1887
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. The Constitution of Phenomenal Consciousness
  4. Chapter

The neural correlates of consciousness

Causes, confounds and constituents

image of The neural correlates of consciousness

This chapter develops a framework for addressing the neural correlates of consciousness. We begin by distinguishing the kinds of neural correlates that are of central interest to the science of consciousness (what we call ‘NCCs’) from the kinds of neural correlates that are more peripheral to consciousness science and which are typically regarded as confounds from the perspective of consciousness research. We also examine various aspects of the NCCs, arguing that the notion involves complexities that have often been overlooked in the literature. We then consider various reasons for placing NCCs at the center of consciousness research, before considering a number of methodological challenges faced by consciousness science in attempting to distinguish the NCCs from neural correlates of various other types.

  • Affiliations: 1: Monash University; 2: University of Manchester

References

  1. Alkire, M.T. , & Miller, J
    (2005) General anesthesia and the neural correlates of consciousness. Progress in Brain Research, 150, 229–244. doi: 10.1016/S0079‑6123(05)50017‑7
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50017-7 [Google Scholar]
  2. Aru, J. , Bachmann, T. , Singer, W. , & Melloni, L
    (2012) Distilling the neural correlates of consciousness. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(2), 737–746. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.003 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bayne, T
    (2007) Conscious states and conscious creatures: Explanation in the scientific study of consciousness. Philosophical Perspectives, 21(1), 1–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1520‑8583.2007.00118.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1520-8583.2007.00118.x [Google Scholar]
  4. (2013) Agency as a marker of consciousness. In T. Vierkant , J. Kiverstein , & A. Clark (Eds.), Decomposing the will (pp.160–180). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746996.003.0009
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746996.003.0009 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bayne, T. , & Hohwy, J
    (2014) Global disorders of consciousness. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 5(2), 129–138. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1270
     https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1270 [Google Scholar]
  6. (2015) Modes of consciousness. In W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Ed.), Consciousness after severe brain damage: Medical, legal, ethical, and philosophical perspectives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Bayne, T. , & Spener, M
    (2010) Introspective humility. Philosophical Issues, 20(1), 1–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1533‑6077.2010.00176.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-6077.2010.00176.x [Google Scholar]
  8. Block, N
    (2005) Two neural correlates of consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 46–52. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.006 [Google Scholar]
  9. (2007) Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(5–6), 481–499.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Block, N.J. , & Fodor, J.A
    (1972) What psychological states are not. Philosophical Review, 81(2), 159–181. doi: 10.2307/2183991
     https://doi.org/10.2307/2183991 [Google Scholar]
  11. Boly, M. , Sanders, R.D. , Mashour, G.A. , & Laureys, S
    (2013) Consciousness and responsiveness: Lessons from anaesthesia and the vegetative state. Current Opinion in Anesthesiology, 26(4), 444–449. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e3283628b5d
     https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0b013e3283628b5d [Google Scholar]
  12. Brown, E.N. , Lydic, R. , & Schiff, N.D
    (2010) General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(27), 2638–2650. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0808281
     https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0808281 [Google Scholar]
  13. Chalmers, D.J
    (1996) The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. (2000) What is a neural correlate of consciousness?In T. Metzinger (Ed.), Neural correlates of consciousness: Empirical and conceptual issues (pp.17–40). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Cohen, M.A. , & Dennett, D.C
    (2011) Consciousness cannot be separated from function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(8), 358–364. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.06.008
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.06.008 [Google Scholar]
  16. Craver, C.F
    (2007) Explaining the brain: Mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299317.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299317.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  17. Crick, F. , & Koch, C
    (1995a) Are we aware of activity in primary visual cortex?Nature, 375(6527), 121–123. doi: 10.1038/375121a0
     https://doi.org/10.1038/375121a0 [Google Scholar]
  18. (1995b) Cortical areas in visual awareness – reply. Nature, 377(6547), 294–295. doi: 10.1038/377294a0
     https://doi.org/10.1038/377294a0 [Google Scholar]
  19. (2001) The zombie within. Nature, 411(6840), 893. doi: 10.1038/35082161
     https://doi.org/10.1038/35082161 [Google Scholar]
  20. de Graaf, T.A. , Hsieh, P.-J. , & Sack, A.T
    (2012) The ‘correlates’ in neural correlates of consciousness. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 191–197. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.012
