1887

On cognition and communication in usage-based models of language change

This article discusses eight theoretical aspects of usage-based models on language and language change from the perspectives of Cognitive Linguistics and a sociological model of communication: the relationship between usage events and grammatical structure, the model of communication, the primacy of meaning, the status of the linguistic sign, procedural anchoring and the role of frequency, the modelling of dynamic-stable processes, innovation, and diffusion. Its aim is to assess the theoretical validity of a model of language use that is based on communication in contrast to the established cognitive focus. It also identifies and discusses the explanatory potential of such a concept, namely a co-ordinated relationship between cognitive and communicative processing of language structure.

References

  1. Andersen, H.
    (Ed.) (2001)  Actualization . Amsterdam: Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.219
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.219 [Google Scholar]
  2. Austin, J.L
    (1962)  How to do things with words. The William James lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955 . Cambridge: Harvard UP. 22003.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Baecker, D
    (2005)  Form und Formen der Kommunikation . Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bénard, H
    (1901)  Les tourbillons cellulaires dans une nappe liquide propageant de la chaleur par convection en régime permanent . Thèse de doctorat, Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bergs, A. & Stein, D
    (2001) The role of markedness in the actuation and actualization of linguistic change. In H. Andersen (Ed.), Actualization . (pp. 79–94). Amsterdam: Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.219.04ber
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.219.04ber [Google Scholar]
  6. Bühler, K
    (1934)  Sprachtheorie. Die Darstellungsfunktion der Sprache . ReprintFrankfurt: Ullstein 1978.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bybee, J.L
    (2001)  Phonology and language use . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511612886
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612886 [Google Scholar]
  8. Chistovich, L.A , Sheikin, R.L. & Lublinskaya, V.V
    (1979) ‘Centres of gravity’ and spectral peaks as the determinants of vowel quality. In B. Lindblom and S. Ohman (Eds.), Frontiers of speech communication research (pp. 143–157). New York: Academic.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Cobley, P. & Schulz, P.J
    (2013)  Theories and models of communication . [Handbooks of communication sciences 1]Berlin: de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110240450
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110240450 [Google Scholar]
  10. Croft, W. & Cruse, D.A
    (2004)  Cognitive Linguistics . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511803864
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803864 [Google Scholar]
  11. Croft, W
    (2009a) Towards a social Cognitive Linguistics. In: V. Evans & S. Pourcel (Eds.), New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics [Human cognitive processing 24] (pp. 395–420). Amsterdam: Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/hcp.24.25cro
    https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.24.25cro [Google Scholar]
  12. Esposito, E
    (1993) Zwei-Seiten-Formen in der Sprache. In D. Baecker (Ed.), Probleme der Form [stw 1069] (pp. 88–119). Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Fauconnier, G
    (1994)  Mental Spaces . Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language . New York: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511624582
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511624582 [Google Scholar]
  14. Feilke, H
    (1996)  Sprache als soziale Gestalt. Ausdruck, Prägung und die Ordnung der sprachlichen Typik . Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Flury, R
    (1964)  Struktur- und Bedeutungsgeschichte des Adjektiv-Suffixes -bar . Winterthur: Keller.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Foerster, H. v
    (1974)  Cybernetics of cybernetics . Urbana: University of Illinois.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. (1981)  Observing systems . Seaside, CA: Intersystems Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. (1993) Für Niklas Luhmann. Wie rekursiv ist Kommunikation? Teoria sociologica , 1/2, 61–85.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. (2003)  Understanding understanding . Essays on cybernetics and cognition . New York: Springer.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Fontdevila, J. , Opazo, M.P. & White, H.C
    (2011) Order at the Edge of Chaos: Meaning from Network Switchings Across Functional Systems. Sociological Theory , 29, 178–189. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9558.2011.01393.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2011.01393.x [Google Scholar]
