829302400207 [Google Scholar]
  290. (1997) Corpus evidence in language description. In A. Wichmann , S. Fligelstone , T. McEnery , & G. Knowles (Eds.), Teaching and Language Corpora. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  291. (1998) The lexical item. In E. Weigand (Ed.), Contrastive Lexical Semantics (pp. 1–24). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.171.02sin
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.171.02sin [Google Scholar]
  292. (2003) Reading Concordances: An Introduction. Harlow: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  293. (2004) Trust the Text: Language, Corpus and Discourse. London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203594070
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203594070 [Google Scholar]
  294. Slobin, D.I
    (1994) Crosslinguistic aspects of child language acquisition. In J. Daigaku (Ed.), Sophia Linguistica Working Papers in Linguistics (Vol. 35, pp. 2–80). Tokyo: Tokyo University.
    [Google Scholar]
  295. (Ed.) (1997) The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition: Expanding the Contexts (Vol. 5). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. doi: 10.1177/014272379901905607
    https://doi.org/10.1177/014272379901905607 [Google Scholar]
  296. Smith, N. & McEnery, T
    (1998) Issues in transcribing a corpus of children’s handwritten projects. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 13(4), 217–225. doi: 10.1093/llc/13.4.217
    https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/13.4.217 [Google Scholar]
  297. Spitzmüller, J. & Warnke, I.H
    (2011) Diskurslinguistik: Eine Einführung in Theorien und Methoden der transtextuallen Sprachanalyse. Berlin: de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/zrp‑2013‑0073
    https://doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2013-0073 [Google Scholar]
  298. Stanko, E
    (2000) Naturalising danger: Women, fear and personal safety. In M. Brown & J. Pratt (Eds.), Dangerous Offenders: Punishment & Social Order (pp. 147–163). London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  299. Stelzl, I
    (1982) Fehler und Fallen der Statistik für Psychologen, Pädagogen und Sozialwissenschaftler. Münster: Waxmann. doi: 10.1002/bimj.4710260108
    https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710260108 [Google Scholar]
  300. Stockwell, P. & Whiteley, S
    (Eds.) (2014) The Handbook of Stylistics. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139237031
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139237031 [Google Scholar]
  301. Stubbs, M
    (1996) Text and Corpus Analysis. Computer-assisted Studies of Language and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell. doi: 10.1075/fol.3.2.11mas
    https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.3.2.11mas [Google Scholar]
  302. (1997) Whorf’s children: Critical comments on Critical Discours Analysis (CDA). In A. Ryan & A. Wray (Eds.), Evolving Models of Language: Papers from the Annual Meeting of the British Association for Applied Linguistics held at the University of Wales, Swansea, September 1996 (pp. 100–116). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
    [Google Scholar]
  303. (2001) Words and Phrases. Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell. doi: 10.1016/s0346‑251x(03)00016‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1016/s0346-251x(03)00016-2 [Google Scholar]
  304. (2005) Conrad in the computer: Examples of quantitative stylistic methods. Language and Literature, 14(1), 5–24. doi: 10.1177/0963947005048873
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947005048873 [Google Scholar]
  305. Suhr, S. & Johnson, S
    (2003) Re-visiting ‘PC’: Introduction to special issue on ‘political correctness’. Discourse & Society, 14(1), 5–16. doi: 10.1177/0957926503014001926
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926503014001926 [Google Scholar]
  306. Surette, R
    (1998) Media, Crime, and Criminal Justice: Images and Realities (2nd edn.). Belmont: Wadsworth. doi: 10.1177/0734016808324204
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016808324204 [Google Scholar]
  307. (2009) The entertainment media and the social construction of crime and justice. In Y. Jewkes (Ed.), Crime and Media: Media Representations of Crime and Criminal Justice (Vol. 2, pp. 239–268). London: Sage. doi: 10.1177/0734016808324204
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016808324204 [Google Scholar]
  308. Svartvik, J
    (1996) Corpora are becoming mainstream. In J. Thomas & M. Short (Eds.), Using Corpora for Language Research (pp. 3–13). Essex: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  309. Tabbert, U
    (2010) Review of Language and power: An introduction to institutional discourse, Edited by A. Mayr 2008 London: Continuum. Language and Literature, 19(2), 224–226. doi: 10.1177/09639470100190020503
    https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470100190020503 [Google Scholar]
  310. (2012) Crime through a corpus: The linguistic construction of offenders in the British press. In C. Gregoriou (Ed.), Constructing Crime: Discourse and Cultural Representations of Crime and ‘Deviance’ (pp. 130–144). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230392083.0019
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230392083.0019 [Google Scholar]
  311. (2013) Crime through a Corpus: The Linguistic Construction of Offenders, Victims and Crimes in the German and UK Press. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Huddersfield. eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/18078
    [Google Scholar]
  312. Tannenbaum, F
    (1938) Crime and the Community. New York, NY: Ginn & Co.
