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Chapter 7. The role of onset level on L2 perceptual phonological development after formal instruction and study abroad

image of Chapter 7. The role of onset level on L2 perceptual phonological development after formal instruction and study abroad

The present study addresses, focusing on perceptual phonological competence, one of the main research questions within the SALA Project: namely, whether there are differential gains attributable to Formal Instruction (FI) and Study Abroad (SA) contexts, and whether there are different patterns of development associated with learners’ pre-SA onset level. The data analysed comprises a three-year language learning period. The results revealed significant gains in discrimination ability during the FI period and lack of gains during SA, with no significant loss or gain occurring at delayed post-test. Large inter-subject differences indicated that the amount of gains obtained during FI varied as a function of learners’ initial level, the lower learner group obtaining the largest gains in discrimination scores.

  • Affiliations: 1: Universitat de Barcelona

References

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    2011 Investigating Catalan learners of English over-reliance on duration: Vowel cue weighting and phonological short-term memory. In Achievements and Perspectives in SLA of Speech: New Sounds 2010, Vol. I , K. Dziubalska-Kołaczyk , M. Wrembel & M. Kul (eds), 56–64. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
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    2003 Production of English sounds by EFL learners: The case of /iː/ and /ɪ/. In Proceedings of the 15th international Congress of Phonetic Sciences , M.J. Solé , D. Recasens & J. Romero (eds), 1525–1528. Adelaide: Causal Productions.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Fullana, N. & Mora, J.C
    2009 Production and perception of voicing contrasts in English word-final obstruents: Assessing the effects of experience and starting age. In Recent Research in Second Language Phonetics/Phonology: Perception and Production , M.A. Watkins , A.S. Rauber , & B.O. Baptista (eds), 97–117. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Fullana, N
    2006 The development of English (FL) perception and production skills: Starting age and exposure effects. In Age and the Rate of Foreign Language Learning , C. Muñoz (ed.), 41–64. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Højen, A. & Flege, J.E
    2006 Early learners’ discrimination of second-language (L2) vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119: 3072–3084. doi: 10.1121/1.2184289
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2184289 [Google Scholar]
  25. Højen, A
    2003 Second Language Speech Perception and Production in Adult Learners Before and After Short-term Immersion. PhD dissertation, University of Aarhus.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Iverson, P. & Evans, B.G
    2009 Learning English vowels with different first-language vowel systems, II: Auditory training for native Spanish and German speakers. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 126(2): 866–877. doi: 10.1121/1.3148196
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3148196 [Google Scholar]
  27. Iverson, P. , Hazan, V. & Bannister, K
    2005 Phonetic training with acoustic cue manipulations: A comparison of methods for teaching English /r/-/l/ to Japanese adults. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 118: 3267–3278. doi: 10.1121/1.2062307
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2062307 [Google Scholar]
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    1990 Investigating fluency in EFL: A quantitative approach. Language Learning 40(3): 387–417. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1990.tb00669.x
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     [Google Scholar]
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    1995 How periods abroad affect vocabulary growth in a foreign language. Review of Applied Linguistics 107–108: 17–34.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Mora, J.C. & Fullana, N
    2007 Production and perception of English /iː/-/ɪ/ and /æ/-/ʌ/ in a formal setting: Investigating the effects of experience and starting age. In Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Vol. 3 , J. Trouvain & W. Barry (eds), 1613–1616. Saarbrücken: Universität des Saarlandes.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Mora, J.C. & Valls-Ferrer, M
    2012 Oral fluency, accuracy and complexity in formal instruction and study abroad learning contexts. TESOL Quarterly 46(4): 610–641.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Mora, J.C
    2005 Lexical knowledge effects on the discrimination of non-native phonemic contrasts in words and nonwords by Catalan/Spanish bilingual learners of English. In Proceedings of the ISCA Workshop on Plasticity in Speech Perception ,43–46. London: Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. 2007 Methodological issues in assessing L2 perceptual phonological competence. Proceedings of the PTLC 2007 Phonetics Teaching and Learning Conference, 1–5. London: Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. 2008 Learning context effects on the acquisition of a second language phonology. In A portrait of the young in the new multilingual Spain , C. Pérez-Vidal , M. Juan-Garau , & A. Bel (eds), 241–263. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Morrison, G.S
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  39. Pérez-Vidal, C. & Juan-Garau, M
    2011 The effect of context and input conditions on oral and written development: A study abroad perspective. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 49(2): 157–185. doi: 10.1515/iral.2011.008
     https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.2011.008 [Google Scholar]
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    2011 The effects of formal instruction and study abroad contexts on foreign language development: The SALA Project. In The Implicit/Explicit Dichotomy in SLA and Bilingualism: Conditions, Processes and Knowledge , C. Sanz & R.P. Leow (eds), 115–127. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Piske, T
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     https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.17.26pis [Google Scholar]
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    2001 Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: A review. Journal of Phonetics 29: 191–215. doi: 10.1006/jpho.2001.0134
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.2001.0134 [Google Scholar]
  43. Pisoni, D. & Lively, S
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     [Google Scholar]
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References