  21. Fuchs, P
    (2003) Das psychische System und die Funktion des Bewußtseins. In O. Jahraus & N. Ort (Eds.), Theorie, Prozess, Selbstreferenz. Systemtheorie und transdisziplinäre Theoriebildung (pp. 25–47). Konstanz: UVK.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Geeraerts, D. & Kristiansen, G
    . (in press). Cognitive Linguistics and linguistic variation. In J.R. Taylor & J. Littlemore (Eds.) Bloomsbury companion to cognitive linguistic . London / New York: Bloomsbury.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Geeraerts, D
    (2005) Lectal variation and empirical data in Cognitive Linguistics. In F.J. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez & M.S. Peña Cervel (Eds.), Cognitive Linguistics. Internal dynamics and interdisciplinary interaction (pp. 163–190). Berlin: de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Geeraerts, D. , Kristiansen, G. & Zenner, E
    (2012)  Cognitive Sociolinguistics. Variationist and interactional sociolinguistics from a cogntitive linguistics points of view (ICLC12 Theme session). Call for papers. LinguistList 23.3472, August 20th, 2012.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Harder, P
    (2010)  Meaning in mind and society. A functional contribution to the social turn in cognitive linguistics . Berlin: de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110216059
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110216059 [Google Scholar]
  26. Heider, F
    (1926)  Ding und Medium . ReprintBerlin: Kadmos 2005.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Heylen, K. , Tummers, J. & Geeraerts, D
    (2008) Methodological issues in corpus-based Cognitive Linguistics. In G. Kristiansen & R. Dirven (Eds.), Cognitive sociolinguistics. Language variantion, cultural models, social systems [CLR 39] (pp. 91–128). Berlin: de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110199154.2.91
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110199154.2.91 [Google Scholar]
  28. Holzer, B
    (2008) Netzwerke und Systeme. Zum Verhältnis von Vernetzung und Differenzierung. In Ch. Stegbauer (ed.), Netzwerkanalyse und Netzwerktheorie . Ein neues Paradigma in den Sozialwissenschaften (pp.156–164). Wiesbaden: VS.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Hruschka, D.J. , Christiansen, M.H. , Blythe, R.A. , Croft, W. , Heggarty, P. , Mufwene, S.S. , Pierrehumbert, J.B. , Poplack, S
    (2009) Building social cognitive models of language change. Trends in cognitive sciences , 13, 464–469. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.08.008
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.08.008 [Google Scholar]
  30. Jakobson, R.O
    (1960) Linguistics and poetics. In Th. A Sebeok (Ed.), Style in language (pp. 350–377). Cambridge: MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Kemmer, S. & Barlow, M
    (2000) Introduction. A usage-based conception of language. In M. Barlow & S. Kemmer (Eds.), Usage-based models of language (pp. vii–xxviii). Stanford: CSLI publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Kindt, W
    (1994) Wortstellung als Problem einer dynamischen Grammatik. In B. Haftka (Ed.), Was determiniert Wortstellungsvariation ? (pp. 49–62). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978‑3‑322‑90875‑9_3
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-90875-9_3 [Google Scholar]
  33. Kristiansen, G. & Dirven, R
    (Eds) (2008)  Cognitive sociolinguistics. Language variantion, cultural models, social systems [CLR 39]. Berlin: de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110199154
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110199154 [Google Scholar]
  34. Lakoff, G
    (1977) Linguistic gestalts. In W.A. Beach , S.E. Fox & S. Philosoph (Eds.), Papers from the Thirteenth Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society , April 14-16, 1977 (pp. 236–287). Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, University of Chicago.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Landsbergen, F. , Lachlan, R. , ten Cate, C. & Verhagen, A
    (2010) A cultural evolutionary model of patterns in semantic change. Linguistics , 48, 363−390. doi: 10.1515/ling.2010.012
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2010.012 [Google Scholar]
  36. Langacker, R.W
    (1987)  Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume I. Theoretical Prerequisites . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. (1991a)  Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume II. Descriptive Application . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. (1991b)  Concept, Image, and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar [CLR 1]. Berlin & New York: de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110857733
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110857733 [Google Scholar]