    [Google Scholar]
  313. Taylor, S
    (2008) Outside the outsiders: Media representations of drug use. Probation Journal, 55(4), 369–387. doi: 10.1177/0264550508096493
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0264550508096493 [Google Scholar]
  314. Teo, P
    (2000) Racism in the news: A critical discourse analysis of news reporting in two Australian newspapers. Discourse & Society, 11(1), 7–49. doi: 10.1177/0957926500011001002
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926500011001002 [Google Scholar]
  315. Teubert, W
    (2005) My version of corpus linguistics. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10(1), 1–13. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.10.1.01teu
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.10.1.01teu [Google Scholar]
  316. Thomas, J
    (1995) Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. Essex: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  317. Thompson, J.B
    (1984) Studies in the Theory of Ideology. Berkeley CA: University of California Press. doi: 10.1177/004839318801800114
    https://doi.org/10.1177/004839318801800114 [Google Scholar]
  318. Tierney, J
    (2010) Criminology: Theory and Context (3rd edn.). Harlow: Person Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  319. Timor, U. & Weiss, J.M
    (2008) Sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic indications of behavior disorders: Analysis of a prisoner’s discourse. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52(1), 112–126. doi: 10.1177/0306624x07300268
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x07300268 [Google Scholar]
  320. Tognini-Bonelli, E
    (2001) Corpus Linguistics at Work. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/scl.6
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.6 [Google Scholar]
  321. Ungerer, F. & Schmid, H.-J
    (2006) An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics (2nd edn.). Harlow: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  322. Van Dijk, T.A
    (1985) Structures of news in the press. In T.A. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse and Communication (pp. 69–93). Berlin: De Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110852141
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110852141 [Google Scholar]
  323. (1988) News as Discourse. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    [Google Scholar]
  324. (1993) Elite Discourse and Rasicm. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781483326184
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483326184 [Google Scholar]
  325. (2003) The discourse-knowledge interface. In G. Weiss & R. Wodak (Eds.), Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  326. (2006) Discourse and manipulation. Discourse & Society, 17(3), 359–383. doi: 10.1177/0957926506060250
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506060250 [Google Scholar]
  327. (2009) Critical discourse studies: A sociocognitive approach. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (2nd edn., pp. 62–86). London: Sage. doi: 10.1075/z.184.79dij
    https://doi.org/10.1075/z.184.79dij [Google Scholar]
  328. (2010) Critical discourse analysis. In D. Schiffrin , D. Tannen , & H.E. Hamilton (Eds.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis (pp. 352–371). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  329. (2011) Discourse studies and hermeneutics. Discourse Studies, 13(5), 609–621. doi: 10.1177/1461445611412762
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445611412762 [Google Scholar]
  330. Van Leeuwen, T
    (1996) The representation of social actors. In C.R. Caldas-Coulthard & M. Coulthard (Eds.), Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 32–70). London: Routledge. doi: 10.1075/z.184.55lee
    https://doi.org/10.1075/z.184.55lee [Google Scholar]
  331. (2009) Discourse as the recontextualization of social practice: A guide. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (2nd edn., pp. 144–161). London: Sage. doi: 10.1177/1461445610393457
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445610393457 [Google Scholar]
  332. Viana, V. , Zyngier, S. & Barnbrook, G
    (Eds.) (2011) Perspectives on Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.19.2.06cer
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.19.2.06cer [Google Scholar]
  333. Waddington, P
    (1986) Mugging as a moral panic: A question of proportion. British Journal of Sociology, 37(2), 245–259. doi: 10.2307/590356
    https://doi.org/10.2307/590356 [Google Scholar]
  334. Walker, B
    (2010) Wmatrix, key concepts and the narrators in Julian Barnes’s Talking It Over . In D. McIntyre & B. Busse (Eds.), Language and Style: In Honour of Mick Short (pp. 364–387). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  335. Walklate, S
