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The polyfunctionality of which in Övdalian

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The Övdalian wh-word ukin has a variety of syntactic uses, spanning from the canonical use as personal pronoun (‘who’) to predicative property querying item (‘what … like’) and polarity item introducing both main and embedded clauses. In this paper the various uses will be described and discussed, and it will be argued that the polyfunctionality of ukin can be well understood on the background of wh-syncretisms in other North Germanic varieties which all point in the direction of principled grammaticalization patterns in this domain. The pattern found will be accounted for by a nanosyntactic approach to lexicalization ranges.

  • Affiliations: 1: University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway

References

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  4. Delsing, Lars-Olof
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    1999 Svenska akademiens grammatik. Stockholm: Svenska akademien.
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  27. Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander
    1996  Om-spørsmål i rogalandsk. Nordica Bergensia9: 166-188.
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  28. 1999 The Identification of Functional Architecture. PhD dissertation, University of Bergen.
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  29. 2001 On noun phrase architecture, referentiality, and article systems. Studia Linguistica55: 249–299 doi: 10.1111/1467‑9582.00081
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    2008c  What kind of Scandinavian? On interrogative noun phrases across North Germanic. Nordic Journal of Linguistics31(2): 227–251. doi: 10.1017/S0332586508001947
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    2011 Reconciling corpus and questionnaire data in microcomparative syntax: A case study from Scandinavian. InLanguage Variation – European Perspectives III [Studies in Language Variation 7], Frans Gregersen , Jeffrey K. Parrott & Pia Quist (eds), 135-148. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/silv.7.11van
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References