  39. (2000)  Grammar and Conceptualization [CLR 14]. Berlin: de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. (2008) Cognitive Grammar. A Basic Introduction . New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Lass, R
    (1997): Historical linguistics and language change. [Cambridge studies in linguistics 81]Cambridge: Cambridge UP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620928
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620928 [Google Scholar]
  42. Levinson, S.C
    (2005) Living with Manny’s dangerous idea. In Discourse Studies , 7 (4–5), 431–453. doi: 10.1177/1461445605054401
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054401 [Google Scholar]
  43. Luhmann, N
    (1984)  Soziale Systeme. Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie . [stw 666]Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. (1992) The form of writing. Stanford literature review , 9, 25–42.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. (1993) Zeichen als Form. In D. Baecker (Ed.), Probleme der Form [stw 1069] (pp. 45–69). Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. (1995)  Social Systems . Stanford: Stanford UP.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. (1997)  Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft [stw 1360]. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. . ( 6 2009) Einführende Bemerkungen zu einer Theorie symbolisch generalisierter Kommunikationsmedien. In N. Luhmann : Soziologische Aufklärung, vol. 2: Aufsätze zur Theorie der Gesellschaft (pp. 212–241). Wiesbaden: VS.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Maturana, H.R
    (1988)  Ontology of Observing, The biological foundations of self-consciousness and the physical domain of existence . Conference workbook. American Society For Cibernetics Conference, Felton, CA. 18-23 October, 1988. www.inteco.cl/biology/ontology/
    [Google Scholar]
  50. (1998) Ontologie des Beobachtens. Die biologischen Grundlagen des Selbst-Bewußtseins und des physikalischen Bereichs der Existenz. In H.R. Maturana , Biologie der Realität (pp. 148–225). Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Mead, G.H
    (1934)  Mind, self, and society. From the standpoint of a social behaviorist [Works of George Herbert Mead 1]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press1967.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Mehler, A
    (2008) Large text networks as an object of corpus linguistic studies. HSK 29 (1), 328–382.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Moeller, H.-G
    (2006)  Luhmann explained. From souls to systems . [Ideas explained series 3]Chicago: Open Court.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Munske, H.H
    (2002) Wortbildungswandel. In M. Habermann , P.O. Müller & H.H. Munske (Eds.), Historische Wortbildung des Deutschen (pp. 23–40). Tübingen: Niemeyer. doi: 10.1515/9783110940756
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110940756 [Google Scholar]
  55. Nerlich, B. & Clarke, D.D
    (1999) Champ, Schéma, Sujet. Langue française , 121, 36–56. doi: 10.3406/lfr.1999.6278
    https://doi.org/10.3406/lfr.1999.6278 [Google Scholar]
  56. (2007) Cognitive Linguistics and the history of linguistics. In D. Geeraerts & H. Cuyckens (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 589–607). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Schade, U . et al. (
    1991) Kohärenz als Prozess. In G. Rickheit (Ed.), Kohärenzprozesse. Modellierung von Sprachbearbeitung in Texten und Diskursen (pp. 7–58). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Schegloff, E.A
    (1996) Turn organization. One intersection of grammar and interaction. In E. Ochs , E.A. Schegloff & S.A. Thompson (Eds.), Interaction and grammar [Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 13] (pp. 52–133). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620874.002
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620874.002 [Google Scholar]
  59. Schegloff, E.A. , Ochs, E. & Thompson, S.A
    (1996) Introduction. In E. Ochs , E.A. Schegloff & S.A. Thompson (Eds.), Interaction and grammar [Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 13] (pp. 1–51). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620874.001
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620874.001 [Google Scholar]
  60. Schiewek, W
    (1992) Zum vernachlässigten Zusammenhang von ‘symbolischer Generalisierung’ und ‘Sprache’ in der Theorie sozialer Systeme. In W. Krawietz & M. Welker (Eds.), Kritik der Theorie sozialer Systeme. Auseinandersetzungen mit Luhmanns Hauptwerk [stw 996] (pp. 147–161). Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Schmid, H.-J
    (2007) Entrenchment, Salience, and basic levels. In D. Geeraerts & H. Cuyckens (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 115–138). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Schulz von Thun, F
    (1981)  Miteinander reden . Störungen und Klärungen. Allgemeine Psychologie der Kommunikation . Reinbek: Rowohlt.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Schützeichel, R
