1887
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Old Northumbrian Verbal Morphosyntax and the (Northern) Subject Rule

Old Northumbrian Verbal Morphosyntax and the (Northern) Subject Rule

image of Old Northumbrian Verbal Morphosyntax and the (Northern) Subject Rule
GBP
Buy:£83.00 + Taxes

This volume provides both a quantitative statistical and qualitative analysis of Late Northumbrian verbal morphosyntax as recorded in the Old English interlinear gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels. It focuses in particular on the attestation of the subject type and adjacency constraints that characterise the so-called Northern Subject Rule concord system. The study presents new evidence which challenges the traditional Early Middle English dating attributed to the emergence of subject-type concord in the North of England and demonstrates that the syntactic configuration of the Northern Subject Rule was already a feature of Old English. By setting the Northumbrian developments within a broad framework of diachronic and diatopic variation, in which manifestations of subject-type concord are explored in a wide range of varieties of English, the author argues that a concord system based on subject type rather than person/number features is in fact a far less local and more universal tendency in English than previously believed.

References

  1. Adger, D. & J. Smith
    2005 Variation and the Minimalist Program. In K. Corrigan & L. Cornips (eds.), Syntax and Variation: Reconciling the Biological and Social , 149–178. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.265.10adg
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.265.10adg [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderwald, L
    2001  Was/Were-Variation in Non-Standard British English Today. English World-Wide22.1–21. doi: 10.1075/eww.22.1.02and
     https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.22.1.02and [Google Scholar]
  3. Backhouse, J
    1981  The Lindisfarne Gospels . Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Bailey, G. & G. Ross
    1988 The Shape of the Superstrate: Morphosyntactic Features of Ship English. English World-Wide9.193–212. doi: 10.1075/eww.9.2.04bai
     https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.9.2.04bai [Google Scholar]
  5. Bailey, G ., N. Maynor & P. Cukor-Avila
    1989 Variation in Subject-Verb Concord in Early Modern English. Language Variation and Change1.285–300. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500000193
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000193 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bailey, R.N. & R. Cramps
    1988 Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. Volume II. Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Ball, C
    1991 Inconsistencies in the Main Runic Inscriptions of the Ruthwell Cross. In A. Bammesberger (ed.), Old English Runes and their Continental Background , 107–123. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bazell, C.E
    1955 Second for Third Singular in Old Norse. Litera2.27–31.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Beal, J. & K. Corrigan
    2000 Comparing the Present with the Past to Predict the Future for Tyneside English. Newcastle and Durham Working Papers in Linguistics6.13–30.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Benskin, M
    2011 Present Indicative Plural Concord in Brittonic and Early English. Transactions of the Philological Society109.158–185. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑968X.2011.01279.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968X.2011.01279.x [Google Scholar]
  11. Benveniste, E
    1966  Problèmes de Linguistique Génèrale . Paris: Gallimard.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 1968 Mutations of Linguistic Categories. In W.P. Lehmann & Y. Malkiel (eds.), Directions for Historical Linguistics , 85–94. Austin: University of Texas Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Bergen, L. van
    2003 Pronouns and Word Order in Old English with Particular Reference to the Indefinite Pronoun “Man”, Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics. New York: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. 2008 Negative Contraction and Old English Dialects: Evidence from Glosses and Prose. Part I.Neuphilologische Mitteilungen109.275–312.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Berndt, R
    1956  Form und Funktion des Verbums im nördlichen Spätaltenglischen: eine Untersuchung der grammatischen Formen und ihrer syntakischen Beziehungsbedeutungen in der groen sprechlichen Umbruchsperiode . Halle: Niemeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. 1989  A History of the English Language . 3rd ed.Leipzig: VebVerlag Engyklopädie.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Blakeley, L
    1949/50 The Lindisfarne s/ð problem. Studia Neophilologica22.15–47. doi: 10.1080/00393274908587038
     https://doi.org/10.1080/00393274908587038 [Google Scholar]
  18. Boling, B.D
    2003 Appendix 1. Text and Language. In K.A. Millar , A. Schrier , B.D. Boling & D.N. Doyle (eds.), Irish Immigrants in the Land of Canaan. Letters and Memoirs From Colonial and Revolutionary America, 1675–1815 , 649–656. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Börjars, K. & C. Chapman
    1998 Agreement and Pro-Drop in some Dialects of English. Linguistics36.71–98. doi: 10.1515/ling.1998.36.1.71
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1998.36.1.71 [Google Scholar]
  20. Bouterwek, K.W
    (ed) 1857 Die vier Evangelien in alt-northumbrischer Sprache. Gütersloh.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Boyd, W.J.P
    1975 Aldred’s Marginalia. Explanatory Comments in the Lindisfarne Gospels. Exeter: University of Exeter.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Bremmer, R.H
    2009  An Introduction to Old Frisian . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/z.147
     https://doi.org/10.1075/z.147 [Google Scholar]
  23. Britain, D
    2002 Diffusion, Levelling, Simplification and Reallocation in Past Tense BE in the English Fens. Journal of Sociolinguistics6.16–43. doi: 10.1111/1467‑9481.00175
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00175 [Google Scholar]
  24. Britain, D. & L. Rupp
    2005 Subject-Verb Agreement in English Dialects: The East Anglian Subject Rule. Conference paper, 3rd International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE), Amsterdam, 24 June 2005.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Brown, M.P
    2003 The Lindisfarne Gospels: Society, Spirituality and the Scribe. London: The British Library.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Brunner, A
    1947/48 A Note on the Distribution of the Variant Forms of the Lindisfarne Gospels. English and Germanic Studies1.32–52.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Brunner, K
    1948 Abriß der Mittelenglischen Grammatik. 2nd edn. Halle: Niemeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 1965 Altenglische Grammatik (nach der angelsächsischen Grammatik von Eduard Sievers neubearbeitet). 3rd edn. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. 1970 An Outline of Middle English Grammar. Trans. Grahame Johnston. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Buchstaller, I ., K. Corrigan , A. Holmberg , P. Honeybone & W. Maguire
    2013 Investigating Convergence in Morpho-syntactic and Phonological Variability: A Case Study in 2 Localities. English Language and Linguistics17.85–128. doi: 10.1017/S1360674312000330
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674312000330 [Google Scholar]
  31. Bybee, J
    2000 The Phonology of the Lexicon: Evidence from Lexical diffusion. In S. Kemmer & M. Barlow (eds.), Usage-Based Models of Language , 65–86. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. 2002 Word Frequency and Context of Use in the Lexical Diffusion of Phonetically Conditioned Sound Change. Language Variation and Change14.261–290. doi: 10.1017/S0954394502143018
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394502143018 [Google Scholar]
  33. 2007  Frequency of Use and the Organisation of Language . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301571.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301571.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  34. Campbell, A
    1959  Old English Grammar . Oxford: Clarendon Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Carey, K
    1995 Subjectification and the Development of the English Perfect. In D. Stein & S. Wright (eds.), Subjectivity and Subjectivisation , 83–102. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511554469.005
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511554469.005 [Google Scholar]
  36. Cedergren, H.J. & D. Sankoff
    1974 Variable Rules: Performance as a Statistical Reflection of Competence. Language50.333–355. doi: 10.2307/412441
     https://doi.org/10.2307/412441 [Google Scholar]
  37. Chadwick, D.E