    (2007a) Imagining the Victim of Crime. Maidenhead: Open University Press. doi: 10.1177/17488958080080010604
    https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958080080010604 [Google Scholar]
  336. (2007b) Understanding Criminology: Current Theoretical Debates (3rd edn.). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  337. Weiss, G. & Wodak, R
    (Eds.) (2003) Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  338. Werth, P
    (1999) Text Worlds: Representing Conceptual Space in Discourse. Harlow: Pearson Education. doi: 10.1515/jlse.2002.008
    https://doi.org/10.1515/jlse.2002.008 [Google Scholar]
  339. Whorf, B.L
    (1956) Language, Thought and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, J.B. Carroll (Ed.). New York, NY: Wiley. doi: 10.2307/411163
    https://doi.org/10.2307/411163 [Google Scholar]
  340. Widdowson, H
    (1995a) Discourse analysis: A critical view. Language and Literature, 4(3), 157–172. doi: 10.1177/096394709500400301
    https://doi.org/10.1177/096394709500400301 [Google Scholar]
  341. (1995b) Review of Fairclough: Discourse and social change . Applied Linguistics, 16(4), 510–516. doi: 10.1093/applin/16.4.510
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/16.4.510 [Google Scholar]
  342. (1996) Reply to Fairclough: Discourse and interpretation: Conjectures and refutations. Language and Literature, 5(1), 57–69. doi: 10.1177/096394709600500106
    https://doi.org/10.1177/096394709600500106 [Google Scholar]
  343. (1998) The theory of practice of critical discourse analysis. Applied Linguistics, 19(1), 136–151. doi: 10.1093/applin/19.1.136
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/19.1.136 [Google Scholar]
  344. Wilks, S.S
    (1962) Mathematical Statistics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/bimj.19640060317
    https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.19640060317 [Google Scholar]
  345. Williams, B
    (2005) Victims of Crime and Community Justice. London: Jessica Kingsley. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bch415
    https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bch415 [Google Scholar]
  346. Wodak, R
    (2001) What CDA is about – a summary of its history, important concepts and its developments. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9780857028020.n1
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020.n1 [Google Scholar]
  347. (2006) Mediation between discourse and society: Assessing cognitive approaches in CDA. Discourse Studies, 8(1), 179–190. doi: 10.1177/1461445606059566
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445606059566 [Google Scholar]
  348. (2007) Turning the tables: Anti-semitic discourse in post-war Austria. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse Studies (Vol. V, pp.250–375). London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  349. (2012) Language, power and identity. Language Teaching, 45(2), 215–233. doi: 10.1017/s0261444811000048
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444811000048 [Google Scholar]
  350. Wodak, R. & Meyer, M
    (2009) Critical discourse analysis: History, agenda, theory and methodology. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Sage. doi: 10.1177/1461445610393457
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445610393457 [Google Scholar]
  351. Woolf, B
    (1957) The log-likelihood ratio test (the G-test). Annals of Human Genetics, 21(4), 397–409. doi: 10.1111/j.1469‑1809.1972.tb00293.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1972.tb00293.x [Google Scholar]
  352. Wright, M
    (2008a) Making Good: Prisons, Punishment and Beyond. Hook: Waterside Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  353. (2008b) Restoring Respect for Justice (2nd edn.). Hook: Waterside Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  354. (2010) Towards a restorative society: A problem-solving response to harm. www.restorativejustice.org.uk/resource/towards_a_restorative_society_a_problemsolving_response_to_harm/
  355. Xiao, Z. & McEnery, T
    (2005) Two approaches to genre analysis: Three genres in modern American English. Journal of English Linguistics, 33(1), 62–82. doi: 10.1177/0075424204273957
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424204273957 [Google Scholar]
  356. Zhang, H. , Chilton, P. , He, Y. & Jing, W
    (2011) Critique across cultures: Some questions for CDA. Critical Discourse Studies, 8(2), 95–107. doi: 10.1080/17405904.2011.558683
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2011.558683 [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/books/9789027268761
Loading
/content/books/9789027268761
dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Journal -contentType:Chapter
10
5
Chapter
content/books/9789027268761
Book
false
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error