    (2004)  Soziologische Kommunikationstheorien [UTB 2623]. Konstanz: UVK.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Searle, J.R
    (1969)  Speech acts. An essay in the philosophy of language .Cambridge: Cambridge UP, Reprint 2005. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139173438
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438 [Google Scholar]
  65. Shannon, C.E. & Weaver, W
    (1949)  The mathematical theory of communication . Urbana: University of Illinois Press51972.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Sinha, C
    (2007) Cognitive Linguistics, psychology, and cognitive science. In D. Geeraerts & H. Cuyckens (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 1266–1294). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Spencer-Brown, G
    (1969)  Laws of form . London: Allen & Unwin.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Talmy, L
    (1978) Figure and ground in complex sentences. In J.H. Greenberg (Ed.), Universals of human language, Vol. 4: Syntax (pp. 625–649). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Tuggy, D
    (2007) Schematicity. In D. Geeraerts & H. Cuyckens (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 82–116). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Tummers, J. , Heylen, K. & Geeraerts, D
    (2005) Usage-based approaches in Cognitive Linguistics. A technical state of the art. Corpus linguistics and linguistic theory , 1–2, 225–261.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Verhagen, A
    (2005)  Constructions of intersubjectivity . Discourse, syntax, and cognition . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. (2007) Construal and perspectivization. In D. Geeraerts & H. Cuyckens (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 48–81). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Weinreich, U. , Labov, W. & Herzog, M.I
    (1968) Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In W.P. Lehmann & Y. Malkiel (Eds.), Directions for historical linguistics (pp. 95–188). Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Wertheimer, M
    (1923) Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt II. Psychologische Forschung , 4, 301–350. doi: 10.1007/BF00410640
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00410640 [Google Scholar]
  75. Wiener, N
    (1948)  Cybernetics . Or control and communication in the animal and the machine . Paris: Hermann.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Wiese, H
    (2012)  Kiezdeutsch . Ein neuer Dialekt entsteht [Beck'sche Reihe 6034]. München: Beck.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Zeige, L.E
    (2011)  Sprachwandel und soziale Systeme [Germanistische Linguistik Monographien 27]. Hildesheim: Olms.
    [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Andersen, H.
    (Ed.) (2001)  Actualization . Amsterdam: Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.219
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.219 [Google Scholar]
  2. Austin, J.L
    (1962)  How to do things with words. The William James lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955 . Cambridge: Harvard UP. 22003.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Baecker, D
    (2005)  Form und Formen der Kommunikation . Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bénard, H
    (1901)  Les tourbillons cellulaires dans une nappe liquide propageant de la chaleur par convection en régime permanent . Thèse de doctorat, Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bergs, A. & Stein, D
    (2001) The role of markedness in the actuation and actualization of linguistic change. In H. Andersen (Ed.), Actualization . (pp. 79–94). Amsterdam: Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.219.04ber
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.219.04ber [Google Scholar]
  6. Bühler, K
    (1934)  Sprachtheorie. Die Darstellungsfunktion der Sprache . ReprintFrankfurt: Ullstein 1978.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bybee, J.L
    (2001)  Phonology and language use . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511612886
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612886 [Google Scholar]
  8. Chistovich, L.A , Sheikin, R.L. & Lublinskaya, V.V
    (1979) ‘Centres of gravity’ and spectral peaks as the determinants of vowel quality. In B. Lindblom and S. Ohman (Eds.), Frontiers of speech communication research (pp. 143–157). New York: Academic.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Cobley, P. & Schulz, P.J
    (2013)  Theories and models of communication . [Handbooks of communication sciences 1]Berlin: de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110240450
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110240450 [Google Scholar]
  10. Croft, W. & Cruse, D.A
    (2004)  Cognitive Linguistics . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511803864
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803864 [Google Scholar]
