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Övdalian from 1909 to 2009

image of Övdalian from 1909 to 2009

We present a number of morphological and syntactic properties that Övdalian is reported to have according to the literature. They are classified into four categories, of which we study in particular those two that make Övdalian stand out amongst the Scandinavian languages: the category of those features that Övdalian shares with the Insular Scandinavian languages, and the category of Övdalian innovations. We compare these with what we find in the Övdalian Speech Corpus, which contains searchable recordings from the 21st century. Interestingly, we find that the verbal morphology is robust, whereas case morphology is losing ground. Syntactic innovations like referential null subjects, negative concord, subject doubling, and lack of object shift are still present in the language.

  • Affiliations: 1: Buskerud and Vestfold University College; 2: University of Oslo

References

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  8. Chomsky, Noam
    1981 Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
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  9. Christensen, Ken Ramshøj
    2005 Interfaces: Negation - Syntax - Brain. PhD dissertation, University of Aarhus.
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  10. Collins, Chris & Thráinsson, Höskuldur
    1996 VP-internal structure and object shift in Icelandic. Lingustic Inquiry27: 391–444.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Delsing, Lars-Olof
    1999 Från OV-ordföljd till VO-ordföljd: En språkförändring med förhinder. Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi114: 151–232.
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  28. 1995 The Role of Inflection in Scandinavian Syntax. Oxford: OUP.
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  29. Hosono, Mayumi
    2013 Object Shift in the Scandinavian Languages: Syntax, Information Structure, and Intonation [LOT Dissertation Series 332]. Utrecht: LOT.
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  30. Hróarsdóttir, Þórbjörg
    2000 Word Order Change in Icelandic. From OV to VO [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 35]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.35
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    1917 Negation in English and Other Languages. Copenhagen: A.F. Høst.
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  45. 2008 Null referential subjects in Oevdalian. Ms, Lund University. www.sol.lu.se/person/HenrikRosenkvist
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  49. Sandström, Görel & Holmberg, Anders
    2003 Ett polysyntetiskt drag i svenska dialekter. InDialektsyntaktiska studier av den nordiska nominalfrasen, Øystein Alexander Vangsnes , Anders Holmberg & Lars-Olof Delsing (eds), 99–111. Oslo: Novus Press.
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  50. Sapir, Yair
    2005a Elfdalian, the vernacular of Övdaln. InProceedings of the 1st Conference on Övdalian, Älvdalen, June 18th-19th, 2004. www.nordiska.uu.se/arkiv/konferenser/alvdalska/konferensrapport.htm
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  51. 2005b Elfdalian in brief. Outline written in October 15, 2005 for the Committee of Experts of the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages. Ms.
  52. Schütze, Carson
    1996 The Empirical Base of Linguistics. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press.
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  53. Sigurðsson, Halldór Á
    1989 Verbal Syntax and Case in Icelandic. PhD dissertation, Lund University.
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  54. 2006 The Icelandic noun phrase: Central traits. Arkiv för nordisk filologi121: 193–236.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Sollid, Hilde
    2005 Språkdannelse ogstabilisering i møtet mellom kvensk og norsk. Oslo: Novus.
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Steensland, Lars
    2000 Älvdalska. InVärldens språk. En typologisk och geografisk översikt, Karina Vamling & Jan-Olof Svantesson (eds), 361–375. Lund: Institutionen för lingvistik, Lunds universitet.
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  57. Strahan, Tania E
    2003 Long-Distance Reflexives in Norwegian: A Quantitative Study. Munich: Lincom.
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  58. Thráinsson, Höskuldur
    2007 The Syntax of Icelandic. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511619441
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619441 [Google Scholar]
  59. Thráinsson, Höskuldur , Petersen, Hjálmar. P. , Jacobsen, Jógvan í Lon & Hansen, Zakaris Svabo
    2004 Faroese. An Overview and Reference Grammar. Tórshavn: Føroya Fróðskaparfelag.
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  60. Vangsnes, Øystein
    1999 The Identification of Functional Architecture. PhD dissertation, University of Bergen.
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Vikner, Sten
    1995 Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages. Oxford: OUP.
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  62. Wide, Camilla & Lyngfelt, Benjamin
    (eds) 2009 Konstruktioner i finlandssvensk syntax. Skriftspråk, sammtal och dialekter [Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 716]. Helsingfors: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland.
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References