  1. Aliaga-García, C. & Mora, J.C
    2009 Assessing the effects of phonetic training on L2 sound perception and production. In Recent Research in Second Language Phonetics/Phonology: Perception and Production , M.A. Watkins , A.S. Rauber , & B.O. Baptista (eds), 2–31. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Avello, P. , Mora, J.C. & Pérez-Vidal, C
    2012: Perception of FA by non-native listeners in a study abroad context. Research in Language 10(1): 63–78. doi: 10.2478/v10015‑011‑0050‑9
     https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0050-9 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bradlow, A.R. , Akahane-Yamada, R. , Pisoni, D.B. & Tohkura, Y
    1999 Training Japanese listeners to identify English /r/ and /l/: Long-term retention of learning in perception and production. Perception and Psychophysics 61: 977–985. doi: 10.3758/BF03206911
     https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206911 [Google Scholar]
  4. Cebrian, J
    2006 Experience and the use of non-native duration in L2 vowel categorization. Journal of Phonetics 34: 372–387. doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2005.08.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2005.08.003 [Google Scholar]
  5. Cerviño-Povedano, E. & Mora, J.C.
    2009 When over-reliance on duration does not mean perceiving duration differences. In PTLC2009 Proceedings: Phonetics Teaching and Learning Conference , M. Ashby & J. Maidment (eds.), 27–30. London: University College London.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Cerviño-Povedano, E. & Mora, J.C
    2011 Investigating Catalan learners of English over-reliance on duration: Vowel cue weighting and phonological short-term memory. In Achievements and Perspectives in SLA of Speech: New Sounds 2010, Vol. I , K. Dziubalska-Kołaczyk , M. Wrembel & M. Kul (eds), 56–64. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Cruttenden, A
    2001  Gimson´s Pronunciation of English , 6th edn. London: Arnold.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. DeKeyser, R.M
    2001 Automaticity and automatization. In Cognition and Second Language Instruction , P. Robinson (ed.), 125–151. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139524780.007
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO97811395247 80.007 [Google Scholar]
  9. 2007 Study abroad as foreign language practice. In Practicing in a Second Language: Perspectives from Applied Linguistics and Cognitive Psychology , R.M. DeKeyser (ed.), 208–226. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Díaz-Campos, M
    2004 Context of learning in the acquisition of Spanish second language phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 26: 249–273. doi: 10.1017/S0272263104262052
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263104 262052 [Google Scholar]
  11. Escudero, P. & Boersma, P
    2004 Bridging the gap between L2 speech perception research and phonological theory. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 26: 551–585. doi: 10.1017/S0272263104040021
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263104040021 [Google Scholar]
  12. Flege, J.E. & Fletcher, K.L
    1992 Talker and listener effects on degree of perceived foreign accent. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91: 370–389. doi: 10.1121/1.402780
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.402780 [Google Scholar]
  13. Flege, J.E. & Hillenbrand, J
    1986 Differential use of temporal cues to the /s-z/ contrast by native and non-native speakers of English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79: 508–517. doi: 10.1121/1.393538
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.393538 [Google Scholar]
  14. Flege, J.E. & Liu, S
    2001 The effect of experience on adults’ acquisition of a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 23: 527–552.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Flege, J.E
    1988 The development of skill in producing word-final /p/ and /b/: Kinematic parameters. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84: 1639–1652. doi: 10.1121/1.397179
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.397179 [Google Scholar]
  16. 2003 Methods for assessing the perception of vowels in a second language. In Issues in Clinical Linguistics , E. Fava & A. Mioni (eds), 19–44. Padova: UniPress.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Flege, J.E. , Bohn, O.S. , & Jang, S
    1997 Effects of experience on non-native speakers’ production and perception of English vowels. Journal of Phonetics 25: 437–470. doi: 10.1006/jpho.1997.0052
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1997.0052 [Google Scholar]
  18. Freed, B. , Segalowitz, N. & Dewey, D
    2004 Context of learning and second language fluency in French: Comparing regular classroom, study abroad and intensive domestic immersion programs. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 26: 275–301.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Freed, B
    1995 What makes us think that students who study abroad become fluent?In Second Language Acquisition in a Study Abroad Context [Studies in Bilingualism 9], B. Freed (ed.), 123–148. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sibil.9
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.9 [Google Scholar]
  20. 2000 Is fluency, like beauty, in the eyes (and ears) of the beholder? In Perspectives on Fluency , H. Riggenbach (ed.), 243–265. Ann Arbor MI: The University of Michigan Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Fullana, N. & MacKay, I.R.A
    2003 Production of English sounds by EFL learners: The case of /iː/ and /ɪ/. In Proceedings of the 15th international Congress of Phonetic Sciences , M.J. Solé , D. Recasens & J. Romero (eds), 1525–1528. Adelaide: Causal Productions.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Fullana, N. & Mora, J.C
    2009 Production and perception of voicing contrasts in English word-final obstruents: Assessing the effects of experience and starting age. In Recent Research in Second Language Phonetics/Phonology: Perception and Production , M.A. Watkins , A.S. Rauber , & B.O. Baptista (eds), 97–117. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Fullana, N