  11. Croft, W
    (2009a) Towards a social Cognitive Linguistics. In: V. Evans & S. Pourcel (Eds.), New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics [Human cognitive processing 24] (pp. 395–420). Amsterdam: Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/hcp.24.25cro
    https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.24.25cro [Google Scholar]
  12. Esposito, E
    (1993) Zwei-Seiten-Formen in der Sprache. In D. Baecker (Ed.), Probleme der Form [stw 1069] (pp. 88–119). Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Fauconnier, G
    (1994)  Mental Spaces . Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language . New York: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511624582
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511624582 [Google Scholar]
  14. Feilke, H
    (1996)  Sprache als soziale Gestalt. Ausdruck, Prägung und die Ordnung der sprachlichen Typik . Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Flury, R
    (1964)  Struktur- und Bedeutungsgeschichte des Adjektiv-Suffixes -bar . Winterthur: Keller.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Foerster, H. v
    (1974)  Cybernetics of cybernetics . Urbana: University of Illinois.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. (1981)  Observing systems . Seaside, CA: Intersystems Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. (1993) Für Niklas Luhmann. Wie rekursiv ist Kommunikation? Teoria sociologica , 1/2, 61–85.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. (2003)  Understanding understanding . Essays on cybernetics and cognition . New York: Springer.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Fontdevila, J. , Opazo, M.P. & White, H.C
    (2011) Order at the Edge of Chaos: Meaning from Network Switchings Across Functional Systems. Sociological Theory , 29, 178–189. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9558.2011.01393.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2011.01393.x [Google Scholar]
  21. Fuchs, P
    (2003) Das psychische System und die Funktion des Bewußtseins. In O. Jahraus & N. Ort (Eds.), Theorie, Prozess, Selbstreferenz. Systemtheorie und transdisziplinäre Theoriebildung (pp. 25–47). Konstanz: UVK.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Geeraerts, D. & Kristiansen, G
    . (in press). Cognitive Linguistics and linguistic variation. In J.R. Taylor & J. Littlemore (Eds.) Bloomsbury companion to cognitive linguistic . London / New York: Bloomsbury.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Geeraerts, D
    (2005) Lectal variation and empirical data in Cognitive Linguistics. In F.J. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez & M.S. Peña Cervel (Eds.), Cognitive Linguistics. Internal dynamics and interdisciplinary interaction (pp. 163–190). Berlin: de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Geeraerts, D. , Kristiansen, G. & Zenner, E
    (2012)  Cognitive Sociolinguistics. Variationist and interactional sociolinguistics from a cogntitive linguistics points of view (ICLC12 Theme session). Call for papers. LinguistList 23.3472, August 20th, 2012.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Harder, P
    (2010)  Meaning in mind and society. A functional contribution to the social turn in cognitive linguistics . Berlin: de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110216059
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110216059 [Google Scholar]
  26. Heider, F
    (1926)  Ding und Medium . ReprintBerlin: Kadmos 2005.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Heylen, K. , Tummers, J. & Geeraerts, D
    (2008) Methodological issues in corpus-based Cognitive Linguistics. In G. Kristiansen & R. Dirven (Eds.), Cognitive sociolinguistics. Language variantion, cultural models, social systems [CLR 39] (pp. 91–128). Berlin: de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110199154.2.91
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110199154.2.91 [Google Scholar]
  28. Holzer, B
    (2008) Netzwerke und Systeme. Zum Verhältnis von Vernetzung und Differenzierung. In Ch. Stegbauer (ed.), Netzwerkanalyse und Netzwerktheorie . Ein neues Paradigma in den Sozialwissenschaften (pp.156–164). Wiesbaden: VS.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Hruschka, D.J. , Christiansen, M.H. , Blythe, R.A. , Croft, W. , Heggarty, P. , Mufwene, S.S. , Pierrehumbert, J.B. , Poplack, S
    (2009) Building social cognitive models of language change. Trends in cognitive sciences , 13, 464–469. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.08.008
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.08.008 [Google Scholar]
  30. Jakobson, R.O
    (1960) Linguistics and poetics. In Th. A Sebeok (Ed.), Style in language (pp. 350–377). Cambridge: MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Kemmer, S. & Barlow, M
    (2000) Introduction. A usage-based conception of language. In M. Barlow & S. Kemmer (Eds.), Usage-based models of language (pp. vii–xxviii). Stanford: CSLI publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Kindt, W