  1. Åkerberg, Bengt
    2000 Ulum Dalska. Grammatik 2000. Älvdalen.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. 2004 Grammatik 2004. För kurser och självstudier i älvdalska. Älvdalen.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. 2012 Älvdalsk grammatik, under medverkan av Gunnar Nyström. Älvdalen: Ulum Dalska.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Angantýsson, Ásgrímur
    2011 The Syntax of Embedded Clauses in Icelandic and Related Languages. Reykjavík: Hugvísindastofun Háskóla Íslands.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Bentzen, Kristine
    2007 Order and Structure in Embedded clauses in Northern Norwegian. PhD dissertation, CASTL, University of Tromsø.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bentzen, Kristine , Garbacz, Piotr , Heycock, Caroline & Hrafnbjargarson, Gunnar H
    2009 On variation in Faroese verb placement. InNORMS Papers on Faroese, Nordlyd:Tromsø University Working Papers on Language and Linguistics36(2): 78–102.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Björklund, Stig
    1956 Älvdalsmålet i Andréas Johannis Prytz’ Comoedia om konung Gustaf Then Första 1622. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Chomsky, Noam
    1981 Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Christensen, Ken Ramshøj
    2005 Interfaces: Negation - Syntax - Brain. PhD dissertation, University of Aarhus.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Collins, Chris & Thráinsson, Höskuldur
    1996 VP-internal structure and object shift in Icelandic. Lingustic Inquiry27: 391–444.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Delsing, Lars-Olof
    1999 Från OV-ordföljd till VO-ordföljd: En språkförändring med förhinder. Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi114: 151–232.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 2003 Syntaktisk variation i nordiska nominalfraser. InDialektsyntaktiska studier av den nordiska nominalfrasen, Øystein Alexander Vangsnes , Anders Holmberg & Lars-Olof Delsing (eds), 11–64. Oslo: Novus Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Dyvik, Helge
    1991 The Norwegian pseudopassive in lexical theory. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax47:118–129.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Dialekter i Dalarna 2004 CD Uppsala: Språk- och folkminnesinstitutet.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Engdahl, Elisabeth
    2003 Med fokus på subjektet. InGrammar in Focus, II: Festschrift for Christer Platzack 18 November 2003, Lars-Olaf Delsing , Cecilia Falk , Gunlög Josefsson & Halldór Ármann Sigurðsson (eds), 95–105. Lund: Department of Scandinavian Languages, Lund University.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Faarlund, Jan. T. , Lie, Sven & Vannebo Kjell, I
    1997 Norsk referansegrammatikk. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Falk, Cecilia
    1993 Non-Referential Subjects in the History of Swedish. PhD dissertation, Lund University.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Garbacz, Piotr
    2006 Verb movement and negation in Övdalian. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax78: 173–190.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. 2008a Bisatsledföljden i älvdalska. InNog ordat? Festskrift till Sven-Göran Malmgren [Meierbergs arkiv för svensk ordforskning 34], Kristinn Jóhannesson , Hans Landqvist , Aina Lundqvist , Lena Rogström , Emma Sköldberg & Barbro Wallgren Hemlin (eds), 105–112. Göteborg: Goteborg University.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. 2008b Negationen syntax i älvdalskan. InPerspektiv på svenska språket och litteraturen, Piotr Bukowski , Grayna. Pietrzak-Porwisz & Iwona Kowal (eds), 193–202. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. 2010 Word Order in Övdalian. A Study in Variation and Change. PhD dissertation, Lund University.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 2013 Huvudsatsordföljd i bisatser: skandinaviska språk vs. skandinaviska dialekter. InFilologiskt smörgåsbord, 2: Vetenskapliga bidrag från skandinavistiken i Kraków, Ewa Data-Bukowska & Magdalena Wasilewska-Chmura (eds), 67–81. Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Helgander, John
    1996 Mobilitet och språkförändring. Exemplet Övre Dalarna och det vidare perspektivet. [Rapport 1996: 3]. Falun: Högskolan Dalarna.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 2000 Älvdalsmål i förändring: Den tonande dentala frikativan (dh) och dess ersättare. InFolkmålsstudier. Meddelanden från föreningen för nordisk filologi39: 169–188.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. 2005 Älvdalsmål i förändring – några reflektioner kring en fallstudie. InProceedings of the 1st Conference on Övdalian, Älvdalen, June 18th-19th, 2004. www.nordiska.uu.se/arkiv/konferenser/alvdalska/konferensrapport.htm
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Heycock, Caroline , Sorace, Antonella & Hansen, Zakaris Svabo
    2010 V-to-I and V2 in subordinate clauses: An investigation of Faroese in relation to Icelandic and Danish. Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics13(1): 61–97. doi: 10.1007/s10828‑010‑9035‑7
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10828-010-9035-7 [Google Scholar]
  27. Holmberg, Anders & Platzack, Christer
    1991 On the role of inflection in Scandinavian syntax. InIssues in Germanic Syntax, Werner Abraham , Wim Kosmeijer & Eric Reuland (eds), 93–118. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 1995 The Role of Inflection in Scandinavian Syntax. Oxford: OUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Hosono, Mayumi
    2013 Object Shift in the Scandinavian Languages: Syntax, Information Structure, and Intonation [LOT Dissertation Series 332]. Utrecht: LOT.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Hróarsdóttir, Þórbjörg
    2000 Word Order Change in Icelandic. From OV to VO [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 35]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.35
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.35 [Google Scholar]
  31. Jespersen, Otto
    1917 Negation in English and Other Languages. Copenhagen: A.F. Høst.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Johannessen, Janne Bondi