    1934 An Index Verborum to the Lindisfarne Gospels. Leeds: M.A. dissertation, University of Leeds.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Chambers, J.K
    1995  Sociolinguistic Theory . Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. 2004 Dynamic Typology and Vernacular Universals. In B. Kortmann (ed.), Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective , 127–146. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Chapman, C
    1998 A Subject-Verb Agreement Hierarchy: Evidence from Analogical Change in Modern English Dialects. In R. Hogg , J. Smith & L. van Bergen (eds.), Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Historical Linguistics , 35–44. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Chen,M. & W.S.-Y. Wang
    1975 Sound Change: Actuation and Implementation. Language51.255–281. doi: 10.2307/412854
     https://doi.org/10.2307/412854 [Google Scholar]
  42. Cheshire, J ., V. Edwards & P. Whittle
    1993 Non-Standard English and Dialect Levelling. In J. Milroy & L. Milroy (eds.), Real English: The Grammar of English Dialects in the British Isles , 53–96. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Christian, D ., W. Wolfram & N. Dube
    1988 Variation and Change in Geographically Isolated Communities: Appalachian English and Ozark English. Publication of the American Dialect Society 74. Tusca Loosa: Universty of Alabama Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Clark, L
    2012 Dialect Data, Lexical Frequency and the Usage-Based Approach. In G. de Vogelear & G. Seiler (eds.), The Dialect Laboratory: Dialects as a Testing Ground for Theories of Language Change , Studies in Language Companion Series 128, 53–72. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/slcs.128.03cla
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.128.03cla [Google Scholar]
  45. Clark, L. & G. Trousdale
    2009 The Role of Frequency in Phonological Change: Evidence from TH-fronting in East-Central Scotland. English Language and Linguistics13.33–55. doi: 10.1017/S1360674308002852
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674308002852 [Google Scholar]
  46. Clarke, S
    2004 Verbal-s Reconsidered: The Subject Type Constraint as a Diagnostic of Historical Transatlantic Relationship. In C. Kay et al . (eds.), New Perspectives on English Historical Linguistics: Selected Papers from ICEHL 12 , Glasgow , 21–26 August 2002. Volume I: Syntax and Morphology, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 252, 1–13. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. 1997 English Verbal-s Revisited: The Evidence from Newfoundland. American Speech72.227–259. doi: 10.2307/455653
     https://doi.org/10.2307/455653 [Google Scholar]
  48. Cole, M
    2008 What is the Northern Subject Rule? The Resilience of a Medieval Constraint in Tyneside English. Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval Language and Literature (SELIM)15.91–114.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. 2012 The Old English Origins of the Northern Subject Rule: Evidence from the Lindisfarne Gloss to the Gospels of John and Mark. In M. Stenroos , M. Mäkinen & I. Særheim (eds.), Language Contact and Development around the North Sea , Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 321, 141–168. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.321.08col
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.321.08col [Google Scholar]
  50. Forthcoming Identifying the Author(s) of the Lindisfarne Gloss: Linguistic Variation as a Diagnostic for Determining Authorship. In J. Fernández-Cuesta & S.M. Pons-Sanz (eds.). Forthcoming.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Collingwood, W.G
    1911 A Rune-Inscribed Anglian Cross-Shaft at Urswick Church. Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmoreland Antiquarian and Archaelogical Society XI, new series: 462–468.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Combrink, J
    1978 Afrikaans: its Origin and Development. In L.W. Lanham & K. P. Prinsloo (eds.), Language and Communication Studies in South Africa , 69–95. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Cook, A.S
    1894 A Glossary of the Old Northumbrian Gospels. Halle.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Corrigan, K.P ., J.C. Beal & H.L. Moisl
    2001–2005 The Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English (NECTE) (www.ncl.ac.uk/necte/). Newcastle University.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Crozier, A
    1984 The Scotch-Irish Influence on American English. American Speech59.310–331. doi: 10.2307/454783
     https://doi.org/10.2307/454783 [Google Scholar]
  56. Cukor-Avila, P
    1997 Change and Stability in the Use of Verbal-s over Time in AAVE. In E.W. Schneider (ed.), Englishes Around the World. Volume I: General Studies, British Isles, North America , 295–306. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/veaw.g18.26cuk
     https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g18.26cuk [Google Scholar]
  57. DOEC : Antonette diPaolo Healey et al
    . Dictionary of Old English Web Corpus 2007 Toronto: University of Toronto. www.doe.utoronto.ca/pages/pub/web-coprus.html
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Dutton Kellum, M
    1906 The Language of the North Gloss to the Gospel of St. Luke. New York: H. Holtan.
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Eisikovits, E
    1991 Variation in Subject-Verb Agreement in Inner Sydney English. In J. Cheshire (ed.), English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives , 235–255. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511611889.017
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611889.017 [Google Scholar]
  60. Ekwall, E
    1963 Some Cases of Scandinavian Sound Substitution. In O. Arngart (ed.), Selected Papers , 88–91. Lundi: C.W.K: Gleerup.
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Elliott, C.O. & A.S.C. Ross
    1972 Aldrediana XXIV: The Linguistic Peculiarities of the Gloss to St. John’s Gospel. English Philological Studies13.49–72.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Erker, D. & G. Guy
    2012 The Role of Lexical Frequency in Syntactic Variability: Variable Subject Personal Pronoun Expression in Spanish. Language88.526–557. doi: 10.1353/lan.2012.0050
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2012.0050 [Google Scholar]
  63. Evans, D.S
    1971 Concord in Middle Welsh. Studia Celtica6.42–56.
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Feagin, C
    1979 Variation and Change in Alabama English: Sociolinguistic Study of the White Community. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Ferguson, C.A
    1995 Variation and Drift: Loss of Agreement in Germanic. In G.R. Guy , C. Feagin , D. Schiffrin & J. Baugh (eds.), Towards a Social Science of Languages. Volume I: Variation and Changes in Language and Society , Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 127, 173–198. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Fernández-Cuesta, J
    2011 The Northern Subject Rule in First-Person Singular Contexts in Early Modern English. Folia Linguistica Historica32.89–114.
     [Google Scholar]
  67. . In press. The Voice of the Dead: Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation in Early Modern English Wills and Testaments. Journal of English Linguistics.
     [Google Scholar]
  68. . Forthcoming. Stripping the Gloss: Revisiting the Manuscript of the Lindisfarne Gospels. In J. Fernández-Cuesta & S.M. Pons-Sanz (eds.). Forthcoming.
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Fernández-Cuesta, J. & S.M. Pons-Sanz
    (eds.). Forthcoming. The Old English Glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels: Language, Author and Context. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Fernández-Cuesta, J. & M.N. Rodríguez-Ledesma
    2004 Northern Features in Fifteenth and Sixteenth-Century Legal Documents from Yorkshire. In M. Dossena & R. Lass (eds.), Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology , 287–308. Bern: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  71. 2007 From Old Northumbrian to Northern Middle English: Bridging the Divide. In G. Mazzon (ed.), Studies in Middle English Forms and Meanings , Studies in English Medieval Language and Literature 19, 117–133. Bern: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  72. File-Muriel,R. & E. Brown
    2010 The Gradient Nature of s-Lenition in Caleño Spanish. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics16.46–55.
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Filppula, M
    1999 The Grammar of Irish English. Language in Hibernian Style. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Filppula, M ., J. Klemola & H. Paulasto
    (eds) 2008 English and Celtic in Contact, Routledge Studies in Germanic Linguistics 13. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Forsström, G
    1948 The Verb “to be” in Middle English: A Survey of the Forms. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerup.
