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Schwa at the phonology/syntax interface

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It is claimed in this paper that the well known incongruence between the phonology and the syntax is resolved by removing syntactic boundaries by means of the rhythmic patterning. Resulting from this is a direct interface between the phonological phrasing and the syntax. The intermediary of the prosodic component is thereby eliminated. Accordingly, it is emphasized that language is rhythmic and that the rhythm of any given language directly interprets the syntactic constituency. The instrument by which this is achieved is the rhythmic foot, which contravenes the syntactic constituency directly and restructures it to align it with the rhythmic patterning. In contrast to Nespor (1990), therefore, this approach takes into account no separation between the prosody and rhythm. As a result, it limits the need for pre-compiled rules as proposed by Hayes (1990). Especially targeted in relation to this discussion is the behavior of French schwa.

  • Affiliations: 1: Northern Illinois University

References

  1. Bickmore, Lee
    1990 “Branching Nodes and Prosodic Categories”. Inkelas & Zec , eds., 1–17.
  2. Blanche-Benveniste, Claire
    2000 Approches de la langue parlée en français. Paris: Ophrys.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Chen, Matthew
    1990 “What Must Phonology Know about Syntax?”. Inkelas & Zec , eds., 19–46.
  4. Côté, Marie-Hélène
    2004 “Syntagmatic Distinctness in Consonant Deletion”. Phonology21.1–41. doi: 10.1017/S0952675704000120
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675704000120 [Google Scholar]
  5. 2007 “Rhythmic Constraints on the Distribution of Schwa in French”. Romance Linguistics 2006: Selected papers from the 36th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languagesed. by José Camacho , Nydia Flores-Ferrán , Liliana Sánchez , Viviane Déprez & María José Cabrera , 81–95. Amsterdam & Philadelpia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.287
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.287 [Google Scholar]
  6. Côté, Marie-Hélène & Geoffrey S. Morrison
    2007 “The Nature of the Schwa-Zero Alternation in French Clitics: Experimental and non-experimental evidence”. Journal of French Language Studies17.150–186.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Dell, François
    1985 Les règles et les sons. 2nd ed.Paris: Hermann.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Hannahs, S.J
    1995a Prosodic Structure and French Morphophonology. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. doi: 10.1515/9783110966053
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110966053 [Google Scholar]
  9. 1995b “The Phonological Word in French”. Linguistics33.1125–1144. doi: 10.1515/ling.1995.33.6.1125
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1995.33.6.1125 [Google Scholar]
  10. Hayes, Bruce
    1990 “Precompiled Phrasal Phonology”. Inkelas & Zec , eds., 85–108.
  11. Hoskins, Steven
    1994 “Secondary Stress and Stress Clash Resolution in French: An empirical investigation”. Issues and Theory in Romance Linguisticsed. by Michael L. Mazzola , 35–47. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Inkelas, Sharon & Draga Zec
    eds. 1990 The Phonology-Syntax Connection. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. 1995 “Syntax-Phonology Interface”. The Handbook of Phonological Theoryed. by John A. Goldsmith , 535–549. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Kaisse, Ellen
    1985 Connected Speech: The interaction of syntax and phonology. San Diego: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Léon, Pierre
    1966 La prononciation du français standard. Paris: Didier.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Martin, Philippe
    1978 “Questions de phonosyntaxe et de phono-sémantique en français”. Linguisticae Investigationes2:1.93–125. doi: 10.1075/li.2.1.06mar
     https://doi.org/10.1075/li.2.1.06mar [Google Scholar]
