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A corpus-driven analysis of Romani in contact with Turkish and Greek

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The speakers of Muslim communities living in Greek Thrace are typically trilingual in Romani, Turkish and Greek. In an earlier work (Adamou 2010) it is said that Thrace Romani is an example of a fused lect, defined as a form of stabilized code-switching (Auer 1998). The claim was that Turkish constituents were part of Romani’s grammar and that, unlike code-switching and language mixing, were not subject to variation. The present work contributes to this discussion through a corpus-driven analysis of Thrace Romani. The analysis of a 5,000 word conversational corpus establishes a quantification of the mixing of the three languages, per word class and per speaker, showing that in a majority of cases switching is insertional and that there is little inter-speaker variation.

References

  1. Adamou, Evangelia
    2010 “Bilingual speech and language ecology in Greek Thrace: Romani and Pomak in contact with Turkish.” Language in Society39 (2): 147−171. doi: 10.1017/S0047404510000035
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404510000035 [Google Scholar]
  2. 2012 “Verb morphologies in contact: evidence from the Balkan area.” InMorphologies in contact, eds. M. Vanhove , T. Stolz , H. Otsuka and A. Urdze , 143−162. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Adamou, Evangelia , and Kimmo Granqvist
    , PrepublishedMarch27 2014 “Unevenly mixed Romani languages.” International Journal of Bilingualism. doi: 10.1177/1367006914524645
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006914524645 [Google Scholar]
  4. Auer, Peter
    1998 “From code-switching via language mixing to fused lects: toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech.” Interaction and Linguistic Structures6: 1–28.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Backus, Ad , and HannekeVan der Hejden
    2002 “Language mixing by young Turkish children.” Psychology of Language and Communication6 (1): 55−73.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Friedman, Victor
    2010 “Turkish grammar in Balkan Romani: Hierarchies of markedness in Balkan linguistics.” Balkanistica23: 107−124.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Krauss, Michael
    2006 “Classification and terminology for degrees of language endangerment.” InLanguage Diversity Endangered, ed. N. Brenzinger , 1−8. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Matras, Yaron
    2009 Language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511809873
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809873 [Google Scholar]
  9. Muysken, Pieter
    2000 Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-mixing. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Myers-Scotton, Carol
    1993a Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Code-switching. Oxford: Clarendon press.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. 1993b Social motivations for codeswitching. Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 2013 “Paying attention to morpheme types: making borrowability more precise.” InIn and out of Africa languages in question, ed. C. de Feral , 31−42. Peeters: Louvain.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Poplack, Shana , and Nathalie Dion
    2012 “Myths and facts about loanword development.” Language Variation and Change24 (3): 279−315. doi: 10.1017/S095439451200018X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S095439451200018X [Google Scholar]
  14. Poplack, Shana , and David Sankoff
    1988 “Code-switching.” InSociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, vol. 2, eds. U. Ammon , N. Dittmar , and K.J. Mattheier , 1174−1180. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Adamou, Evangelia
    2010 “Bilingual speech and language ecology in Greek Thrace: Romani and Pomak in contact with Turkish.” Language in Society39 (2): 147−171. doi: 10.1017/S0047404510000035
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404510000035 [Google Scholar]
  2. 2012 “Verb morphologies in contact: evidence from the Balkan area.” InMorphologies in contact, eds. M. Vanhove , T. Stolz , H. Otsuka and A. Urdze , 143−162. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Adamou, Evangelia , and Kimmo Granqvist
    , PrepublishedMarch27 2014 “Unevenly mixed Romani languages.” International Journal of Bilingualism. doi: 10.1177/1367006914524645
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006914524645 [Google Scholar]
  4. Auer, Peter
    1998 “From code-switching via language mixing to fused lects: toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech.” Interaction and Linguistic Structures6: 1–28.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Backus, Ad , and HannekeVan der Hejden
    2002 “Language mixing by young Turkish children.” Psychology of Language and Communication6 (1): 55−73.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Friedman, Victor
    2010 “Turkish grammar in Balkan Romani: Hierarchies of markedness in Balkan linguistics.” Balkanistica23: 107−124.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Krauss, Michael
    2006 “Classification and terminology for degrees of language endangerment.” InLanguage Diversity Endangered, ed. N. Brenzinger , 1−8. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Matras, Yaron
    2009 Language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511809873
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809873 [Google Scholar]
  9. Muysken, Pieter
    2000 Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-mixing. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Myers-Scotton, Carol
    1993a Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Code-switching. Oxford: Clarendon press.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. 1993b Social motivations for codeswitching. Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 2013 “Paying attention to morpheme types: making borrowability more precise.” InIn and out of Africa languages in question, ed. C. de Feral , 31−42. Peeters: Louvain.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Poplack, Shana , and Nathalie Dion
    2012 “Myths and facts about loanword development.” Language Variation and Change24 (3): 279−315. doi: 10.1017/S095439451200018X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S095439451200018X [Google Scholar]
  14. Poplack, Shana , and David Sankoff
    1988 “Code-switching.” InSociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, vol. 2, eds. U. Ammon , N. Dittmar , and K.J. Mattheier , 1174−1180. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]

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