     [Google Scholar]
  76. FRED : Kortmann, B . et al
    2000–2005  Freiburg English Dialect Project and Corpus . Freiburg: University of Freiburg.
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Füchsel, H
    1901 Die Sprache der Northumbrischen Interlinearversion zum Iohannes Evangelium. Anglia NF12.1–99. doi: 10.1515/angl.1901.1901.24.1
     https://doi.org/10.1515/angl.1901.1901.24.1 [Google Scholar]
  78. García-Bermejo Giner, M.F. & M. Montgomery
    1997 British Regional English in the 19th century. The Evidence from Emigrant Letters. In A.R. Thomas (ed.), Issues and Methods in Dialectology , 167–183. Bangor: Department of Linguistics, University of Wales, Bangor.
     [Google Scholar]
  79. (eds) 2003 The Knaresborough Workhouse Daybook: Language and Life in 18th Century North Yorkshire. Quacks Books and the Yorkshire Dialect Society.
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Givón, T
    1976 Topic, Pronoun and Grammatical Agreement. In C.N. Li (ed.), Subject and Topic , 149–188. New York: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Godfrey, E. & S. Tagliamonte
    1999 Another Piece for the Verbal-s Story: Evidence from Devon in Southwest England. Language Variation and Change11.87–121. doi: 10.1017/S0954394599111050
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394599111050 [Google Scholar]
  82. Goeman, A.C.M
    1983 Aspecten van de Vervoeging van her Presens. In J. Stroop (ed.), Nederlands Dialectonderzoek. Artikelen uit de periode 1927–1982, 185–210. Amsterdam: Huis aan de Drie Grachten.
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Gries, S
    2005 Syntactic Priming: A Corpus-Based Approach. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research34.365–399. doi: 10.1007/s10936‑005‑6139‑3
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-005-6139-3 [Google Scholar]
  84. Gries,S. & M. Hilpert
    2010 Modeling Diachronic Change in the Third Person Singular: A Multifactorial, Verb and Author Specific Explanatory Approach. English Language and Linguistics14.293–320. doi: 10.1017/S1360674310000092
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674310000092 [Google Scholar]
  85. Guy, G.R
    1980 Variation in the Group and the Individual: The Case of Final Stop Deletion. In W. Labov (ed.), Locating Language in Time and Space , 1–36. New York: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  86. 1988 Advanced Varbrul Analysis. In K. Ferrara et al . (eds.), Linguistic Change and Contact , 124–136. Austin, TX: Department of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin.
     [Google Scholar]
  87. 1991 Explanation in Variable Phonology: An Exponential Model of Morphological Constraints. Language Variation and Change3.1–22. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500000429
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000429 [Google Scholar]
  88. 2010 Goldvarb, Still the Gold Standard.Paper presented at the New Ways of Analysing Variation Conference (NWAV 39), San Antonio, Texas, November 2010.
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Haas, N. de
    2008 The Origins of the Northern Subject Rule. In M. Dossena , R. Dury & M. Gotti (eds.), English Historical Linguistics 2006. Volume III: Geo-Historical Variation in English , 111–130. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.297.07haa
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.297.07haa [Google Scholar]
  90. 2011  Morphosyntactic Variation in Northern English: The Northern Subject Rule, its Origins and Early History . Utrecht: LOT.
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Haas, N. de & A. van Kemenade
    2009 Dialect Syntax and the Rise of the Northern Subject Rule. Manuscript, Radboud University Nijmegen. Version dated 4 August, 2009.
  92. Haeberli, E
    2000 Adjuncts and the Syntax of Subjects in Old and Middle English. In S. Pintzuk , G. Tsoulas & A. Warner (eds.), Diachronic Syntax: Models and Mechanisms , 109–131. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Hamp, E.P
    1975/76 Miscellania Celtica I, II, III, IV. Studia Celtica10/11.54–73.
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Harris, J
    1993 The Grammar of Irish English. In J. Milroy & L. Milroy (eds.), Real English: The Grammar of English Dialects in the British Isles , 139–186. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Haugen, E
    1976 The Scandinavian Languages. London: Faber and Faber.
     [Google Scholar]
  96. 1981 Language Fragmentation in Scandinavia: Revolt of the Minorities. In E. Haugen (ed.), Minority Languages Today , 100–119. Edinburgh: University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  97. 1982  Scandinavian Language Structures: A Comparative Historical Survey . Tübingen: Niemeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Hay, J. & D. Schreier
    2004 Reversing the Trajectory of Language Change: Subject-Verb Agreement with ‘be’ in New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change16.209–235. doi: 10.1017/S0954394504163047
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394504163047 [Google Scholar]
  99. Henry, A
    1995  Belfast English and Standard English: Dialect variation and Parameter Setting . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Hodges, R
    1643 Special Help to Orthography. C.C.F. Ann Arbor (ed.), 1932 (facs., limited edn).
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Hoek, M. van der
    2010 Palatalization In West Germanic. PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota.
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Hoekstra, J
    2001 Zu einem Problem der Frisistik: der Übergang der Präs. Plur.- Endung -ath zu -a. In R. Peters , H.P. Pütz & U. Weber (eds.), Vulpis Adolatio. Festschrift für Hubertus Menke zum 60. Geburtstag , 341–361. Heidelberg: Winter.
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Hogg, R
    1992 A Grammar of Old English. Volume I: Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  104. 2004 The Spread of Negative Contraction in Early English. In A. Curzan & K. Emmons (eds.), Studies in the History of the English Language. Volume II: Unfolding Conversations , Topics in English Linguistics 45, 459–482. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Hogg, R. & R.D. Fulk
    2011 A Grammar of Old English. Volume II: Morphology. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Holmqvist, E
    1922  On the History of the English Present Inflexion, Particularly -ð and -s . Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Hooper, J. Bybee
    1976 Word Frequency in Lexical Diffusion and the Source of Morphophonological Change. In W. Christie (ed.), Current Progress in Historical Linguistics , 96–105. Amsterdam: North Holland.
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Horn, W
    1921 Sprachkörper und Sprachfunktion. Berlin: Mayer & Müller.
     [Google Scholar]
  109. 1923 Sprachkörper und Sprachfunktion, 2nd edn, Leipzig: Mayer & Müller.
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Hudson, R. & J. Holmes
    1995 Children’s Use of Spoken Standard English. London: School Curriculum and Assessment Authority.
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Ihalainen, O
    1994 The Dialects of England since 1776. In R. Burchfield (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language. Volume V: English in Britain and Overseas: Origin and Development , 197–270. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Isaac, G
    2003 Diagnosing the Symptoms of Contact: Some Celtic-English Case Histories. In H. Tristam (ed.), The Celtic Englishes III , 46–64. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Jackson, K.H
    1953  Language and History in Early Britain . Edinburgh University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Jespersen, O
    [1909] 1949  A Modern English Grammar. Part VI: Morphology . Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Jiriczek, O
    1925/26 Der Lautwert der Rune R zur Wikingerzeit. Engliche Studien60.217–237.
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Jolly, K
    Forthcoming The Process of Glossing and Glossing as Process: Scholarship and Education in Durham A.iv.19. In J. Fernández-Cuesta & S.M. Pons-Sanz (eds.). Forthcoming.
