1887
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Bavarian Syntax
  4. Chapter

The rise and fall of double agreement

A comparison between Carinthian and Kansas Bukovina Bohemian

image of The rise and fall of double agreement
  • Author(s): Melani Wratil 1
  • View Affiliations Hide Affiliations
    Affiliations:
    1 University of Dusseldorf
  • Source: Bavarian Syntax , pp 83-110
  • Publication Date November 2014

This paper provides a comparative description and diachronic analysis of the syntactically conditioned 1st person plural subject agreement allomorphies that can be observed in the Bavarian varieties Carinthian and Kansas Bukovina Bohemian. It is shown that these occurrences of double agreement have to be analyzed as a result of cognitive selection procedures that operate during language acquisition ensuring the choice of the most specific forms and the most economical structures that are compatible with the Primary Linguistic Data. In Carinthian as well as in Kansas Bukovina Bohemian 1st person plural double agreement emerged from the reanalysis of cliticized 1st person plural subject pronouns as C-oriented agreement markers. But it has taken different developmental paths in the respective varieties. Whereas it has been fully restored after a partial loss in Carinthian, it disappeared almost entirely in Kansas Bukovina Bohemian. In both varieties the individual change of double agreement has brought about not only a specialization of verbal paradigms but also a considerable economization of syntactic derivations and representations.