    2006 The development of English (FL) perception and production skills: Starting age and exposure effects. In Age and the Rate of Foreign Language Learning , C. Muñoz (ed.), 41–64. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Højen, A. & Flege, J.E
    2006 Early learners’ discrimination of second-language (L2) vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119: 3072–3084. doi: 10.1121/1.2184289
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2184289 [Google Scholar]
  25. Højen, A
    2003 Second Language Speech Perception and Production in Adult Learners Before and After Short-term Immersion. PhD dissertation, University of Aarhus.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Iverson, P. & Evans, B.G
    2009 Learning English vowels with different first-language vowel systems, II: Auditory training for native Spanish and German speakers. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 126(2): 866–877. doi: 10.1121/1.3148196
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3148196 [Google Scholar]
  27. Iverson, P. , Hazan, V. & Bannister, K
    2005 Phonetic training with acoustic cue manipulations: A comparison of methods for teaching English /r/-/l/ to Japanese adults. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 118: 3267–3278. doi: 10.1121/1.2062307
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2062307 [Google Scholar]
  28. Lennon, P
    1990 Investigating fluency in EFL: A quantitative approach. Language Learning 40(3): 387–417. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1990.tb00669.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1990.tb00669.x [Google Scholar]
  29. Llanes, À. & Muñoz, C
    2009 A short stay abroad: Does it make a difference? System 37(3): 353–365. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2009.03.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2009.03.001 [Google Scholar]
  30. Logan, J.S. & Pruitt, J.S
    1995 Methodological issues in training listeners to perceive non-native phonemes. In Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Theoretical and Methodological Issues , W. Strange (ed.), 351–378. Timonium MD: York Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Milton, J. & Meara, P
    1995 How periods abroad affect vocabulary growth in a foreign language. Review of Applied Linguistics 107–108: 17–34.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Mora, J.C. & Fullana, N
    2007 Production and perception of English /iː/-/ɪ/ and /æ/-/ʌ/ in a formal setting: Investigating the effects of experience and starting age. In Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Vol. 3 , J. Trouvain & W. Barry (eds), 1613–1616. Saarbrücken: Universität des Saarlandes.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Mora, J.C. & Valls-Ferrer, M
    2012 Oral fluency, accuracy and complexity in formal instruction and study abroad learning contexts. TESOL Quarterly 46(4): 610–641.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Mora, J.C
    2005 Lexical knowledge effects on the discrimination of non-native phonemic contrasts in words and nonwords by Catalan/Spanish bilingual learners of English. In Proceedings of the ISCA Workshop on Plasticity in Speech Perception ,43–46. London: Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. 2007 Methodological issues in assessing L2 perceptual phonological competence. Proceedings of the PTLC 2007 Phonetics Teaching and Learning Conference, 1–5. London: Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. 2008 Learning context effects on the acquisition of a second language phonology. In A portrait of the young in the new multilingual Spain , C. Pérez-Vidal , M. Juan-Garau , & A. Bel (eds), 241–263. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Morrison, G.S
    2008 L1-Spanish speakers’ acquisition of the English /i/-/ɪ/ contrast: Duration-based perception is not the initial developmental stage. Language & Speech 51: 285–315. doi: 10.1177/0023830908099067
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830908099067 [Google Scholar]
  38. 2009 L1-Spanish speakers’ acquisition of the English /iː/-/ɪ/ contrast II: Perception of vowel inherent spectral change. Language & Speech 52: 437–462. doi: 10.1177/0023830909336583
     https://doi.org/10.1177/00238 30909336583 [Google Scholar]
  39. Pérez-Vidal, C. & Juan-Garau, M
    2011 The effect of context and input conditions on oral and written development: A study abroad perspective. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 49(2): 157–185. doi: 10.1515/iral.2011.008
     https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.2011.008 [Google Scholar]
  40. Pérez-Vidal, C. , Juan-Garau, M. & Mora, J.C
    2011 The effects of formal instruction and study abroad contexts on foreign language development: The SALA Project. In The Implicit/Explicit Dichotomy in SLA and Bilingualism: Conditions, Processes and Knowledge , C. Sanz & R.P. Leow (eds), 115–127. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Piske, T
    2007 Implications of James E. Flege’s research for the foreign language classroom. In Language Experience in Second Language Learning [Language Learning & Language Teaching 17], O-S. Bohn & M.J. Munro (eds), 301–314. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/lllt.17.26pis
     https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.17.26pis [Google Scholar]
  42. Piske, T. , MacKay, I. & Flege, J.E
    2001 Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: A review. Journal of Phonetics 29: 191–215. doi: 10.1006/jpho.2001.0134
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.2001.0134 [Google Scholar]
  43. Pisoni, D. & Lively, S
    1995 Variability and invariance in speech perception. A new look at some old problems in perceptual learning. In Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Theoretical and Methodological Issues , W. Strange (ed.), 443–459. Timonium MD: York Press.
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