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Johnson, D.E
    2009a Getting off the GoldVarb Standard: Introducing Rbrul for Mixed-Effects Variable Rule Analysis. Language and Linguistics Compass3.359–383. doi: 10.1111/j.1749‑818X.2008.00108.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1749-818X.2008.00108.x [Google Scholar]
  118. 2009b Rbrul Manual. www.ling.upenn.edu/~jonson4/Rbul_manual.html.
  119. Jones, C
    1988 Grammatical Gender in English: 950 to 1250. London: Croom Helm.
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Kallen, J
    1991 Intra-Language Transfer and Plural Subject Concord in Irish and Appalachian English. Teanga11.20–34.
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Keefer, S.L
    2007 Use of Manuscript Space for Design, Text and Image in Liturgical Books Owned by the Community of St Cuthbert. In S. Larratt Keefer & R.H. BremmerJr . (eds.), Signs on the Edge: Space, Text and Margin in Medieval Manuscripts, 85–109. Mediaevalia Groningana New Series. Leuven: Peeters.
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Keller, W
    1925 Skandinavischer Einfluss in der englischen flexion. In W. Keller (ed.), Probleme der englischen Sprache und Kultur: Festschrift Johannes Hoops , 80–87. Heidelberg: Winter.
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Keller, R.E
    1961 German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, with Selected Texts. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Kemenade, A. van
    1987  Syntactic Case and Morphological Case in the History of English . Dordrecht: Foris.
     [Google Scholar]
  125. 2009 Discourse Relations and Word Order Change. In R. Hinterhölzl & S. Petrova (eds.), Information Structure and Language Change , 91–120. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Kemenade, A. van & B. Los
    2006 Discourse Adverbs and Clausal Syntax in Old and Middle English. In A. van Kemenade & B. Los (eds.), The Handbook of the History of English , 224–248. London: Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9780470757048.ch10
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470757048.ch10 [Google Scholar]
  127. Kemenade, A. van , T. Milicev & H. Baayen
    2008 The Balance between Discourse and Syntax in Old and Middle English. In M. Dossena , R. Dury & M. Gotti (eds.), English Historical Linguistics 2006. Volume I: Syntax and Morphology , 3–22. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.295.04kem
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.295.04kem [Google Scholar]
  128. Kemmer, S. & M. Barlow
    2000 A Usage-Based Conception of Language. In S. Kemmer & M. Barlow (eds.), Usage-Based Models of Language , vii–xxviii. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Kemmer, S. & M. Israel
    1994 Variation and the Usage-Based Model. In K. Beals (ed.), Papers from the 30th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society , 165–179. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Kendrick, T.D . et al
    (eds) 1960 Evangeliorum Quattuor Codex Lindisfarnensis Musei Britannici Codex Cottonianus Nero D. IV. Laussane: Urs Graf.
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Ker, N.R
    1943 Aldred the Scribe. InEssays and Studies xxviii, 7–12; reptd In A.G. Watson (ed.), N.R. Ker, Books, Collectors and Librarians , 459–470. Studies in the Medieval Heritage . London and Ronceverte.
     [Google Scholar]
  132. 1957 Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon. Oxford.
     [Google Scholar]
  133. King, A
    1997 The Inflectional Morphology of Older Scots. In C. Jones (ed.), The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language , 156–181. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  134. King, G
    1993  Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar . London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Klemola, J
    2000 The Origins of the Northern Subject Rule: A Case of Early Contact?In H. Tristam (ed.), The Celtic Englishes II , 329–346. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Kotake, T
    2008a Differences in Element Order between Lindisfarne and Rushworth Two. In M. Amano et al . (eds.). Historical Englishes in Varieties of Texts and Contexts: The Global COE Programme, International Conference 2007 , Studies in English Medieval Language and Literature 22, 63–77. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  137. 2008b Notes on the Relationship between Lindisfarne and Rushworth Two: A Lexical Analysis of andswarian and andwyrdan . The Round Table (Keio University)22.31–44.
     [Google Scholar]
  138. 2012 Lindisfarne and Rushworth One Reconsidered. Notes and Queries59.14–19. doi: 10.1093/notesj/gjr240
     https://doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gjr240 [Google Scholar]
  139. Kotake, T, T
    . Forthcoming. Did Owun Really Copy from the Lindisfarne Gospels? Reconsideration of his Source Manuscript(s). In J. Fernández-Cuesta & S.M. Pons-Sanz (eds.). Forthcoming.
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Krishnamurti, B
    1998 Regularity of Sound Change through Lexical Diffusion: A Study of s > h > Ø in Gondi dialects. Language Variation and Change10.193–220. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500001289
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500001289 [Google Scholar]
  141. Kroch, A
    1989 Reflexes of Grammar in Patterns of Change. Language Variation and Change1.99–244. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500000168
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000168 [Google Scholar]
  142. Kroch, A ., A. Taylor & D. Ringe
    2000 The Middle English Verb-Second Constraint: A Case Study in Language Contact and Language Change. In S. Herring , P. van Reenen & L. Schoesle (eds.), Textual Parameters in Older Languages , 353–391. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     [Google Scholar]
  143. Kytö, M
    1993 Third Person Present Singular Verb Inflection in Early English and American English. Language Variation and Change5.113–139. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500001447
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500001447 [Google Scholar]
  144. Labov, W
    1972  Sociolinguistic Patterns . Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  145. 1994 Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume I: Internal Factors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  146. 1998 Coexistent Systems in African-American Vernacular English. In S. Mufweneet et al . (eds.), African American English: Structure, History and Use, 110–153. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  147. [1966] 2006a  The Social Stratification of English in New York City , 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  148. 2006b A Sociolinguistic Perspective on Sociophonetic Research. Journal of Phonetics34.500–515. doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2006.05.002
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2006.05.002 [Google Scholar]
  149. Labov, W ., P. Cohen , C. Robins & J. Lewis
    1968 A Study of the Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City, Co-operative Research Report 3288, Volume I. Philadelphia: U.S. Regional Survey.
     [Google Scholar]
  150. LAEME : Laing, M. & R. Lass
    2007 A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150–1325. [www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/laeme1.html]. Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh.
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Laker, S
    2010 British Celtic Influence on English Phonology. PhD dissertation, University of Leiden.
     [Google Scholar]
  152. LALME : McIntosh, A ., M. Samuels , M. Benskin , with M. Laing & K. Williamson.
    (eds) 1986 A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. Volume I. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  153. Langacker, R.W
    1988 A Usage-Based Model. In B. Rudzka-Ostyn (ed.), Topics in Cognitive Linguistics , Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 50, 127–161. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.50.06lan
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.50.06lan [Google Scholar]
  154. LAOS : Williamson, K
    2008 A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots, Phase 1: 1380–1500 [www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laos1/laos1.html]. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.
     [Google Scholar]
  155. Larsson, K
    1988 Den plurala verbböjninge i äldre svenska. Institutionen för Nordiska SprÅk vid Uppsala Universitet.
     [Google Scholar]
  156. 2005 The Development of Swedish from the Mid-16th Century to 1800. In O. Bandle (ed.), The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Volume II, 1270–1281. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  157. Lass, R
    1992 Phonology and Morphology. In N. F. Blake (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language. Volume II: 1066–1476 , 23–155. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  158. 1997  Historical Linguistics and Language Change . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620928
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620928 [Google Scholar]
  159. 1999 Phonology and Morphology. In R. Lass (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language. Volume III: 1476–1776 , 56–186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  160. 2004 Ut custodiant litteras: Editions, Corpora and Witnesshood. In M. Dossena & R. Lass (eds.), Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology , 21–48. Bern: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  161. Lass, R. & J. Anderson
    1975  Old English Phonology . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  162. Lea, E.M
    1894 The Language of the Northumbrian Gloss to the Gospel of St Mark. Anglia NF16.62–206.
     [Google Scholar]
  163. Levin, S
    1958 Negative Contraction: An Old and Middle English Dialect Criterion. Journal of English and Germanic Philology57.492–501.