  • Affiliations: 1: University of Dusseldorf

References

  1. Abraham, Werner & Wiegel, Anko
    1993 Reduktionsformen und Kasussynkretismus bei deutschen und niederländischen Pronomina. InDialektsyntax, Werner Abraham & Josef Bayer (eds), 12–49. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978‑3‑322‑97032‑9_2
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-97032-9_2 [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson, Stephen R
    1992 A-morphous Morphology. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511586262
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511586262 [Google Scholar]
  3. 1993 Wackernagel’s revenge: Clitics, morphology and the syntax of second position. Language69: 68–98. doi: 10.2307/416416
     https://doi.org/10.2307/416416 [Google Scholar]
  4. Axel, Katrin & Weiß, Helmut
    2011  Pro-drop in the history of German – From Old High German to the modern dialects. InNull Pronouns, Melani Wratil & Peter Gallmann (eds), 21–52. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Bayer, Josef
    1984 COMP in Bavarian Syntax. The Linguistic Review3: 209–274. doi: 10.1515/tlir.1984.3.3.209
     https://doi.org/10.1515/tlir.1984.3.3.209 [Google Scholar]
  6. Boas, Hans C
    2002 The Texas German Dialect Project (TGDP). www.tgdp.org (4 June 2014).
     [Google Scholar]
  7. 2003 Tracing dialect death: The Texas German dialect project. InProceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Julie Larson & Mary Paster (eds), 387–398. Berkeley CA: BLS.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. 2009 The Life and Death of Texas German. Durham NC: Duke University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Bücherl, Rainald & Keel, William D
    1996 The Catholic Bukovinians in Kansas and Their Bohemian German Dialect. InGerman Emigration from Bukovina to the Americas, William D. Keel & Kurt Rein (eds), 277–284. Lawrence KS: Max Kade Center for German-American Studies.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Cardinaletti, Anna
    1992 On cliticization in Germanic languages. Rivista di Grammatica Generativa17: 65–99.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. 1999 Pronouns in Germanic and Romanic languages: An overview. InClitics in the Languages of Europe, Henk van Riemsdijk (ed.), 33–82. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Chomsky, Noam
    1995 The Minimalist Program. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Christl-Sorcan, Astrid & Eller, Nicole
    2008  Iazd muasst deitschbehmisch redn, ned des Englisch! Deutschböhmische Dialekte in Kansas und Minnesota. Klagenfurter Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft34: 58–76.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Clark, Robin & Roberts, Ian
    1993 A computational model of language learnability and language change. Linguistic Inquiry24: 299–345.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. den Besten, Hans
    1983 On the interaction of root transformations and lexical deletive rules. InOn the Formal Syntax of the Westgermania [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 3], Werner Abraham (ed.), 47–131. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.3.03bes
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.3.03bes [Google Scholar]
  16. Eller, Nicole
    2006 Syntax des bairischen Basisdialekts im Böhmerwald. Regensburg: Regensburger Dialektforum.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Fuß, Eric
    2004 Diachronic clues to pro-drop and complementizer agreement in Bavarian. InDiachronic Clues to Synchronic Grammar [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 72], Eric Fuß & Carola Trips (eds), 59–100. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.72.04fus
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.72.04fus [Google Scholar]
  18. 2005 The Rise of Agreement [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 81]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.81
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.81 [Google Scholar]
  19. Fuß, Eric & Wratil, Melani
    2013 Der Nullsubjektzyklus. Etablierung und Verlust von Nullargumenten. InSprachwandelvergleich, Jürg Fleischer & Horst Simon (eds), Tübingen: Niemeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Grewendorf, Günther
    1988 Aspekte der deutschen Syntax. Tübingen: Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Haegeman, Liliane
    1992 Theory and Description in Generative Syntax: A Case Study in West Flemish. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 1997 Verb second, the split CP and null subjects. In Early Dutch Finite Clauses. GenGenP4(2): 133–175.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Halle, Morris
    1997 Distributed morphology: Impoverishment and fission. In MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 30: PF: Papers At the Interface, Benjamin Bruening , Yoonjung Kang , & Martha McGinnis (eds), 425–450. Cambridge MA: Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Harbert, Wayne
    2007 The Germanic Languages. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Harris, Alice C. & Campbell, Lyle
    1995 Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620553
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620553 [Google Scholar]
  26. Keel, William. D
    1981 On dialect mixture: The case of Ellis County (Kansas) Volga-German. InProceedings of the Mid-America Linguistics Conference 1981, Tina Bennett-Kastor (ed.), 320–325. Wichita.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Kiparsky, Paul
    1973 Elsewhere in phonology. InA Festschrift for Morris Halle, Stephen R. Anderson & Paul Kiparsky (eds), 93–106. New York NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 1995 The Indo-European origins of Germanic syntax. InClause Structure and Language Change, Adrian Battye & Ian Roberts (eds), 140–170. Oxford: OUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Lehmann, Christian
    1985 Grammaticalization: Synchronic variation and diachronic change. Lingua e Stile20: 303–318.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Lessiak, Primus
    1963 Die Mundart von Kärnten in Pernegg. Marburg: N.G. Elwert.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Lightfoot, David
    1997 Shifting triggers and diachronic reanalyses. InParameters of Morphosyntactic Change, Ans van Kemenade & Nigel Vincent (eds), 253–272. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Lunte, Gabriele M