    (1994) Wortstellung als Problem einer dynamischen Grammatik. In B. Haftka (Ed.), Was determiniert Wortstellungsvariation ? (pp. 49–62). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978‑3‑322‑90875‑9_3
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-90875-9_3 [Google Scholar]
  33. Kristiansen, G. & Dirven, R
    (Eds) (2008)  Cognitive sociolinguistics. Language variantion, cultural models, social systems [CLR 39]. Berlin: de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110199154
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110199154 [Google Scholar]
  34. Lakoff, G
    (1977) Linguistic gestalts. In W.A. Beach , S.E. Fox & S. Philosoph (Eds.), Papers from the Thirteenth Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society , April 14-16, 1977 (pp. 236–287). Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, University of Chicago.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Landsbergen, F. , Lachlan, R. , ten Cate, C. & Verhagen, A
    (2010) A cultural evolutionary model of patterns in semantic change. Linguistics , 48, 363−390. doi: 10.1515/ling.2010.012
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2010.012 [Google Scholar]
  36. Langacker, R.W
    (1987)  Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume I. Theoretical Prerequisites . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. (1991a)  Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume II. Descriptive Application . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. (1991b)  Concept, Image, and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar [CLR 1]. Berlin & New York: de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110857733
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110857733 [Google Scholar]
  39. (2000)  Grammar and Conceptualization [CLR 14]. Berlin: de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. (2008) Cognitive Grammar. A Basic Introduction . New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Lass, R
    (1997): Historical linguistics and language change. [Cambridge studies in linguistics 81]Cambridge: Cambridge UP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620928
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620928 [Google Scholar]
  42. Levinson, S.C
    (2005) Living with Manny’s dangerous idea. In Discourse Studies , 7 (4–5), 431–453. doi: 10.1177/1461445605054401
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054401 [Google Scholar]
  43. Luhmann, N
    (1984)  Soziale Systeme. Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie . [stw 666]Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. (1992) The form of writing. Stanford literature review , 9, 25–42.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. (1993) Zeichen als Form. In D. Baecker (Ed.), Probleme der Form [stw 1069] (pp. 45–69). Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. (1995)  Social Systems . Stanford: Stanford UP.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. (1997)  Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft [stw 1360]. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. . ( 6 2009) Einführende Bemerkungen zu einer Theorie symbolisch generalisierter Kommunikationsmedien. In N. Luhmann : Soziologische Aufklärung, vol. 2: Aufsätze zur Theorie der Gesellschaft (pp. 212–241). Wiesbaden: VS.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Maturana, H.R
    (1988)  Ontology of Observing, The biological foundations of self-consciousness and the physical domain of existence . Conference workbook. American Society For Cibernetics Conference, Felton, CA. 18-23 October, 1988. www.inteco.cl/biology/ontology/
    [Google Scholar]
  50. (1998) Ontologie des Beobachtens. Die biologischen Grundlagen des Selbst-Bewußtseins und des physikalischen Bereichs der Existenz. In H.R. Maturana , Biologie der Realität (pp. 148–225). Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Mead, G.H
    (1934)  Mind, self, and society. From the standpoint of a social behaviorist [Works of George Herbert Mead 1]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press1967.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Mehler, A
    (2008) Large text networks as an object of corpus linguistic studies. HSK 29 (1), 328–382.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Moeller, H.-G
    (2006)  Luhmann explained. From souls to systems . [Ideas explained series 3]Chicago: Open Court.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Munske, H.H
    (2002) Wortbildungswandel. In M. Habermann , P.O. Müller & H.H. Munske (Eds.), Historische Wortbildung des Deutschen (pp. 23–40). Tübingen: Niemeyer. doi: 10.1515/9783110940756
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110940756 [Google Scholar]
  55. Nerlich, B. & Clarke, D.D
    (1999) Champ, Schéma, Sujet. Langue française , 121, 36–56. doi: 10.3406/lfr.1999.6278
