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“Because it is my life, and I’m the one who makes choices” – Newcomers in the French education system and career guidance

What about their plurilingual competence?

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The chapter analyses the career guidance counselling procedures regarding newcomer students attending “Classes d’accueil” in France. The aim of the research is to question the monolingual ideology pertaining to the educational objectives set out for such students by the Ministry of Education, i.e. the priority set on the acquisition of French as the language of schooling, without acknowledging the learners’ plurilingual repertoires. Based on retrospective interviews with two newcomers, we analyse the gap between their professional aspirations and the possibilities offered to them by the educational and guidance counselling structures in place. We explain how, once students attend mainstream classes, their plurilingual and pluricultural competence is made virtually invisible and they are disempowered by the priority given to high competence in French.

  • Affiliations: 1: University of Strasbourg

References

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  5. Code de l’Education
    2000 <ftp://trf.education.gouv.fr/pub/edutel/bo/2000/special7/vol1/volume1.pdf (17 December 2011).
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  8. Coste, D
    2001 Postface. De plus d’une langue à d’autres encore. Penser les compétences plurilingues?In D’une langue à d’autres: Pratiques et représentations [Collection Dyalangues], V. Castellotti (ed.), 191–203. Rouen: Publications de l’Université de Rouen.
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  30. Krashen, S.D
    1982  Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition . Oxford: Pergamon.
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  31. Lambert, W.E
    1980 The social psychology of language: A perspective for the 1980’s. In Language: Social Psychological Perspectives , H. Giles , W. Robinson & P. Smith (eds), 415–424. Oxford: Pergamon.10.1016/B978‑0‑08‑024696‑3.50067‑3
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    2009 Politique scolaire à l’égard des mineurs étrangers isolés. Entre volonté d’intégration et lute contre l’immigration subie. In Langues et immigrations: Société, école, travail , 183–198. Paris: L’Harmattan.
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    1990  Bilingual Pupils in the Mainstream Classroom . London: Falmer.
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    2002 La démocratisation de l’enseignement, Paris: Repères, La Découverte.
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    www.onisep.fr/ (9 January 2012)
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    2003 Black American students in an affluent suburb: A sudy of academic disengagement. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
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  39. Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM). 2010. État de la migration dans le monde
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References