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.012 [Google Scholar]
  21. Dennett, D.C
    (1991) Consciousness explained. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Frässle, S. , Sommer, J. , Jansen, A. , Naber, M. , & Einhäuser, W
    (2014) Binocular rivalry: Frontal activity relates to introspection and action but not to perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(5), 1738–1747. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4403‑13.2014
     https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4403-13.2014 [Google Scholar]
  23. Frith, C. , Perry, R. , & Lumer, E
    (1999) The neural correlates of conscious experience: An experimental framework. Trends in the Cognitive Sciences, 3(3), 105–114. doi: 10.1016/S1364‑6613(99)01281‑4
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01281-4 [Google Scholar]
  24. Giacino, J.T. , Fins, J.J. , Laureys, S. , & Schiff, N.D
    (2014) Disorders of consciousness after acquired brain injury: The state of the science. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10(2), 99–114. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.279
     https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2013.279 [Google Scholar]
  25. Goldfine, A.M. , & Schiff, N.D
    (2011) Consciousness: Its neurobiology and the major classes of impairment. Neurologic Clinics, 29(4), 723–737. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2011.08.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2011.08.001 [Google Scholar]
  26. Hohwy, J
    (2009) The neural correlates of consciousness: New experimental approaches needed?Consciousness and Cognition, 18(2), 428–438. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2009.02.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2009.02.006 [Google Scholar]
  27. (2013) The Predictive Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199682737.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199682737.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  28. Hohwy, J. , & Frith, C.D
    (2004) Can neuroscience explain consciousness?Journal of Consciousness Studies, 11(7–8), 180–198.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Hurley, S.L
    (1998) Consciousness in action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Kanwisher, N
    (2001) Neural events and perceptual awareness. Cognition, 79(1–2), 89–113. doi: 10.1016/S0010‑0277(00)00125‑6
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00125-6 [Google Scholar]
  31. Kim, J
    (1972) Phenomenal properties, psychophysical laws, and identity theory. Monist, 56(2), 177–192. doi: 10.5840/monist19725623
     https://doi.org/10.5840/monist19725623 [Google Scholar]
  32. Kouider, S. , de Gardelle, V. , Sackur, J. , & Dupoux, E
    (2010) How rich is consciousness? The partial awareness hypothesis. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(7), 301–307. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.006 [Google Scholar]
  33. Kouider, S. , & Dehaene, S
    (2007) Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: A critical review of visual masking. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 362(1481), 857–875. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2093
     https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2093 [Google Scholar]
  34. Lau, H
    (2008) A higher-order Bayesian decision theory of consciousness. Progress in Brain Research, 168, 35–48. doi: 10.1016/S0079‑6123(07)68004‑2
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(07)68004-2 [Google Scholar]
  35. Laureys, S
    (2005) The neural correlate of (un)awareness: Lessons from the vegetative state. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(12), 556–559. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.010
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.010 [Google Scholar]
  36. Levine, J
    (1983) Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 64(4), 354–361.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Levy, J. , & Trevarthen, C
    (1976) Metacontrol of hemispheric function in human split-brain patients. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2(3), 299–312. doi: 10.1037/0096‑1523.2.3.299
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.2.3.299 [Google Scholar]
  38. Lewis, D
    (1972) Psychophysical and theoretical identifications. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 50(3), 249–258. doi: 10.1080/00048407212341301
     https://doi.org/10.1080/00048407212341301 [Google Scholar]
  39. Lipton, P
    (2004) Inference to the best explanation (2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Logothetis, N.K. , Leopold, D.A. , & Sheinberg, D.L
    (2003) Neural mechanisms of perceptual organization. In N. Osaka (Ed.), Neural basis of consciousness (pp.87–103). Advances in Consciousness Research (Vol. 49). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi: 10.1075/aicr.49.09log
     https://doi.org/10.1075/aicr.49.09log [Google Scholar]
  41. Logothetis, N.K. , & Schall, J.D
    (1989) Neuronal correlates of subjective visual perception. Science, 245(4919), 761–763. doi: 10.1126/science.2772635
     https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2772635 [Google Scholar]
  42. Marcel, A.J
    (1993) Slippage in the unity of consciousness. In G.R. Bock & J. Marsh (Eds.), Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness (pp.168–179). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Miller, S.M
    (2001) Binocular rivalry and the cerebral hemispheres: With a note on the correlates and constitution of visual consciousness. Brain and Mind, 2(1), 119–149. doi: 10.1023/A:1017981619014