  1. Abels, Klaus & Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander
    2010 Introduction: Exclamatives in North Germanic and beyond. Studia Linguistica64(1): 1–15. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9582.2010.01170.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2010.01170.x [Google Scholar]
  2. Baerman, Matthew , Brown, Dunstan & Corbett, Greville G
    2005 The Syntax-morphology Interface: A Study of Syncretism. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511486234
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486234 [Google Scholar]
  3. Dahl, Östen & Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria
    2006 The resilient dative and other remarkable cases in Scandinavian vernaculars. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung (STUF)59(1): 56–75.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Delsing, Lars-Olof
    2010 Exclamatives in Scandinavian. Studia Linguistica64(1): 16–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9582.2010.01168.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2010.01168.x [Google Scholar]
  5. Enger, Hans Olav
    1995 Om du skal kjøra te byen i mårå?InPapers from the XVth Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics, Inger Moen , Hanne Gram Simonsen & Helge Lodrup (eds), 129–135. Oslo: University of Oslo.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Faarlund, Jan Terje
    2004 The Syntax of Old Norse. Oxford: OUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Garbacz, Piotr & Johannessen, Janne Bondi
    . This volume>. Övdalian from 1909 to 2009.
  8. an Gelderen, Elly
    2009 Renewal in the left periphery: Economy and the complementiser layer. Transactions of the Philological Society107(2): 131–195. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑968X.2009.01216.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968X.2009 .01216.x [Google Scholar]
  9. Johannessen, Janne Bondi , Joel Priestley , Kristin Hagen , Tor Anders Åfarli & Øystein Alexander Vangsnes
    2009 The Nordic Dialect Corpus - an Advanced Research Tool. InProceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics NODALIDA 2009. NEALT Proceedings Series Volume 4, Kristiina Jokinen & Eckhard Bick (eds), 73–80.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Jónsson, Jóhannes G
    2010 Icelandic exclamatives and the structure of the CP layer. Studia Linguistica64(1): 37–54. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9582.2010.01169.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2010.01169.x [Google Scholar]
  11. Larsen, Amund B
    1907 Kristiania bymål: Vulgærsproget med henblik på den utvungne dagligtale. Kristiania: Cammermeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Levander, Lars
    1909 Älvdalsmålet i Dalarna. Ordböjning ock syntax. Stockholm: Kungl. Boktryckeriet P. A. Norstedt & Söner.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Leu, Thomas
    2008b The Internal Syntax of Determiners. PhD dissertation, New York University.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Lundquist, Björn
    2009 Nominalizations and Participles in Swedish. PhD dissertation, CASTL, University of Tromsø.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Norsk Ordbok, Vol. 5 2005 Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Östman, Jan-Ola I
    1986 Pragmatics as Implicitness: an Analysis of Question Particles in Solf Swedish with Implications for the Study of Passive Clauses and the Language of Persuasion. Ann Arbor MI: UMI Microfilms.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology 1996 Oxford: OUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Ramchand, Gillian
    2008 Verb Meaning and the Lexicon: A First Phase Syntax. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511486319
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486319 [Google Scholar]
  19. Rietz, Johan Ernst
    1962 Svenskt dialektlexikon: Ordbok öfver svenska allmogespråket. Lund: C.W.K.Gleerups. runeberg.org/dialektl
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Rognes, Stig
    2011 V2, V3, V4 (and maybe even more). The Syntax of Questions in the Rogaland Dialects of Norwegian. MA dissertation, University of Oslo.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Skulerud, Olai
    1926 Utsyn over målet i Norderhov. Oslo: Det Norske Videnskabs-Akademi.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Starke, Michal
    2009 Nanosyntax: A short primer to a new approach to language. Nordlyd30(1): 1–6.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. 2011 Towards an elegant solution to language variation: Variation reduces to the size of lexically stored trees. Manuscript, University of Tromsø. ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/001183
  24. Steensland, Lars
    2006 Liten älvdalsk-svensk och svensk-älvdalsk ordbok. Älvdalen: Ulum Dalska.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Svenonius, Peter
    . This volume. The morphological expression of case in Övdalian. doi: 10.1075/la.221.08sve
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.221.08sve
  26. Teleman, Ulf , Hellberg, Staffan & Andersson, Erik
    1999 Svenska akademiens grammatik. Stockholm: Svenska akademien.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander
    1996  Om-spørsmål i rogalandsk. Nordica Bergensia9: 166-188.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 1999 The Identification of Functional Architecture. PhD dissertation, University of Bergen.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. 2001 On noun phrase architecture, referentiality, and article systems. Studia Linguistica55: 249–299 doi: 10.1111/1467‑9582.00081
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9582.00081 [Google Scholar]
  30. 2008a Decomposing manner how in colloquial Scandinavian. Studia Linguistica62(1): 119-141. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9582.2007.00143.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2007.00143.x [Google Scholar]
  31. 2008b Omkring adnominalt åssen/hvordan i Oslo-målet. InSpråk i Oslo. Ny forskning omkring talespråk, Janne Bondi Johannessen & Kristin Hagen (eds), 50-61. Oslo: Novus.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Vangsnes Øystein Alexander
    2008c  What kind of Scandinavian? On interrogative noun phrases across North Germanic. Nordic Journal of Linguistics31(2): 227–251. doi: 10.1017/S0332586508001947
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0332586508001947 [Google Scholar]
  33. Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander
    2013 Syncretism and functional expansion in Germanic wh-expressions. Language Sciences3: 47–65. doi: 10.1016/j.langsci.2012.03.019
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2012.03.019 [Google Scholar]
  34. Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander & Johannessen, Janne Bondi
    2011 Reconciling corpus and questionnaire data in microcomparative syntax: A case study from Scandinavian. InLanguage Variation – European Perspectives III [Studies in Language Variation 7], Frans Gregersen , Jeffrey K. Parrott & Pia Quist (eds), 135-148. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/silv.7.11van
     https://doi.org/10.1075/silv.7.11van [Google Scholar]
  35. Zanuttini, Raffaella & Portner, Paul
    2003 Exclamative clauses: At the syntax-semantics interface. Language79: 39–81. doi: 10.1353/lan.2003.0105
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0105 [Google Scholar]

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