  17. 1979 “Sur les principes d’une théorie syntaxique de l’intonation”. Problèmes de prosodieed. by Pierre Léon & Mario Rossi , 91–101. Ottawa: Marcel Didier.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. 1981 “L ’ intonation est-elle une structure congruente à la syntaxe?”. L ’ Intonation. De l ’ acoustique à la sémantiqueed. by Mario Rossi , 234–271. Paris: Klincksieck.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Mazzola, Michael L
    1991 “Stress Clash and Segment Deletion”. Theoretical Analyses in Romance Linguisticsed. by Christiane Laeufer & Terrell Morgan , 81–97. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.74.07maz
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.74.07maz [Google Scholar]
  20. 1993 “French Rhythm and French Segments”. Linguistic Perspectives on the Romance Languages: Selected Papers from the XXI Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages, Santa Barbara, February 21–24, 1991ed. by William Ashby , Marianne Mithun , Giorgio Perissinotto & Eduardo Raposo , 113–126. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.103.14maz
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.103.14maz [Google Scholar]
  21. 1994 “Indirect Phonology and French Segments”. Generative French Phonology: Retrospective and perspectivesed. by Chantal Lyche , 191–209. Salford: Association for French Language Studies & European Research Institute.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 1996 “Syntactic Constituency and Prosodic Phenomena”. Aspects of Romance Linguistics: Selected papers from the Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages XXIVed. by Claudia Parodi , Carlos Quicoli , Mario Saltarelli & Maria Luisa Zubizarreta , 313–327. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. 1998 “Suprasegmental Constituency as the Domain for Sandhi Variation”. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Linguistsed. by Bernard Caron . CD-Rom #0175. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 1999 “On the Independence of Suprasegmental Constituency”. Issues in Phonological Structureed. by S.J. Hannahs & Mike Davenport , 181–193. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.196.11maz
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.196.11maz [Google Scholar]
  25. 2001 “Prosodic Domains for Segment Deletion”. 1999 Mid-America Linguistics Conference Papersed. by Michael Henderson , 285–294. Lawrence, Kan.: Linguistics Department, University of Kansas.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. 2006 “Rhythm and Prosodic Change”. Historical Romance Linguistics: Retrospective and perspectivesed. by Deborah Arteaga & Randall Gess , 97–110. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.274.07maz
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.274.07maz [Google Scholar]
  27. Morin, Yves-Charles
    1974 “Règles phonologiques à domaine indéterminé: Chute du cheva en français”. Cahier de linguistique4.69–88. doi: 10.7202/800029ar
     https://doi.org/10.7202/800029ar [Google Scholar]
  28. Nespor, Marina
    1990 “On the Separation of Prosodic and Rhythmic Phonology”. Inkelas & Zec , eds., 241–258.
  29. Nespor, Marina , & Irene Vogel
    1986 Prosodic Phonology. Dordrecht: Foris.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Odden, David
    1987 “Kimatuumbi Phrasal Phonology”. Phonology Yearbook4.13–26. doi: 10.1017/S0952675700000750
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675700000750 [Google Scholar]
  31. Passy, Paul
    1899 Les sons du français. Paris: Firmin-Didot & Société des Traités.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Selkirk, Elizabeth
    1984 Phonology and Syntax: The relation between sound and structure. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Tranel, Bernard
    1987 The Sounds of French. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620645
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620645 [Google Scholar]
  34. Zec, Draga & Sharon Inkelas
    1990 “Prosodically Constrained Syntax”. Inkelas & Zec , eds., 365–378.