     [Google Scholar]
  164. Lewis, H. & H. Pedersen
    1961 A Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
     [Google Scholar]
  165. Lindelöf, U
    1890 Die Sprache des Rituals von Durham. Ein Beitrag zur altenglischen Grammatik. Helsingfors: J.C. Frenckell & Son.
     [Google Scholar]
  166. (ed) 1927 Rituale Ecclesiae Dunelmensis. The Durham Collectar. A New and Revised Edition of the Latin Text with the Interlinear Anglo-Saxon Version, Surtees Society 140, Durham: Andrews ⁄ Quaritch.
     [Google Scholar]
  167. Luick, K
    1922 Review of Wilhelm Horn’s Sprachkörper und Sprachfunktion . Englischen Studien56.185–203.
     [Google Scholar]
  168. 1935 Zur Palatalisierung. AngliaLIX. 277–284.
     [Google Scholar]
  169. 1964 [1914–1921]  Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache . Stuttgart: Tauchnits.
     [Google Scholar]
  170. Lutz, A
    1992 Lexical and Morphological Consequences of Phonotactic Change in the History of English. In M. Rissanen et al . (eds.), History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics , 156–166. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  171. Macafee, C
    1980 Characteristics of Non-Standard English in Scotland. Manuscript.
  172. Mallinson, C. & W. Wolfram
    2002 Dialect Accommodation in a Bi-Ethnic Mountain Enclave Community: More Evidence on the Development of African American English. Language in Society31.743–775. doi: 10.1017/S0047404502315021
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404502315021 [Google Scholar]
  173. Maunde Thompson, E. & G. Warner
    1881–1884  Catalogue of Ancient Manuscripts in the British Museum . Volume II. London: British Museum.
     [Google Scholar]
  174. McCafferty, K
    2003 The Northern Subject Rule in Ulster: How Scots, How English? Language Variation and Change15.105–139.
     [Google Scholar]
  175. 2004 ‘[T]hunder storms is verry dangese in this countrey they come in less than a minnits notice…’: The Northern Subject Rule in Southern Irish English. English World-Wide25.51–79. doi: 10.1075/eww.25.1.04mcc
     https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.25.1.04mcc [Google Scholar]
  176. McIntosh, A
    1989 Present-Indicative Plural Forms in the Later Middle English of the North Midlands. In A. McIntosh & M. Laing (eds.), Middle English Dialectology: Essays on Some Principles and Problems , 116–122. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  177. McWhorter, J
    2007  Language Interrupted . Oxford University Press doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309805.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780195309805.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  178. Meurman-Solin, A
    1993 Variation and Change in Early Scottish Prose. Studies Based on the Helsinki Corpus of Older Scots. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
     [Google Scholar]
  179. Millar, R.M
    2000 System Collapse System Rebirth. The Demonstrative Pronouns of English 900–1350 and the Birth of the Definite Article. Berne.
     [Google Scholar]
  180. Miller, G
    2013  External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  181. Minkova, D
    2003  Alliteration and Sound Change in Early English . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511486968
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486968 [Google Scholar]
  182. Mitchell, B
    1985  Old English Syntax . Oxford: Clarendon. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198119357.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780198119357.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  183. Montgomery, M
    1989 Exploring the Roots of Appalachian English. English World-Wide10.227–278. doi: 10.1075/eww.10.2.03mon
     https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.10.2.03mon [Google Scholar]
  184. 1994 The Evolution of Verb Concord in Scots. In A. Fenton & D. McDonald (eds.), Studies in Scots and Gaelic: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Languages of Scotland , 81–95. Edinburgh: Canongate.
     [Google Scholar]
  185. 1997a A Tale of two Georges. The Language of Irish Indian Traders in Colonial North America. In J. Kallen (ed.), Focus on Ireland (Varieties of English around the World G21 ), 227–254. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     [Google Scholar]
  186. 1997b Making Transatlantic Connections between Varieties of English: The Case of Plural Verbal -s . Journal of English Linguistics25.122–141. doi: 10.1177/007542429702500206
     https://doi.org/10.1177/ 007542429702500206 [Google Scholar]
  187. Montgomery, M ., J. Fuller & S. DeMarse
    1993 ‘The Black Men has wives and sweet hearts (and third person plural-s) jest like the white men’: Evidence for Verbal-s from the Written Documents on 19th Century African American speech. Language Variation and Change5.335–357. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500001538
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500001538 [Google Scholar]
  188. Montgomery, M. & J. Fuller
    1996 What was Verbal-s in 19th Century African American English? In E. W. Schneider (ed.), Focus on the USA , 211–230. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/veaw.g16.12mon
     https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g16.12mon [Google Scholar]
  189. Montgomery, M. & P. Robinson
    1996 Ulster English as Janus. Language contact across the North Atlantic and across the Irish Sea. In P. Sture Ureland & I. Clarkson (eds.), Language Contact across the North Atlantic , 411–426. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  190. Morrell, M.C
    1965  A Manual of Old English Biblical Materials . Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  191. Morse-Gagné, E
    2003  Viking Pronouns in England: Charting the Course of THEY, THEIR, and THEM . PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
     [Google Scholar]
  192. Mossé, F
    1952 A Handbook of Middle English. Translated by James Walker. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  193. Murray, J.A.H
    1873  The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland . London: Philological Society.
     [Google Scholar]
  194. Mustanoja, T.F
    1960  A Middle English Syntax . Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.
     [Google Scholar]
  195. Nees, L
    2003 Reading Aldred’s Colophon for the Lindisfarne Gospels . Speculum78.333–377. doi: 10.1017/S0038713400168605
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0038713400168605 [Google Scholar]
  196. Neu, H
    1980 Ranking of Constraints on /t, d/ Deletion in American English: A Statistical Analysis. In W. Labov (ed.), Locating Language in Time and Space , 37–54. New York: Academic.
     [Google Scholar]
  197. Nevalainen, T. & H. Raumolin-Brunberg
    1996 The Corpus of Early English Correspondence. In T. Nevalainen & H. Raumolin-Brunberg (eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language History: Studies Based on the Corpus of Early English Correspondence , 39–54. Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi.
     [Google Scholar]
  198. 2000a The Changing Role of London on the Linguistic Map of Tudor and Stuart England. In D. Kastovsky & A. Mettinger (eds.), The History of English in a Social Context , 279–337. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  199. 2000b The Third-Person Singular -(E)S and -(E)TH Revisited: The Morphophonemic Hypothesis. In C. Dalton-Puffer & N. Ritt (eds.), Words, Structure, Meaning, Function , 235–248. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  200. 2003  Historical Linguistics: Language Change in Tudor and Stuart England . London: Pearson Education.