    2008 The pronominal psychological demonstrative in Scandinavian: Its syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Nordic Journal of Linguistics31(2): 161–192. doi: 10.1017/S0332586508001923
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0332586508001923 [Google Scholar]
  33. Johannessen, Janne Bondi , Priestley, Joel , Hagen, Kristin , Åfarli, Tor Anders & Vangsnes Øystein Alexander
    2009 The Nordic Dialect Corpus. An advanced research tool. InProceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics NODALIDA 2009 [NEALT Proceedings Series 4], Krisstiina Jokinen & Eckhard Bick (eds). Tartu: Tartu University.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Kokkinakis, Sofie Johansson
    2003 En studie över påverkande faktorer i ordklasstaggning. Baserad på taggning av svensk text med EPOS. Ms. University of Gothenburg.
  35. Levander, Lars
    1909 Älvdalsmålet i Dalarna. Ordböjning ock syntax. Stockholm: Kungliga boktryckeriet P. A. Norstedt and söner.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. 1920 Apokope i Älvdalsmålet. Svenska landsmål ock svenskt folkliv43: 21–28.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. 1925 Dalmålet. Beskrivning och historia, I. Uppsala: Appelberg.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. 1928 Dalmålet. Beskrivning och historia, II. Uppsala: Appelberg.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Nygaard, Marius
    1905 Norrøn Syntax. Kristiana: Aschehoug.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Nyström, Gunnar & Sapir, Yair
    2005a Introduktion till älvdalska. Provversion ämnad för universitetskursen. Uppsala.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. 2005b Bilagor till Introduktion till älvdalska. Uppsala.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Rosenkvist, Henrik
    1994 Tecken på syntaktisk utveckling i älvdalsmålet under senare tid. BA dissertation, Lund University.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. 2006 Null subjects in Övdalian. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax78: 141–171.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. 2007 Subject doubling in Övdalian. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax80: 77–102.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. 2008 Null referential subjects in Oevdalian. Ms, Lund University. www.sol.lu.se/person/HenrikRosenkvist
  46. 2009 Referential null subjects in Germanic languages. An overview. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax84: 151–180.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. 2010 Null referential subjects in Övdalian. Nordic Journal of Linguistics33: 231–267. doi: 10.1017/S033258651000020X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S033258651000020X [Google Scholar]
  48. 2011 Verb raising and referential null subjects in Övdalian. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax88: 1–20.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Sandström, Görel & Holmberg, Anders
    2003 Ett polysyntetiskt drag i svenska dialekter. InDialektsyntaktiska studier av den nordiska nominalfrasen, Øystein Alexander Vangsnes , Anders Holmberg & Lars-Olof Delsing (eds), 99–111. Oslo: Novus Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Sapir, Yair
    2005a Elfdalian, the vernacular of Övdaln. InProceedings of the 1st Conference on Övdalian, Älvdalen, June 18th-19th, 2004. www.nordiska.uu.se/arkiv/konferenser/alvdalska/konferensrapport.htm
     [Google Scholar]
  51. 2005b Elfdalian in brief. Outline written in October 15, 2005 for the Committee of Experts of the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages. Ms.
  52. Schütze, Carson
    1996 The Empirical Base of Linguistics. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Sigurðsson, Halldór Á
    1989 Verbal Syntax and Case in Icelandic. PhD dissertation, Lund University.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. 2006 The Icelandic noun phrase: Central traits. Arkiv för nordisk filologi121: 193–236.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Sollid, Hilde
    2005 Språkdannelse ogstabilisering i møtet mellom kvensk og norsk. Oslo: Novus.
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Steensland, Lars
    2000 Älvdalska. InVärldens språk. En typologisk och geografisk översikt, Karina Vamling & Jan-Olof Svantesson (eds), 361–375. Lund: Institutionen för lingvistik, Lunds universitet.
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Strahan, Tania E
    2003 Long-Distance Reflexives in Norwegian: A Quantitative Study. Munich: Lincom.
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Thráinsson, Höskuldur
    2007 The Syntax of Icelandic. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511619441
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619441 [Google Scholar]
  59. Thráinsson, Höskuldur , Petersen, Hjálmar. P. , Jacobsen, Jógvan í Lon & Hansen, Zakaris Svabo
    2004 Faroese. An Overview and Reference Grammar. Tórshavn: Føroya Fróðskaparfelag.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Vangsnes, Øystein
    1999 The Identification of Functional Architecture. PhD dissertation, University of Bergen.
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Vikner, Sten
    1995 Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages. Oxford: OUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Wide, Camilla & Lyngfelt, Benjamin
    (eds) 2009 Konstruktioner i finlandssvensk syntax. Skriftspråk, sammtal och dialekter [Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 716]. Helsingfors: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland.
     [Google Scholar]
  63. URL: Part of the Nordic Dialect Corpus: www.tekstlab.uio.no/nota/scandiasyn/
  64. Read about it: Johannessen, Janne Bondi , Priestley, Joel , Hagen, Kristin , Åfarli, Tor Anders & Øystein Alexander Vangsnes 2009 The Nordic Dialect Corpus. An advanced research tool. InProceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics NODALIDA 2009 [NEALT Proceedings Series 4], Krisstiina Jokinen & Eckhard Bick (eds). Tartu: Tartu University.
     [Google Scholar]

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