  1. Auger, N
    2010  Elèves nouvellement arrivés en France. Réalités et Perspectives pratiques en classe . Paris: Editions des Archives Contemporaines.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Bourne, J
    2003 Remedial or Radical? Second language support for curriculum learning. In Language Education , J. Bourne & E. Reid (eds), 21–34. London: Kogan Page.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Bulletin Officiel du Ministère de l’Education nationale et du Ministère de la Recherche
    . 2002 Numéro spécial: Scolarisation des nouveaux arrivants et des enfants du voyage. N°10. ftp://trf.education.gouv.fr/pub/edutel/ bo/2002/special10/special10.pdf (17 December 2011).
  4. Cavalli, M. , Coste D. , Crisan A. & van de Ven P. H
    2009 L’éducation plurilingue et interculturelle comme projet. Division des Politiques linguistiques. www.coe.int/lang/fr (8 January 2012)
  5. Code de l’Education
    2000 <ftp://trf.education.gouv.fr/pub/edutel/bo/2000/special7/vol1/volume1.pdf (17 December 2011).
  6. Collier, V
    1987 How long? A synthesis of research on academic achievement in second language. TESOL Quarterly 23(3): 509–531. doi: 10.2307/3586923
     https://doi.org/10.2307/3586923 [Google Scholar]
  7. Coste, D. , Moore, D. & Zarate, G
    1997 Compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle. Vers un Cadre Européen Commun de reference pour l’enseignement des langues vivantes: études préparatoires. Division des Politiques linguistiques. Strasbourg. www.coe.int/t/DG4/linguistic/ Source/SourcePublications/CompetencePlurilingue09web_FR.pdf (8 January 2012)
  8. Coste, D
    2001 Postface. De plus d’une langue à d’autres encore. Penser les compétences plurilingues?In D’une langue à d’autres: Pratiques et représentations [Collection Dyalangues], V. Castellotti (ed.), 191–203. Rouen: Publications de l’Université de Rouen.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Council of Europe
    2000  Common European Framework of Reference for Languages . www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/Framework_EN.pdf (17 December 2011).
  10. 2007  Guide for the Development of Language Education Policies in Europe. From Linguistic Diversity to Plurilingual Education . www.coe.int/t/dg4/Linguistic/Source/FullGuide_En.pdf (17 December 2011).
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Cummins, J
    1984  Bilingualism and Special Education: Issues in Assessment and Pedagogy . San Diego CA: College Hill.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 1986 Empowering minority students: A framework for intervention. Harward Educational Review 56(N1): 18–37.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. 1991 Interdependence of first- and second-language proficiency in bilingual children. In Language Processing in Bilingual Children , E. Bialystok (eds), 70–89. Cambridge: CUP. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620652.006
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620652.006 [Google Scholar]
  14. 2000  Language, Power, and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire . Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. 2001 Negotiating identities: Education for empowerment in a diverse society (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: California Association for Bilingual Education.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Cummins, J. & Early M
    2011  Identity Texts: The Collaborative Creation of Power in Multilingual Schools . Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Dhume, F. , Dukic, S. , Chauvel, S. & Perrot, P
    2011  Orientation scolaire et discrimination. De l’(in)égalité de traitement selon l’origine . Paris: La Documentation Française.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Galligani, S
    2008 L’identification de ‘l’enfant étranger’ dans les circulaires de l’Éducation nationale depuis 1970: Vers la reconnaissance d’un plurilinguisme?In Plurilinguismes et enseignement. Identités en construction , P. Martinez , D. Moore & V. Spaëth (eds), 113–123. Paris: Riveneuve.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Garcia, O
    2008 Multilingual language awareness and teacher education. In Encyclopedia of Language and Education , J. Cenoz & N. Hornberger (eds), 385–400. Dordrecht: Springer,10.1007/978‑0‑387‑30424‑3_163
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_163 [Google Scholar]
  20. 2009  Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective . West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. García, O. & Kleifgen, J.A
    2010  Educating Emergent Bilinguals: Policies, Programs, and Practices for English Language Learners . New York NY: Teachers College Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Gee, J.P
    2005 An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method , 2nd edn. New York NY: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Genesee, F
    1994  Educating Second Language Children. The Whole Child, the Whole Curriculum, the Whole Community . Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Genesee, F. & Gándara, P
    1999 Bilingual education programs: A cross-national perspective. Journal of Social Issues 55: 665–685. doi: 10.1111/0022‑4537.00141
     https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00141 [Google Scholar]
  25. Genesee, F. & Nicoladis, E
    2008 Bilingual first language acquisition. In Blackwell Handbook of Language Development . E. Hoff & M. Shatz (eds), 324–342. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Hélot, C. , Hoffmann, E. , Schneidhauer, M. L. & Young, A
    . (eds) 2006  Écarts de langue, écarts de culture: À l’école de l’autre . Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Hélot, C
    2007  Du bilinguisme en famille au plurilinguisme à l’école . Paris: L’Harmattan.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Hélot, C. , Benert, B. , Ehrhart, S. & Young, A
    . (eds) 2008  Penser le bilinguisme autrement . Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Hélot, C. & Ó Laoire, M
    2011  Language Policy for the Multilingual Classroom: Pedagogy of the Possible . Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Krashen, S.D
    1982  Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition . Oxford: Pergamon.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Lambert, W.E
    1980 The social psychology of language: A perspective for the 1980’s. In Language: Social Psychological Perspectives , H. Giles , W. Robinson & P. Smith (eds), 415–424. Oxford: Pergamon.10.1016/B978‑0‑08‑024696‑3.50067‑3
     https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-024696-3.50067-3 [Google Scholar]
  32. Lemaire, E
    2009 Politique scolaire à l’égard des mineurs étrangers isolés. Entre volonté d’intégration et lute contre l’immigration subie. In Langues et immigrations: Société, école, travail , 183–198. Paris: L’Harmattan.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Le Monde , La Vie Hors Série
    2009  L’Atlas des migrations . Paris: Le Monde.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. 2011  L’Atlas des Minorités . Paris: Le Monde.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Levine, J
    1990  Bilingual Pupils in the Mainstream Classroom . London: Falmer.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Merle, P
    2002 La démocratisation de l’enseignement, Paris: Repères, La Découverte.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Office national d’information sur les enseignements et les professions (ONISEP)
    www.onisep.fr/ (9 January 2012)
  38. Ogbu, J.U
    2003 Black American students in an affluent suburb: A sudy of academic disengagement. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM). 2010. État de la migration dans le monde
    2010  L’avenir des migrations: renforcer les capacités face aux changements , Genève, Suisse. www.iom.int (11 December 2011).
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Rapport annuel des Inspections générales 2009 2010 <www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/var/storage/rapports-publics//10400048 3/ 0000.pdf. (17 December 2011)
  41. Zetter, R
    1991 Labelling refugees: Forming and transforming a bureaucratic identity. Journal of Refugees Studies 4(1): 39–62. doi: 10.1093/jrs/4.1.39
     https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/4.1.39 [Google Scholar]
  42. Zirotti, J.P
    2006 Enjeux sociaux du bilinguisme à l’école. Langages et sociétés 116(2): 73–91. doi: 10.3917/ls.116.0073
     https://doi.org/10.3917/ls.116.0073 [Google Scholar]

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