     [Google Scholar]
  201. Newton , F.L. et al
    2012 Domiciling the Evangelists in Anglo-Saxon England: A Fresh Reading of Aldred’s Colophon in the Lindisfarne Gospels. Anglo-Saxon England41.101–144. doi: 10.1017/S0263675112000026
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263675112000026 [Google Scholar]
  202. NITCS : Kirk, J.M
    1991 Northern Ireland Transcribed Corpus of Speech. Revised version. Colchester: Economic and Social Research Council Data Archive, University of Essex.
     [Google Scholar]
  203. Norde, M
    1997 Middle Low German-Middle Scandinavian Language Contact and Morphological Simplification. Multilingua16.389–409.
     [Google Scholar]
  204. Noreen, A
    1923  Altislandische und altnordische Grammatik . Halle: Max Niemeyer.
     [Google Scholar]
  205. Ogura, M
    1987  Historical English Phonology: A Lexical Perspective . Tokyo: Kenkyusha.
     [Google Scholar]
  206. Ogura, M. & W.S.-Y. Wang
    1996 Snowball Effect in Lexical Diffusion: The Development of -s in the Third Person Singular Present Indicative in English. In D. Britton (ed.), English Historical Linguistics 1994 . Papers from the 8th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics , 119–141. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.135.10ogu
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.135.10ogu [Google Scholar]
  207. Oliveira, M. de
    1991 The Neogrammarian Controversy Revisited. International Journal of the Sociology of Language89.93–105. doi: 10.1515/ijsl.1991.89.93
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1991.89.93 [Google Scholar]
  208. Page, Raymond
    2006  An Introduction to English Runes . Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  209. Pak, T.Y
    1973 Position and Affrication in Northumbrian Old English. Neophilologus57.74–82. doi: 10.1007/BF01515786
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01515786 [Google Scholar]
  210. PCEEC : Nevalainen, T . et al
    2006  Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence . Helsinki: University of Helsinki and York: University of York.
     [Google Scholar]
  211. Peé, W
    1936 Dialectgeographie der Nederlandsche diminutiva.Tongeren: G. Michiels-Broeders.
     [Google Scholar]
  212. Peitsara, K
    2002 Verbal-s in Devonshire: The Helsinki Dialect Corpus Evidence. In H. Raumolin-Brunberg , M. Nevala & M. Rissanen (eds.), Variation Past and Present. VARIENG Studies on English for Terttu Nevalainen , Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 61, 211–230. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.
     [Google Scholar]
  213. Percy, C
    1991 Variation Between -(e)th and -(e)s Spellings of the Third Person Singular Present Indicative: Captain James Cook’s Endeavour Journal, 1768–1771. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen92.351–358.
     [Google Scholar]
  214. Phillips, B.S
    1984 Word Frequency and the Actuation of Sound Change. Language60.320–342. doi: 10.2307/413643
     https://doi.org/10.2307/413643 [Google Scholar]
  215. 2006  Word Frequency and Lexical Diffusion . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230286610
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230286610 [Google Scholar]
  216. Pickering, M.J. & H.P. Branigan
    1998 The Representation of Verbs: Evidence from Syntactic Priming in Language Production. Journal of Memory and Language39.633–651. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1998.2592
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2592 [Google Scholar]
  217. Pierrehumbert, J
    2001 Exemplar Dynamics: Word Frequency, Lenition, and Contrast. In J. Bybee & P.J. Hopper (eds.), Frequency Effects and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure , 137–157. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/tsl.45.08pie
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.45.08pie [Google Scholar]
  218. 2002 Word-Specific Phonetics. Laboratory PhonologyVII, 101–139. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  219. Pietsch, L
    2003 Subject-Verb Agreement in Northern Varieties of English. PhD dissertation, University of Freiburg.
     [Google Scholar]
  220. 2005 ‘Some do and some doesn’t’: Verbal Concord Variation in the North of the British Isles. In B. Kortmann et al . (eds.), A Comparative Grammar of British English Dialects. Agreement, Gender, Relative Clauses , 125–209. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110197518.125
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197518.125 [Google Scholar]
  221. Pintzuk, S
    1991  Phrase Structures in Competition: Variation and Change in Old English Word Order . PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
     [Google Scholar]
  222. Pons-Sanz, S.M
    2000 Analysis of the Scandinavian Loanwords to the Aldredian Glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels.Studies in English Language and Linguistics. Monographs 9, University of Valencia.
     [Google Scholar]
  223. 2004 A Sociolinguistic Approach to the Norse-Derived Words in the Glosses to the Lindisfarne and Rushworth Gospels. In C. Kay et al . (eds.), New Perspectives on English Historical Linguistics: Selected Papers from ICEHL 12 , Glasgow, 21–26 August 2002. Volume II: Lexis and Transmission, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 252, 177–192. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     [Google Scholar]
  224. Poplack, S
    1980 The Notion of the Plural in Puerto Rican Spanish: Competing Constraints on (s) Deletion. In W. Labov (ed.), Locating Language in Time and Space , 55–67. New York: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  225. (ed) 1999  The English History of African American English . Malden, MA: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  226. Poplack, S. & S. Tagliamonte
    1989 There’s no Tense like the Present: Verbal-s Inflection in Early Black English. Language Variation and Change1.47–84. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500000119
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000119 [Google Scholar]
  227. 1991 African American English in the Diaspora: The Case of Old-Line Nova Scotians. Language Variation and Change3.301–339. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500000594
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000594 [Google Scholar]
  228. 2001  African American English in the Diaspora . Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  229. Pulsiano, P
    . (ed) 2001  Old English Glossed Psalters . Toronto: University of Toronto.
     [Google Scholar]
  230. Quirk, R. & S. Greenbaum
    1973  A University Grammar of English . London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  231. R Development Core Team
    2008 R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. www.R-project.org
     [Google Scholar]
  232. Ringe, D
    1995 Nominative-Accusative Syncretism and Syntactic Case. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics2.45–81.
     [Google Scholar]
  233. 2006  From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. A Linguistic History of English . Volume I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284139.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284139.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  234. Ringe, D. & J.F. Eska
    2013  Historical Linguistics: Towards a Twenty-First Century Reintegration . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511980183
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980183 [Google Scholar]
  235. Ringgaard, K
    1986 Flektionssystemets forenkling og middelnedertysk [The Simplification of the Inflectional System and Middle Low German]. Arkiv för norddisk filologi101.171–183.
     [Google Scholar]
  236. Rissanen, M . et al
    1991 Helsinki Corpus of English Texts. Department of English, University of Helsinki.
     [Google Scholar]
  237. Roberts, P.A
    1976 Hypercorrection as Systematic Variation. Paper presented at the Society for Caribbean Linguistics, August 1976, Guyana.
     [Google Scholar]
  238. Rodríguez-Ledesma, M.N
    1994 Anglificación y Estandarización Lingüística en The Complaynt of Scotland. PhD dissertation, University of Seville.
     [Google Scholar]
  239. 2013 The Northern Subject Rule in First Person Singular Contexts in Fourteenth-Fifteenth-Century Scots. Folia Linguistica Historica34.149–172. doi: 10.1515/flih.2013.006
     https://doi.org/10.1515/flih.2013.006 [Google Scholar]
  240. Rohdenburg, G
    2003 Cognitive Complexity and Horror Aequi as Factors Determining the Use of Interrogative Clause Linkers in English. In G. Rohdenburg and B. Mondorf (eds.), Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English , 205–249. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110900019
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110900019 [Google Scholar]
  241. Ross, A.S.C
    1933 Modern Language Notesxlviii, 519–521.
     [Google Scholar]
  242. 1934 The Origins of the s-endings of the Present-Indicative in English. Journal of English and Germanic Philology33.68–73.