    2006 Besondere Dialektmerkmale der bairisch-deutschböhmischen Mundart von Ellis, Kansas, USA. InSprachinselwelten – The World of Language Island, Nina Berend & Elisabeth Knipf-Komlósi (eds). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. 2007 The Catholic Bohemian German of Ellis County, Kansas. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Palmer, Frank R
    2001 Mood and Modality, 2nd edn. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139167178
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139167178 [Google Scholar]
  35. Pohl, Heinz-Dieter
    1989 Kleine Kärntner Mundartkunde mit Wörterbuch. Klagenfurt: Heyn.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Rein, Kurt
    1996 Bukovina on the eve of emigration. InGerman Emigration from Bukovina to the Americas, William D. Keel & Kurt Rein (eds), 37–44. Lawrence KS: Max Kade Center for German-American Studies. doi: 10.1021/cm9503691
     https://doi.org/10.1021/cm9503691 [Google Scholar]
  37. Ronneberger-Sibold, Elke
    1994 Konservative Nominalflexion und “klammerndes Verfahren” im Deutschen. InFunktionale Untersuchungen zur deutschen Nominal- und Verbalmorphologie, Klaus Michael Köpcke (ed.), 115–130. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Szczepaniak, Renata
    2009 Grammatikalisierung im Deutschen. Tübingen: Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Tišerová, Pavla
    2008 Tschechien. InHandbuch der deutschen Sprachminderheiten in Mittel- und Osteuropa, Ludwig M. Eichinger , Albrecht Plewnia & Claudia Maria Riehl (eds), 171–242. Tübingen: Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Thomason, Sarah
    2001 Language Contact. Edinburgh: EUP. doi: 10.1016/B0‑08‑043076‑7/03032‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03032-1 [Google Scholar]
  41. Wackernagel, Jacob
    1892 Über ein Gesetz der indogermanischen Wortstellung. Indogermanische Forschungen1: 333–436.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Weerman, Fred
    1989 The V2 Conspiracy. A Synchronic and Diachronic Analysis of Verbal Positions in Germanic Languages. Dordrecht: Foris.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Weiß, Helmut
    1998 Die Syntax des Bairischen. Studien zur Grammatik einer natürlichen Sprache. Tübingen: Niemeyer. doi: 10.1055/s‑2008‑1061835
     https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1061835 [Google Scholar]
  44. 2005 Inflected complementizers in Continental West Germanic dialects. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik (ZDL)72(2): 148–166.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Wiesinger, Peter
    1989 Die Flexionsmorphologie des Verbums im Bairischen. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Wratil, Melani
    2013 Double agreement in the Alpine languages. InSynchrony and Diachrony. A Dynamic Interface [Studies in Language Companion Series 133], Anna Giacalone-Ramat , Caterina Mauri & Piera Molinelli (eds), 201–236. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/slcs.133.09wra
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.133.09wra [Google Scholar]
  47. Zwart, Jan-Wouter
    1997 Morphosyntax of Verb Movement. A Minimalist Approach to the Syntax of Dutch. Dordrecht: Kluwer. doi: 10.1007/978‑94‑011‑5880‑0
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5880-0 [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Abraham, Werner & Wiegel, Anko
    1993 Reduktionsformen und Kasussynkretismus bei deutschen und niederländischen Pronomina. InDialektsyntax, Werner Abraham & Josef Bayer (eds), 12–49. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978‑3‑322‑97032‑9_2
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-97032-9_2 [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson, Stephen R
    1992 A-morphous Morphology. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511586262
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511586262 [Google Scholar]
  3. 1993 Wackernagel’s revenge: Clitics, morphology and the syntax of second position. Language69: 68–98. doi: 10.2307/416416
     https://doi.org/10.2307/416416 [Google Scholar]
  4. Axel, Katrin & Weiß, Helmut
    2011  Pro-drop in the history of German – From Old High German to the modern dialects. InNull Pronouns, Melani Wratil & Peter Gallmann (eds), 21–52. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Bayer, Josef
    1984 COMP in Bavarian Syntax. The Linguistic Review3: 209–274. doi: 10.1515/tlir.1984.3.3.209
     https://doi.org/10.1515/tlir.1984.3.3.209 [Google Scholar]
  6. Boas, Hans C
    2002 The Texas German Dialect Project (TGDP). www.tgdp.org (4 June 2014).
     [Google Scholar]
  7. 2003 Tracing dialect death: The Texas German dialect project. InProceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Julie Larson & Mary Paster (eds), 387–398. Berkeley CA: BLS.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. 2009 The Life and Death of Texas German. Durham NC: Duke University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Bücherl, Rainald & Keel, William D
    1996 The Catholic Bukovinians in Kansas and Their Bohemian German Dialect. InGerman Emigration from Bukovina to the Americas, William D. Keel & Kurt Rein (eds), 277–284. Lawrence KS: Max Kade Center for German-American Studies.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Cardinaletti, Anna
    1992 On cliticization in Germanic languages. Rivista di Grammatica Generativa17: 65–99.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. 1999 Pronouns in Germanic and Romanic languages: An overview. InClitics in the Languages of Europe, Henk van Riemsdijk (ed.), 33–82. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Chomsky, Noam
    1995 The Minimalist Program. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Christl-Sorcan, Astrid & Eller, Nicole
    2008  Iazd muasst deitschbehmisch redn, ned des Englisch! Deutschböhmische Dialekte in Kansas und Minnesota. Klagenfurter Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft34: 58–76.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Clark, Robin & Roberts, Ian
    1993 A computational model of language learnability and language change. Linguistic Inquiry24: 299–345.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. den Besten, Hans
    1983 On the interaction of root transformations and lexical deletive rules. InOn the Formal Syntax of the Westgermania [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 3], Werner Abraham (ed.), 47–131. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.3.03bes
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.3.03bes [Google Scholar]
  16. Eller, Nicole
    2006 Syntax des bairischen Basisdialekts im Böhmerwald. Regensburg: Regensburger Dialektforum.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Fuß, Eric