     https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017981619014 [Google Scholar]
  44. (2007) On the correlation/constitution distinction problem (and other hard problems) in the scientific study of consciousness. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 19(3), 159–176. doi: 10.1111/j.1601‑5215.2007.00207.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2007.00207.x [Google Scholar]
  45. Mitchell, W
    (1907) Structure and growth of the mind. London, UK: Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Naber, M. , Frässle, S. , & Einhäuser, W
    (2011) Perceptual rivalry: Reflexes reveal the gradual nature of visual awareness. PLoS One, 6(6), e20910. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020910
     https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020910 [Google Scholar]
  47. Naccache, L
    (2006) Is she conscious?Science, 313(5792), 1395–1396. doi: 10.1126/science.1132881
     https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132881 [Google Scholar]
  48. Pollen, D.A
    (1995) Cortical areas in visual awareness. Nature, 377(6547), 293–294. doi: 10.1038/377293b0
     https://doi.org/10.1038/377293b0 [Google Scholar]
  49. Revonsuo, A
    (2000) Prospects for a scientific research program on consciousness. In T. Metzinger (Ed.), Neural correlates of consciousness: Empirical and conceptual questions (pp.57–75). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. (2001) Can functional brain imaging discover consciousness in the brain?Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(3), 3–23.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. (2006) Inner presence: Consciousness as a biological phenomenon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Schwitzgebel, E
    (2008) The unreliability of naïve introspection. Philosophical Review, 117(2), 245–273. doi: 10.1215/00318108‑2007‑037
     https://doi.org/10.1215/00318108-2007-037 [Google Scholar]
  53. Searle, J.R
    (2000) Consciousness. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 557–578. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.557
     https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.557 [Google Scholar]
  54. Shea, N. , & Bayne, T
    (2010) The vegetative state and the science of consciousness. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 61(3), 459–484. doi: 10.1093/bjps/axp046
     https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axp046 [Google Scholar]
  55. Sheinberg, D.L. , & Logothetis, N.K
    (1997) The role of temporal cortical areas in perceptual organization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 94(7), 3408–3413. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.7.3408
     https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.7.3408 [Google Scholar]
  56. Shoemaker, S
    (1981) Some varieties of functionalism. Philosophical Topics, 12(1), 93–119. doi: 10.5840/philtopics198112145
     https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics198112145 [Google Scholar]
  57. Smart, J.J.C
    (1959) Sensations and brain processes. Philosophical Review, 68(2), 141–156. doi: 10.2307/2182164
     https://doi.org/10.2307/2182164 [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Alkire, M.T. , & Miller, J
    (2005) General anesthesia and the neural correlates of consciousness. Progress in Brain Research, 150, 229–244. doi: 10.1016/S0079‑6123(05)50017‑7
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50017-7 [Google Scholar]
  2. Aru, J. , Bachmann, T. , Singer, W. , & Melloni, L
    (2012) Distilling the neural correlates of consciousness. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(2), 737–746. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.003 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bayne, T
    (2007) Conscious states and conscious creatures: Explanation in the scientific study of consciousness. Philosophical Perspectives, 21(1), 1–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1520‑8583.2007.00118.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1520-8583.2007.00118.x [Google Scholar]
  4. (2013) Agency as a marker of consciousness. In T. Vierkant , J. Kiverstein , & A. Clark (Eds.), Decomposing the will (pp.160–180). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746996.003.0009
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746996.003.0009 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bayne, T. , & Hohwy, J
    (2014) Global disorders of consciousness. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 5(2), 129–138. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1270
     https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1270 [Google Scholar]
  6. (2015) Modes of consciousness. In W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Ed.), Consciousness after severe brain damage: Medical, legal, ethical, and philosophical perspectives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Bayne, T. , & Spener, M
    (2010) Introspective humility. Philosophical Issues, 20(1), 1–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1533‑6077.2010.00176.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-6077.2010.00176.x [Google Scholar]
  8. Block, N
    (2005) Two neural correlates of consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 46–52. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.006 [Google Scholar]
  9. (2007) Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(5–6), 481–499.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Block, N.J. , & Fodor, J.A
    (1972) What psychological states are not. Philosophical Review, 81(2), 159–181. doi: 10.2307/2183991
     https://doi.org/10.2307/2183991 [Google Scholar]