    https://doi.org/10.3406/lfr.1999.6278 [Google Scholar]
  56. (2007) Cognitive Linguistics and the history of linguistics. In D. Geeraerts & H. Cuyckens (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 589–607). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Schade, U . et al. (
    1991) Kohärenz als Prozess. In G. Rickheit (Ed.), Kohärenzprozesse. Modellierung von Sprachbearbeitung in Texten und Diskursen (pp. 7–58). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Schegloff, E.A
    (1996) Turn organization. One intersection of grammar and interaction. In E. Ochs , E.A. Schegloff & S.A. Thompson (Eds.), Interaction and grammar [Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 13] (pp. 52–133). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620874.002
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620874.002 [Google Scholar]
  59. Schegloff, E.A. , Ochs, E. & Thompson, S.A
    (1996) Introduction. In E. Ochs , E.A. Schegloff & S.A. Thompson (Eds.), Interaction and grammar [Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 13] (pp. 1–51). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620874.001
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620874.001 [Google Scholar]
  60. Schiewek, W
    (1992) Zum vernachlässigten Zusammenhang von ‘symbolischer Generalisierung’ und ‘Sprache’ in der Theorie sozialer Systeme. In W. Krawietz & M. Welker (Eds.), Kritik der Theorie sozialer Systeme. Auseinandersetzungen mit Luhmanns Hauptwerk [stw 996] (pp. 147–161). Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Schmid, H.-J
    (2007) Entrenchment, Salience, and basic levels. In D. Geeraerts & H. Cuyckens (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 115–138). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Schulz von Thun, F
    (1981)  Miteinander reden . Störungen und Klärungen. Allgemeine Psychologie der Kommunikation . Reinbek: Rowohlt.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Schützeichel, R
    (2004)  Soziologische Kommunikationstheorien [UTB 2623]. Konstanz: UVK.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Searle, J.R
    (1969)  Speech acts. An essay in the philosophy of language .Cambridge: Cambridge UP, Reprint 2005. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139173438
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438 [Google Scholar]
  65. Shannon, C.E. & Weaver, W
    (1949)  The mathematical theory of communication . Urbana: University of Illinois Press51972.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Sinha, C
    (2007) Cognitive Linguistics, psychology, and cognitive science. In D. Geeraerts & H. Cuyckens (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 1266–1294). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Spencer-Brown, G
    (1969)  Laws of form . London: Allen & Unwin.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Talmy, L
    (1978) Figure and ground in complex sentences. In J.H. Greenberg (Ed.), Universals of human language, Vol. 4: Syntax (pp. 625–649). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Tuggy, D
    (2007) Schematicity. In D. Geeraerts & H. Cuyckens (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 82–116). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Tummers, J. , Heylen, K. & Geeraerts, D
    (2005) Usage-based approaches in Cognitive Linguistics. A technical state of the art. Corpus linguistics and linguistic theory , 1–2, 225–261.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Verhagen, A
    (2005)  Constructions of intersubjectivity . Discourse, syntax, and cognition . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. (2007) Construal and perspectivization. In D. Geeraerts & H. Cuyckens (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 48–81). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Weinreich, U. , Labov, W. & Herzog, M.I
    (1968) Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In W.P. Lehmann & Y. Malkiel (Eds.), Directions for historical linguistics (pp. 95–188). Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Wertheimer, M
    (1923) Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt II. Psychologische Forschung , 4, 301–350. doi: 10.1007/BF00410640
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00410640 [Google Scholar]
  75. Wiener, N
    (1948)  Cybernetics . Or control and communication in the animal and the machine . Paris: Hermann.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Wiese, H
    (2012)  Kiezdeutsch . Ein neuer Dialekt entsteht [Beck'sche Reihe 6034]. München: Beck.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Zeige, L.E
    (2011)  Sprachwandel und soziale Systeme [Germanistische Linguistik Monographien 27]. Hildesheim: Olms.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/books/9789027270092-sfsl.69.03zei
dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Journal
10
5
Chapter
content/books/9789027270092
Book
false
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error