    2004 Diachronic clues to pro-drop and complementizer agreement in Bavarian. InDiachronic Clues to Synchronic Grammar [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 72], Eric Fuß & Carola Trips (eds), 59–100. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.72.04fus
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.72.04fus [Google Scholar]
  18. 2005 The Rise of Agreement [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 81]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/la.81
     https://doi.org/10.1075/la.81 [Google Scholar]
  19. Fuß, Eric & Wratil, Melani
    2013 Der Nullsubjektzyklus. Etablierung und Verlust von Nullargumenten. InSprachwandelvergleich, Jürg Fleischer & Horst Simon (eds), Tübingen: Niemeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Grewendorf, Günther
    1988 Aspekte der deutschen Syntax. Tübingen: Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Haegeman, Liliane
    1992 Theory and Description in Generative Syntax: A Case Study in West Flemish. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 1997 Verb second, the split CP and null subjects. In Early Dutch Finite Clauses. GenGenP4(2): 133–175.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Halle, Morris
    1997 Distributed morphology: Impoverishment and fission. In MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 30: PF: Papers At the Interface, Benjamin Bruening , Yoonjung Kang , & Martha McGinnis (eds), 425–450. Cambridge MA: Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Harbert, Wayne
    2007 The Germanic Languages. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Harris, Alice C. & Campbell, Lyle
    1995 Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620553
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620553 [Google Scholar]
  26. Keel, William. D
    1981 On dialect mixture: The case of Ellis County (Kansas) Volga-German. InProceedings of the Mid-America Linguistics Conference 1981, Tina Bennett-Kastor (ed.), 320–325. Wichita.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Kiparsky, Paul
    1973 Elsewhere in phonology. InA Festschrift for Morris Halle, Stephen R. Anderson & Paul Kiparsky (eds), 93–106. New York NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 1995 The Indo-European origins of Germanic syntax. InClause Structure and Language Change, Adrian Battye & Ian Roberts (eds), 140–170. Oxford: OUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Lehmann, Christian
    1985 Grammaticalization: Synchronic variation and diachronic change. Lingua e Stile20: 303–318.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Lessiak, Primus
    1963 Die Mundart von Kärnten in Pernegg. Marburg: N.G. Elwert.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Lightfoot, David
    1997 Shifting triggers and diachronic reanalyses. InParameters of Morphosyntactic Change, Ans van Kemenade & Nigel Vincent (eds), 253–272. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Lunte, Gabriele M
    2006 Besondere Dialektmerkmale der bairisch-deutschböhmischen Mundart von Ellis, Kansas, USA. InSprachinselwelten – The World of Language Island, Nina Berend & Elisabeth Knipf-Komlósi (eds). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. 2007 The Catholic Bohemian German of Ellis County, Kansas. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Palmer, Frank R
    2001 Mood and Modality, 2nd edn. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139167178
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139167178 [Google Scholar]
  35. Pohl, Heinz-Dieter
    1989 Kleine Kärntner Mundartkunde mit Wörterbuch. Klagenfurt: Heyn.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Rein, Kurt
    1996 Bukovina on the eve of emigration. InGerman Emigration from Bukovina to the Americas, William D. Keel & Kurt Rein (eds), 37–44. Lawrence KS: Max Kade Center for German-American Studies. doi: 10.1021/cm9503691
     https://doi.org/10.1021/cm9503691 [Google Scholar]
  37. Ronneberger-Sibold, Elke
    1994 Konservative Nominalflexion und “klammerndes Verfahren” im Deutschen. InFunktionale Untersuchungen zur deutschen Nominal- und Verbalmorphologie, Klaus Michael Köpcke (ed.), 115–130. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Szczepaniak, Renata
    2009 Grammatikalisierung im Deutschen. Tübingen: Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Tišerová, Pavla
    2008 Tschechien. InHandbuch der deutschen Sprachminderheiten in Mittel- und Osteuropa, Ludwig M. Eichinger , Albrecht Plewnia & Claudia Maria Riehl (eds), 171–242. Tübingen: Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Thomason, Sarah
    2001 Language Contact. Edinburgh: EUP. doi: 10.1016/B0‑08‑043076‑7/03032‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03032-1 [Google Scholar]
  41. Wackernagel, Jacob
    1892 Über ein Gesetz der indogermanischen Wortstellung. Indogermanische Forschungen1: 333–436.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Weerman, Fred
    1989 The V2 Conspiracy. A Synchronic and Diachronic Analysis of Verbal Positions in Germanic Languages. Dordrecht: Foris.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Weiß, Helmut
    1998 Die Syntax des Bairischen. Studien zur Grammatik einer natürlichen Sprache. Tübingen: Niemeyer. doi: 10.1055/s‑2008‑1061835
     https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1061835 [Google Scholar]
  44. 2005 Inflected complementizers in Continental West Germanic dialects. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik (ZDL)72(2): 148–166.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Wiesinger, Peter
    1989 Die Flexionsmorphologie des Verbums im Bairischen. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Wratil, Melani
    2013 Double agreement in the Alpine languages. InSynchrony and Diachrony. A Dynamic Interface [Studies in Language Companion Series 133], Anna Giacalone-Ramat , Caterina Mauri & Piera Molinelli (eds), 201–236. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/slcs.133.09wra
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.133.09wra [Google Scholar]
  47. Zwart, Jan-Wouter
    1997 Morphosyntax of Verb Movement. A Minimalist Approach to the Syntax of Dutch. Dordrecht: Kluwer. doi: 10.1007/978‑94‑011‑5880‑0
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5880-0 [Google Scholar]

  • From This Site

    /content/books/9789027269355-la.220.04wra
    dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal
    10
    5
/content/books/9789027269355-la.220.04wra
dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Journal
10
5
Chapter
content/books/9789027269355
Book
false
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error