  11. Boly, M. , Sanders, R.D. , Mashour, G.A. , & Laureys, S
    (2013) Consciousness and responsiveness: Lessons from anaesthesia and the vegetative state. Current Opinion in Anesthesiology, 26(4), 444–449. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e3283628b5d
     https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0b013e3283628b5d [Google Scholar]
  12. Brown, E.N. , Lydic, R. , & Schiff, N.D
    (2010) General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(27), 2638–2650. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0808281
     https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0808281 [Google Scholar]
  13. Chalmers, D.J
    (1996) The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. (2000) What is a neural correlate of consciousness?In T. Metzinger (Ed.), Neural correlates of consciousness: Empirical and conceptual issues (pp.17–40). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Cohen, M.A. , & Dennett, D.C
    (2011) Consciousness cannot be separated from function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(8), 358–364. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.06.008
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.06.008 [Google Scholar]
  16. Craver, C.F
    (2007) Explaining the brain: Mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299317.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299317.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  17. Crick, F. , & Koch, C
    (1995a) Are we aware of activity in primary visual cortex?Nature, 375(6527), 121–123. doi: 10.1038/375121a0
     https://doi.org/10.1038/375121a0 [Google Scholar]
  18. (1995b) Cortical areas in visual awareness – reply. Nature, 377(6547), 294–295. doi: 10.1038/377294a0
     https://doi.org/10.1038/377294a0 [Google Scholar]
  19. (2001) The zombie within. Nature, 411(6840), 893. doi: 10.1038/35082161
     https://doi.org/10.1038/35082161 [Google Scholar]
  20. de Graaf, T.A. , Hsieh, P.-J. , & Sack, A.T
    (2012) The ‘correlates’ in neural correlates of consciousness. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 191–197. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.012
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.012 [Google Scholar]
  21. Dennett, D.C
    (1991) Consciousness explained. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Frässle, S. , Sommer, J. , Jansen, A. , Naber, M. , & Einhäuser, W
    (2014) Binocular rivalry: Frontal activity relates to introspection and action but not to perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(5), 1738–1747. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4403‑13.2014
     https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4403-13.2014 [Google Scholar]
  23. Frith, C. , Perry, R. , & Lumer, E
    (1999) The neural correlates of conscious experience: An experimental framework. Trends in the Cognitive Sciences, 3(3), 105–114. doi: 10.1016/S1364‑6613(99)01281‑4
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01281-4 [Google Scholar]
  24. Giacino, J.T. , Fins, J.J. , Laureys, S. , & Schiff, N.D
    (2014) Disorders of consciousness after acquired brain injury: The state of the science. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10(2), 99–114. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.279
     https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2013.279 [Google Scholar]
  25. Goldfine, A.M. , & Schiff, N.D
    (2011) Consciousness: Its neurobiology and the major classes of impairment. Neurologic Clinics, 29(4), 723–737. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2011.08.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2011.08.001 [Google Scholar]
  26. Hohwy, J
    (2009) The neural correlates of consciousness: New experimental approaches needed?Consciousness and Cognition, 18(2), 428–438. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2009.02.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2009.02.006 [Google Scholar]
  27. (2013) The Predictive Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199682737.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199682737.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  28. Hohwy, J. , & Frith, C.D
    (2004) Can neuroscience explain consciousness?Journal of Consciousness Studies, 11(7–8), 180–198.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Hurley, S.L
    (1998) Consciousness in action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Kanwisher, N
    (2001) Neural events and perceptual awareness. Cognition, 79(1–2), 89–113. doi: 10.1016/S0010‑0277(00)00125‑6
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00125-6 [Google Scholar]
  31. Kim, J
    (1972) Phenomenal properties, psychophysical laws, and identity theory. Monist, 56(2), 177–192. doi: 10.5840/monist19725623
     https://doi.org/10.5840/monist19725623 [Google Scholar]
  32. Kouider, S. , de Gardelle, V. , Sackur, J. , & Dupoux, E
    (2010) How rich is consciousness? The partial awareness hypothesis. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(7), 301–307. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.006 [Google Scholar]
  33. Kouider, S. , & Dehaene, S
    (2007) Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: A critical review of visual masking. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 362(1481), 857–875. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2093
     https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2093 [Google Scholar]
  34. Lau, H
    (2008) A higher-order Bayesian decision theory of consciousness. Progress in Brain Research, 168, 35–48. doi: 10.1016/S0079‑6123(07)68004‑2