     [Google Scholar]
  243. 1936 Sex and Gender in the Lindisfarne Gospels. Journal of English and Germanic Philology35.321–330.
     [Google Scholar]
  244. 1937 Studies in the Accidence of the Lindisfarne Gospels, Leeds School of English Language Texts and Monographs 2, Kendal.
     [Google Scholar]
  245. 1960 Standard Paradigms. In Kendrick et al . (eds.), Evangelium Quattor Codex Lindisfarniensis Musei Britannia Codex Cottonianus Nero D. IV , Volume II, Book II, Part II, 37–42. Lausanna: Urs Graf.
     [Google Scholar]
  246. 1963 Review ofForm und Funktion des Verbums im nördlichen Spätaltenglischen. Halle: Niemeyer. Berndt, Rolf 1956 English Philological Studies. Volume VIII, 45–47. University of Birmingham.
     [Google Scholar]
  247. 1979 Lindisfarne and Rushworth One. Notes and Queries224.194–198.
     [Google Scholar]
  248. Ross, A.S.C ., E.G. Stanley & T.J. Brown
    1960 Some Observations on the Gloss and the Glossator. In Kendrick et al . (eds.), Evangelium Quattor Codex Lindisfarniensis Musei Britannia Codex Cottonianus Nero D. IV , Volume II, Book II, Part I, 5–33. Lausanna: Urs Graf.
     [Google Scholar]
  249. Rupp, L
    2006 The Scope of the Northern Subject Rule. In M. Vliegen (ed.), Variation in Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition: Proceedings of the 39th Linguistics Colloquium , 295–304. Oxford: Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  250. Samuels, M
    1985 The Great Scandinavian Belt. In R. Eaton (ed.), Papers from the 4th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics , Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 41, 269–281. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     [Google Scholar]
  251. Sankoff, D. & W. Labov
    1979 On the Uses of Variable Rules. Language in Society8.189–222. doi: 10.1017/S0047404500007430
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500007430 [Google Scholar]
  252. Sankoff, D ., S. Tagliamonte & E. Smith
    2005 Goldvarb X. Available to download atindividual.utoronto.ca/tagliamonte/Goldvarb/GV_index.htm.
  253. Santa Ana, O
    1992 Chicano English Evidence for the Exponential Hypothesis: A Variable Rule Pervades Lexical Phonology. Language Variation and Change4.275–288. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500000818
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000818 [Google Scholar]
  254. Schendl, H
    1996 The Third Plural Present Indicative in Early Modern English: Variation and Linguistic Contact. In D. Britton (ed.), English Historical Linguistics 1994 . Papers from the 8th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics , 143–160. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.135.11sch
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.135.11sch [Google Scholar]
  255. 2000 The Third Person Present Plural in Shakespeare’s First Folio: A Case of Interaction of Morphology and Syntax. In C. Dalton-Puffer & N. Ritt (eds.), Words: Structure, Meaning, Function: A Festschrift for Dieter Kastovsky . (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 130), 263–276. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  256. Scheungraber, C
    2014 The Northumbrian Old English 3rd sg. pres. ending in -s: a Contact Phenomenon?Paper presented at FGLS/SGL Meeting, Cambridge, UK, 9–11 January 2014.
     [Google Scholar]
  257. Schilling-Estes, N. & W. Wolfram
    1994 Convergent Explanation and Alternative Regularization: were/weren’t Leveling in a Vernacular English Variety. Language Variation and Change6.273–302. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500001691
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500001691 [Google Scholar]
  258. Schneider, E.W
    1983 The Origin of the Verbal-s in Black English. American Speech58.99–113. doi: 10.2307/455322
     https://doi.org/10.2307/455322 [Google Scholar]
  259. 1995 Verbal-s Inflection in ‘early’ American Black English. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Linguistic Change Under Contact Conditions , 315–326. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  260. Schneider, E.W. & M. Montgomery
    2001 On the Trail of Early Nonstandard Grammar: An Electronic Corpus of Southern U.S. Antebellum Overseers’ Letters. American Speech76.388–410. doi: 10.1215/00031283‑76‑4‑388
     https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-76-4-388 [Google Scholar]
  261. Schreier, D
    2002 Past be in Tristan de Cunha: The Rise and Fall of Categoricality in Language Change. American Speech77.70–90. doi: 10.1215/00031283‑77‑1‑70
     https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-77-1-70 [Google Scholar]
  262. 2009 How Diagnostic are English Vernaculars? In M. Filppula , J. Klemola & H. Paulasto (eds.), Vernacular Universal and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond , 57–79. Oxford: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  263. Schrijver, P
    2006 What Britons Spoke about 400 AD. In N.J. Higham (ed.), Britons in Anglo-Saxon England, 165–171. Woodbridge: Boydell.
     [Google Scholar]
  264. 2009 Celtic Influence on Old English: Phonological and Phonetic Evidence. In J. Klemola & M. Filppula (eds.), English Language and Linguistics 13.193–211.
     [Google Scholar]
  265. SCONE : Fernández-Cuesta et al
    2008 Seville Corpus of Northern English (ingles3.us.es/). University of Seville.
     [Google Scholar]
  266. SED : Orton, H ., M. Barry , E. Dieth , W. Halliday , P. Tilling & M. Wakelin
    (eds) 1962–1971 Survey of English Dialects.Leeds: Arnold.
     [Google Scholar]
  267. Shorrocks, G
    1999  A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area. Frankfurt am Main. Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  268. Siegel, J
    1997 Mixing, Leveling, and Pidgin/Creole Development. In A.K. Spears & D. Winford (eds.), The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creole Languages: Including Selected Papers from the Meeting of the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics , 111–149. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.19.09sie
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.19.09sie [Google Scholar]
  269. Sisam, C. & K. Sisam
    (eds) 1959 The Salisbury Psalter, Early English Text Society 242. London: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  270. Skeat, W.W
    (ed) 1871–1887  The Holy Gospels in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, and Old Mercian Versions . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  271. Skjekkeland, M
    1997 Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag I jamf skriftmåla, Høskoleforlaget: Academic Norwegian Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  272. Smith, J. & S. Tagliamonte
    1998 ‘We were all thegither ... I think we was all thegither’: was Regularization in Buckie English. World Englishes17.105–126. doi: 10.1111/1467‑971X.00086
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-971X.00086 [Google Scholar]
  273. SmithJ ., M. Durham & L. Fortune
    2007 ‘Mam, my trousers is fa’in doon!’: Community, Caregiver, and Child in the Acquisition of Variation in a Scottish Dialect. Language Variation and Change19.63–99. doi: 10.1017/S0954394507070044
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394507070044 [Google Scholar]
  274. Stein, D
    1986 Old English Northumbrian Verb Inflection Revisited. In D. Kastovsky & A. Szwedek (eds.), Linguistics Across Historical and Geographical Boundaries. Volume I: Linguistic Theory and Historical Linguistics , 637–650. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  275. 1987 At the Crossroads of Philology, Linguistics and Semiotics: Notes on the Replacement of th by s in the Third Person Singular in English. English Studies68.406–443. doi: 10.1080/00138388708598531
     https://doi.org/10.1080/00138388708598531 [Google Scholar]
  276. Stevenson, J. & G. Waring
    (eds) 1854–1865 The Lindisfarne and Rushworth Gospels. Durham: Publications of the Surtees Society.
