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At the crossroads of variation studies and corpus linguistics

The analysis of past tense and past participle forms

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Past tense and past participle forms of the type learned / learnt or burned / burnt have been studied both in variationist and corpus linguistics. As the variation is based on a phonological difference in the spoken language, it is rather important to ascertain whether the forms analysed in the different corpora reliably represent the pronunciation of the verb-forms. It will therefore be a major aim of this contribution to explore the relationship between the written verb-forms and their actual pronunciation in the spoken language. A variety of sources are used, namely pronouncing dictionaries, some traditional descriptions of the verb-forms and dialectological studies on both British and American varieties. Finally, the results of a pilot-study with a group of American students are presented in detail.

References

  1. Atwood, E.B
    1967 A Survey of Verb Forms in the Eastern United States, 2nd printing. Ann Arbor MI: The University of Michigan Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Biber, D. , Johansson, S. , Leech, G. , Conrad, S. & Finegan, E
    1999 Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Cruttenden, A
    2008 Gimson’s Pronunciation of English, 7th edn. London: Hodder Education.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Crystal, D
    2003 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Fowler, H.W
    1926 A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, reprint 1954. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Jespersen, O
    1942 A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI: Morphology. London: George Allen & Unwin.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Jones, D.
    (ed.) 2011 English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Levin, M
    2009 The formation of the preterite and the past participle. InOne Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English, G. Rohdenburg & J. Schlüter (eds), 60–85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511551970.004
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551970.004 [Google Scholar]
  9. Mayor, M . et al. (
    eds) 2009 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 5th edn. Harlow: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Orton, H . et al.
    1962–1971 Survey of English Dialects. The Basic Material. Leeds: E.J. Arnold.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Quirk, R. , Greenbaum, S. , Leech, G. & Svartvik, J
    1985 A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Trudgill, P. & Hannah, J
    2008 International English. A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 5th edn. London: Hodder Education.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Viereck, W. & Ramisch, H
    1991 & 1997 The Computer Developed Linguistic Atlas of England, 2 vols. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Wells, J.
    (ed.) 2008 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd edn. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Atwood, E.B
    1967 A Survey of Verb Forms in the Eastern United States, 2nd printing. Ann Arbor MI: The University of Michigan Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Biber, D. , Johansson, S. , Leech, G. , Conrad, S. & Finegan, E
    1999 Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Cruttenden, A
    2008 Gimson’s Pronunciation of English, 7th edn. London: Hodder Education.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Crystal, D
    2003 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Fowler, H.W
    1926 A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, reprint 1954. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Jespersen, O
    1942 A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI: Morphology. London: George Allen & Unwin.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Jones, D.
    (ed.) 2011 English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Levin, M
    2009 The formation of the preterite and the past participle. InOne Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English, G. Rohdenburg & J. Schlüter (eds), 60–85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511551970.004
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551970.004 [Google Scholar]
  9. Mayor, M . et al. (
    eds) 2009 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 5th edn. Harlow: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Orton, H . et al.
    1962–1971 Survey of English Dialects. The Basic Material. Leeds: E.J. Arnold.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Quirk, R. , Greenbaum, S. , Leech, G. & Svartvik, J
    1985 A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Trudgill, P. & Hannah, J
    2008 International English. A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 5th edn. London: Hodder Education.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Viereck, W. & Ramisch, H
    1991 & 1997 The Computer Developed Linguistic Atlas of England, 2 vols. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Wells, J.
    (ed.) 2008 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd edn. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]

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