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(07)68004-2 [Google Scholar]
  35. Laureys, S
    (2005) The neural correlate of (un)awareness: Lessons from the vegetative state. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(12), 556–559. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.010
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.010 [Google Scholar]
  36. Levine, J
    (1983) Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 64(4), 354–361.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Levy, J. , & Trevarthen, C
    (1976) Metacontrol of hemispheric function in human split-brain patients. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2(3), 299–312. doi: 10.1037/0096‑1523.2.3.299
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.2.3.299 [Google Scholar]
  38. Lewis, D
    (1972) Psychophysical and theoretical identifications. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 50(3), 249–258. doi: 10.1080/00048407212341301
     https://doi.org/10.1080/00048407212341301 [Google Scholar]
  39. Lipton, P
    (2004) Inference to the best explanation (2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Logothetis, N.K. , Leopold, D.A. , & Sheinberg, D.L
    (2003) Neural mechanisms of perceptual organization. In N. Osaka (Ed.), Neural basis of consciousness (pp.87–103). Advances in Consciousness Research (Vol. 49). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi: 10.1075/aicr.49.09log
     https://doi.org/10.1075/aicr.49.09log [Google Scholar]
  41. Logothetis, N.K. , & Schall, J.D
    (1989) Neuronal correlates of subjective visual perception. Science, 245(4919), 761–763. doi: 10.1126/science.2772635
     https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2772635 [Google Scholar]
  42. Marcel, A.J
    (1993) Slippage in the unity of consciousness. In G.R. Bock & J. Marsh (Eds.), Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness (pp.168–179). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Miller, S.M
    (2001) Binocular rivalry and the cerebral hemispheres: With a note on the correlates and constitution of visual consciousness. Brain and Mind, 2(1), 119–149. doi: 10.1023/A:1017981619014
     https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017981619014 [Google Scholar]
  44. (2007) On the correlation/constitution distinction problem (and other hard problems) in the scientific study of consciousness. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 19(3), 159–176. doi: 10.1111/j.1601‑5215.2007.00207.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2007.00207.x [Google Scholar]
  45. Mitchell, W
    (1907) Structure and growth of the mind. London, UK: Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Naber, M. , Frässle, S. , & Einhäuser, W
    (2011) Perceptual rivalry: Reflexes reveal the gradual nature of visual awareness. PLoS One, 6(6), e20910. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020910
     https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020910 [Google Scholar]
  47. Naccache, L
    (2006) Is she conscious?Science, 313(5792), 1395–1396. doi: 10.1126/science.1132881
     https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132881 [Google Scholar]
  48. Pollen, D.A
    (1995) Cortical areas in visual awareness. Nature, 377(6547), 293–294. doi: 10.1038/377293b0
     https://doi.org/10.1038/377293b0 [Google Scholar]
  49. Revonsuo, A
    (2000) Prospects for a scientific research program on consciousness. In T. Metzinger (Ed.), Neural correlates of consciousness: Empirical and conceptual questions (pp.57–75). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. (2001) Can functional brain imaging discover consciousness in the brain?Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(3), 3–23.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. (2006) Inner presence: Consciousness as a biological phenomenon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Schwitzgebel, E
    (2008) The unreliability of naïve introspection. Philosophical Review, 117(2), 245–273. doi: 10.1215/00318108‑2007‑037
     https://doi.org/10.1215/00318108-2007-037 [Google Scholar]
  53. Searle, J.R
    (2000) Consciousness. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 557–578. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.557
     https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.557 [Google Scholar]
  54. Shea, N. , & Bayne, T
    (2010) The vegetative state and the science of consciousness. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 61(3), 459–484. doi: 10.1093/bjps/axp046
     https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axp046 [Google Scholar]
  55. Sheinberg, D.L. , & Logothetis, N.K
    (1997) The role of temporal cortical areas in perceptual organization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 94(7), 3408–3413. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.7.3408
     https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.7.3408 [Google Scholar]
  56. Shoemaker, S
    (1981) Some varieties of functionalism. Philosophical Topics, 12(1), 93–119. doi: 10.5840/philtopics198112145
     https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics198112145 [Google Scholar]
  57. Smart, J.J.C
    (1959) Sensations and brain processes. Philosophical Review, 68(2), 141–156. doi: 10.2307/2182164
     https://doi.org/10.2307/2182164 [Google Scholar]

  • From This Site

    /content/books/9789027268785-aicr.92.06hoh
    dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal
    10
    5
/content/books/9789027268785-aicr.92.06hoh
dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Journal
10
5
Chapter
content/books/9789027268785
Book
false
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error