References

  1. Bickmore, Lee
    1990 “Branching Nodes and Prosodic Categories”. Inkelas & Zec , eds., 1–17.
  2. Blanche-Benveniste, Claire
    2000 Approches de la langue parlée en français. Paris: Ophrys.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Chen, Matthew
    1990 “What Must Phonology Know about Syntax?”. Inkelas & Zec , eds., 19–46.
  4. Côté, Marie-Hélène
    2004 “Syntagmatic Distinctness in Consonant Deletion”. Phonology21.1–41. doi: 10.1017/S0952675704000120
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675704000120 [Google Scholar]
  5. 2007 “Rhythmic Constraints on the Distribution of Schwa in French”. Romance Linguistics 2006: Selected papers from the 36th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languagesed. by José Camacho , Nydia Flores-Ferrán , Liliana Sánchez , Viviane Déprez & María José Cabrera , 81–95. Amsterdam & Philadelpia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.287
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.287 [Google Scholar]
  6. Côté, Marie-Hélène & Geoffrey S. Morrison
    2007 “The Nature of the Schwa-Zero Alternation in French Clitics: Experimental and non-experimental evidence”. Journal of French Language Studies17.150–186.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Dell, François
    1985 Les règles et les sons. 2nd ed.Paris: Hermann.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Hannahs, S.J
    1995a Prosodic Structure and French Morphophonology. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. doi: 10.1515/9783110966053
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110966053 [Google Scholar]
  9. 1995b “The Phonological Word in French”. Linguistics33.1125–1144. doi: 10.1515/ling.1995.33.6.1125
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1995.33.6.1125 [Google Scholar]
  10. Hayes, Bruce
    1990 “Precompiled Phrasal Phonology”. Inkelas & Zec , eds., 85–108.
  11. Hoskins, Steven
    1994 “Secondary Stress and Stress Clash Resolution in French: An empirical investigation”. Issues and Theory in Romance Linguisticsed. by Michael L. Mazzola , 35–47. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Inkelas, Sharon & Draga Zec
    eds. 1990 The Phonology-Syntax Connection. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. 1995 “Syntax-Phonology Interface”. The Handbook of Phonological Theoryed. by John A. Goldsmith , 535–549. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Kaisse, Ellen
    1985 Connected Speech: The interaction of syntax and phonology. San Diego: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Léon, Pierre
    1966 La prononciation du français standard. Paris: Didier.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Martin, Philippe
    1978 “Questions de phonosyntaxe et de phono-sémantique en français”. Linguisticae Investigationes2:1.93–125. doi: 10.1075/li.2.1.06mar
     https://doi.org/10.1075/li.2.1.06mar [Google Scholar]
  17. 1979 “Sur les principes d’une théorie syntaxique de l’intonation”. Problèmes de prosodieed. by Pierre Léon & Mario Rossi , 91–101. Ottawa: Marcel Didier.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. 1981 “L ’ intonation est-elle une structure congruente à la syntaxe?”. L ’ Intonation. De l ’ acoustique à la sémantiqueed. by Mario Rossi , 234–271. Paris: Klincksieck.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Mazzola, Michael L
    1991 “Stress Clash and Segment Deletion”. Theoretical Analyses in Romance Linguisticsed. by Christiane Laeufer & Terrell Morgan , 81–97. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.74.07maz
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.74.07maz [Google Scholar]
  20. 1993 “French Rhythm and French Segments”. Linguistic Perspectives on the Romance Languages: Selected Papers from the XXI Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages, Santa Barbara, February 21–24, 1991ed. by William Ashby , Marianne Mithun , Giorgio Perissinotto & Eduardo Raposo , 113–126. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.103.14maz
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.103.14maz [Google Scholar]
  21. 1994 “Indirect Phonology and French Segments”. Generative French Phonology: Retrospective and perspectivesed. by Chantal Lyche , 191–209. Salford: Association for French Language Studies & European Research Institute.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 1996 “Syntactic Constituency and Prosodic Phenomena”. Aspects of Romance Linguistics: Selected papers from the Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages XXIVed. by Claudia Parodi , Carlos Quicoli , Mario Saltarelli & Maria Luisa Zubizarreta , 313–327. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. 1998 “Suprasegmental Constituency as the Domain for Sandhi Variation”. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Linguistsed. by Bernard Caron . CD-Rom #0175. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 1999 “On the Independence of Suprasegmental Constituency”. Issues in Phonological Structureed. by S.J. Hannahs & Mike Davenport , 181–193. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.196.11maz
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.196.11maz [Google Scholar]
  25. 2001 “Prosodic Domains for Segment Deletion”. 1999 Mid-America Linguistics Conference Papersed. by Michael Henderson , 285–294. Lawrence, Kan.: Linguistics Department, University of Kansas.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. 2006 “Rhythm and Prosodic Change”. Historical Romance Linguistics: Retrospective and perspectivesed. by Deborah Arteaga & Randall Gess , 97–110. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.274.07maz
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.274.07maz [Google Scholar]
  27. Morin, Yves-Charles
    1974 “Règles phonologiques à domaine indéterminé: Chute du cheva en français”. Cahier de linguistique4.69–88. doi: 10.7202/800029ar
     https://doi.org/10.7202/800029ar [Google Scholar]
  28. Nespor, Marina
    1990 “On the Separation of Prosodic and Rhythmic Phonology”. Inkelas & Zec , eds., 241–258.
  29. Nespor, Marina , & Irene Vogel
    1986 Prosodic Phonology. Dordrecht: Foris.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Odden, David
    1987 “Kimatuumbi Phrasal Phonology”. Phonology Yearbook4.13–26. doi: 10.1017/S0952675700000750
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675700000750 [Google Scholar]
  31. Passy, Paul
    1899 Les sons du français. Paris: Firmin-Didot & Société des Traités.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Selkirk, Elizabeth
    1984 Phonology and Syntax: The relation between sound and structure. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Tranel, Bernard
    1987 The Sounds of French. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620645
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620645 [Google Scholar]
  34. Zec, Draga & Sharon Inkelas
    1990 “Prosodically Constrained Syntax”. Inkelas & Zec , eds., 365–378.

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