     [Google Scholar]
  277. Suárez-Gómez, C
    2009 On the Syntactic Differences between OE Dialects: Evidence from the Gospels . English Language and Linguistics13.57–75. doi: 10.1017/S1360674308002864
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674308002864 [Google Scholar]
  278. Sweet, H
    . (ed. and trans.)1871 King Alfred’s West-Saxon Version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care. London: Trübner & Co.
     [Google Scholar]
  279. 1888  History of English Sounds from the Earliest Period: With Full Word Lists . Oxford: Clarendon Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  280. 1953 Sweet’s Anglo-Saxon Primer, 9th ed., rev. Norman Davis. London: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  281. Szmrecsanyi, B
    2006  Morphosyntactic Persistence in Spoken English: A Corpus Study at the Intersection of Variationist Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, and Discourse Analysis . Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110197808
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197808 [Google Scholar]
  282. Tagliamonte, S
    1998 Was/were Variation Across the Generations: View from the City of York. Language Variation and Change10.153–191. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500001277
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500001277 [Google Scholar]
  283. 2009  There was universals; then there weren’t: A Comparative Sociolinguistic Perspective on Default Singulars. In M. Filppula , J. Klemola & H. Paulasto (eds.), Vernacular Universal and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond , 103–129. Oxford: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  284. Tagliamonte, S. & J. Smith
    2000 Old Was, New Ecology: Viewing English through the Sociolinguistic Filter. In S. Poplack (ed.), The English History of African American English , 141–71. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  285. Thomason, S
    2009 Why Universal versus Contact-Induced Change?In M. Filppula , J. Klemola & H. Paulasto (eds.), Vernacular Universal and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond , 349–362. Oxford: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  286. Thomason, S. & T. Kaufman
    1988  Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics . Berkeley & London: University of California Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  287. Tottie, G
    1991 Lexical Diffusion in Syntactic Change: Frequency as a Determinant of Linguistic Conservatism in the Development of Negation in English. In D. Kastovsky (ed.), Historical English Syntax , 439–467. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  288. Townend, M
    2002  Language and History in Viking Age England: Linguistic Relations between Speakers of Old Norse and Old English . Turnhout: Brepols.
     [Google Scholar]
  289. Trudgill, P
    1974  The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  290. 1986  Dialects in Contact . Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  291. 1998 The Chaos before the Order: New Zealand English and the Second Stage of New-Dialect Formation. In E. Hakon Jahr (ed.), Language Change: Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics , 1–11. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  292. 2008 English Dialect ‘Default Singulars’ Was versus Were, Verner’s Law, and Germanic dialects. Journal of English Linguistics36.341–353. doi: 10.1177/0075424208325040
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424208325040 [Google Scholar]
  293. 2010  Investigations in Sociolinguistics: Stories of Colonisation and Contact . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511760501
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760501 [Google Scholar]
  294. 2011  Sociolinguistic Typology: Social Determinants of Linguistic Complexity . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  295. Vennemann, T
    2001 Atlantis Semitica: Structural Contact Features in Celtic and English. In L.J. Brinton (ed.), Historical Linguistics 1999 , 351–369. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.215.24ven
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.215.24ven [Google Scholar]
  296. Vincent, N.B
    1982 The Development of the Auxiliaries habere and essere in Romance. In N.B. Vincent & M. Harris (eds.), Studies in the Romance Verb , 71–96. London: Croom Helm.
     [Google Scholar]
  297. Visser, F
    1970 An Historical Syntax of the English Language. Volume I. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
     [Google Scholar]
  298. Walkden, G
    2013 Null subjects in Old English. Language Variation and Change25.155–178. doi: 10.1017/S0954394513000070
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394513000070 [Google Scholar]
  299. . Forthcoming. Null Subjects in the Lindisfarne Gospels as Evidence for Syntactic Variation in Old English. In J. Fernández-Cuesta & S.M. Pons-Sanz (eds.). Forthcoming.
     [Google Scholar]
  300. Wang, W.S.-Y
    1969 Competing Changes as a Cause of Residue. Language45.9–25. doi: 10.2307/411748
     https://doi.org/10.2307/411748 [Google Scholar]
  301. Wang, W.S.-Y. & C.-C. Cheng
    1977 Implementation of Phonological Change: The Shaungfeng Chinese Case. In W. Wang (ed.), The Lexicon in Phonological Change , 86–100. The Hague: Mouton. doi: 10.1515/9783110802399
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110802399 [Google Scholar]
  302. Wells, J.C
    1996 The Accents of English. Volumes I–III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  303. White, D.L
    2002 Explaining the Innovations of Middle English: What, Where, and Why?In M. Filppula et al . (eds.), The Celtic Roots of English , 153–174. Joensuu: Joensuu University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  304. 2003 Brittonic Influence in the Reductions of Middle English Nominal Morphology. In H.L.C. Tristram (ed.), The Celtic Englishes II , 29–45. Heidelberg: Winter.
     [Google Scholar]
  305. Williamson, J. & F. Hardman
    1997 To Purify the Dialect of the Tribe: Children’s Use of Non-­Standard Dialect Grammar in Writing. Educational Studies23.157–168. doi: 10.1080/0305569970230201
     https://doi.org/10.1080/ 0305569970230201 [Google Scholar]
  306. Wolfram, W
    1969 A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
     [Google Scholar]
  307. 1974 The Relationship of Southern White Speech to Vernacular Black English. Language50.498–527. doi: 10.2307/412221
     https://doi.org/10.2307/412221 [Google Scholar]
  308. Wolfram, W. & D. Christian
    1976 Appalachian Speech. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.
     [Google Scholar]
  309. Wolfram, W ., E. Thomas & E. Green
    2000 The Regional Context of Earlier African-American Speech: Evidence for Reconstructing the Development of AAVE. Language in Society29.315–355. doi: 10.1017/S0047404500003018
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500003018 [Google Scholar]
  310. Wolfram, W. & N. Schilling-Estes
    1996 Dialect Change and Maintenance in a Post-Insular Island Community. In E.W. Schneider (ed.), Focus on the USA , 103–148. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/veaw.g16.07wol
     https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g16.07wol [Google Scholar]
  311. Wolfram, W. & E. Thomas
    2002  The Development of African American English . Malden: Basil Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9780470690178
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690178 [Google Scholar]
  312. Wright, J
    1892 A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill in the West Riding of Yorkshire. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co.
     [Google Scholar]
  313. 1905  The English Dialect Grammar . Oxford: Henry Frowde.
     [Google Scholar]
  314. Wright, L
    2001 Third Person Singular Present-Tense -s, -th, and zero, 1575–1648. American Speech76.236–258. doi: 10.1215/00031283‑76‑3‑236
     https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-76-3-236 [Google Scholar]
  315. 2002 Third Person Plural Tense Markers in London Prisoners’ Depositions 1662–1623. American Speech77.242–263. doi: 10.1215/00031283‑77‑3‑242
     https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-77-3-242 [Google Scholar]
  316. Young, R. & R. Bayley
    1996 Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Variation. The University of Texas at San Antonio / Michigan State University.
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/books/9789027269911
Loading

  • From This Site

    /content/books/9789027269911
    dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Chapter
    10
    5
/content/books/9789027269911
dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Journal -contentType:Chapter
10
5
Chapter
content/books/9789027269911
Book
false
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error