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What guides children’s acquisition 
of #sC clusters?

A cross-linguistic account

image of What guides children’s acquisition 
of #sC clusters?

This chapter is an overview of the cross-linguistic patterns in the acquisition of two-member s-clusters. Results of several studies on three Germanic languages (English, Dutch, and Norwegian) and three non-Germanic languages (Hebrew, Croatian, and Polish) were evaluated. Productions from typically developing children as well as children with phonological disorders were looked at with respect to cluster reductions and correct productions. While the examination of the former revealed a common behavior among all six languages, the latter point to language-specific effects.

  • Affiliations: 1: Florida International University

References

  1. Barlow, J.A.
    2005 Sonority effects in the production of consonant clusters by Spanish-speaking children. In Selected Proceedings of the sixth Conference on the Acquisition of Spanish and Portuguese as a First and Second Language, D. Eddington (ed.), 1–14. Somerville MA: Cascadilla.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. 2001 A preliminary typology of initial clusters in acquisition. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 15: 9–13.10.3109/02699200109167622
     https://doi.org/10.3109/02699200109167622 [Google Scholar]
  3. Beckman, M. & Edwards, M.L.
    1999 Lexical frequency effects on young children’s imitative Productions. In Papers in Laboratory Phonology V, M.B. Broe & J.B. Pierrehumbert (eds), 208–218. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Ben-David, A.
    2006 On the acquisition of Hebrew #sC onsets. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders 4: 205–217. 10.1080/14769670601110531.
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14769670601110531 [Google Scholar]
  5. Ben-David, A. , Ezrati, R. & Stuhlman, N.
    2010 Acquisition of /s/ clusters in Hebrew speaking children with phonological disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 24(3): 210–223. 10.3109/02699200903367066.
     https://doi.org/10.3109/02699200903367066 [Google Scholar]
  6. Berent, I. , Lennert, T. & Smolensky, P.
    2011 Syllable markedness and misperceptions: It’s a two-way street. In Handbook of Syllable , C.E. Cairns & E. Raimy (eds). Leiden: Brill.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Broselow, E.
    1992 Language transfer and universals in second language epenthesis. In Language Transfer in Language Learning [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 6], S.M. Gass & L. Selinker (eds), 71–86. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/lald.5.07bro
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  8. Broselow, E. & Xu, Z.
    2004 Differential difficulty in the acquisition of second language phonology. International Journal of English Studies 4: 135–163.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Broselow, E. , Chen, S. & Wang, C.
    1998 The emergence of the unmarked in second language phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20: 261–280. 10.1017/S0272263198002071.
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263198002071. [Google Scholar]
  10. Broselow, E. & Finer, D.
    1991 Parameter setting in second language phonology and syntax. Second Language Research 7: 35–39. 10.1177/026765839100700102.
     https://doi.org/10.1177/026765839100700102. [Google Scholar]
  11. Clements, G.N.
    1990 The role of sonority cycle in core syllabification. In Papers in Laboratory Phonology, 1: Between the Grammar and Physics of Speech , J. Kingston & M.E. Beckman (eds), 283–333. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Davis, S.
    1990 Italian onset structure and the distribution of il and lo . Linguistics 28: 43–55. 10.1515/ling.1990.28.1.43.
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1990.28.1.43 [Google Scholar]
  13. De Lacy, P.
    2007 The interaction of tone, sonority, and prosodic structure. In The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology , P. de Lacy (ed.), 281–307. Cambridge: CUP. 10.1017/CBO9780511486371.013.
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  15. Gerrits, E.
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     https://doi.org/10.1080/14769670601110549. [Google Scholar]
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    1999 Syllable onsets: Clusters and adjuncts in acquisition. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 42: 708–726.10.1044/jslhr.4203.708
     https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4203.708 [Google Scholar]
  19. Goad, H. & Rose, Y.
    2004 Input elaboration, head faithfulness, and evidence for representation in the acquisition of left-edge clusters in West Germanic. In Constraints in Phonological Acquisition , R. Kager , J. Pater & W. Zonneveld (eds), 109–157. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Gouskova, M.
    2004 Falling sonority onsets, loanwords, and syllable contact. Chicago Linguistic Society 37: 175–186.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. 2001 Relational hierarchies in optimality theory: The case of syllable contact. Phonology 21: 201–250. 10.1017/S095267570400020X.
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S095267570400020X [Google Scholar]
  22. Hall, T.A.
    1992  Syllable Structure and Syllable Related Processes in German . Tubingen: Niemeyer. 10.1515/9783111657882.
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111657882. [Google Scholar]
  23. Harris, J.
    1983  Syllable Structure and Stress in Spanish. A Non-linear Analysis . Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Hogg, R & M. Cully , C.
    1987  Metrical Phonology:A Coursebook . Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Hooper, J.
    1976  An Introduction to Natural Generative Phonology . New York NY: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Karimi, S.
    1987 Farsi speakers and the initial consonant clusters in English. In Interlanguage Phonology: The Acquisition of a Second Language Sound System , G. Ioup & S. Weinberger (eds), 305–318. Cambridge MA; Newbury House.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Kenstowicz, M.
    1990  Phonology in Generative Grammar . Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Kristoffersen, K. & Simonsen, H.
    2006 The acquisition of #sC clusters in Norwegian. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders 4: 231–241. 10.1080/14769670601110556.
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14769670601110556. [Google Scholar]
  29. Lovins, J.
    1974 Why loan phonology is natural phonology? Papers from the Annual Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society: Parasession on natural phonology , 240–250.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Mildner, V. & Tomic, D.
    2010 Acquisition of /s/-clusters in Croatian-speaking children with phonological disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 24(3): 224–238. 10.3109/02699200903362893.
     https://doi.org/10.3109/02699200903362893 [Google Scholar]
  31. Morelli, F.
    1999 The Phonotactics and Phonology of Obstruent Clusters in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, University of Maryland.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Ohala, D.
    1999 The influence of sonority on children’s cluster reductions. Journal of Communication Disorders 32: 397–421. 10.1016/S0021‑9924(99)00018‑0.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9924(99)00018-0. [Google Scholar]
  33. Parker, S.
    2002 Quantifying the Sonority Hierarchy. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Pater, J.
    2004 Bridging the gap between receptive and productive development with minimally violable constraints. In Constraints in Phonological Acquisition , R. Kager , J. Pater & W. Zonneveld (eds), 219–244. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Pater, J. & Barlow, J.A.
    2003 Constraint conflict in cluster reduction. Journal of Child Language 30: 487–526. 10.1017/S0305000903005658.
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000903005658. [Google Scholar]
  36. Pinker, S. & Birdsong, D.
    1979 Speakers’ sensitivity to rules of frozen word order. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18: 497–508. 10.1016/S0022‑5371(79)90273‑1.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(79)90273-1 [Google Scholar]
  37. Prince, A. & Smolensky, P.
    2004  Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar . Oxford: Blackwell.10.1002/9780470759400
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470759400 [Google Scholar]
  38. Romani, C. & Calabrese, A.
    1998 Syllabic constraints on the phonological errors of an aphasic patient. Brain and Language 64: 83–121. 10.1006/brln.1998.1958.
     https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1998.1958. [Google Scholar]
  39. Selkirk, E.
    1984 On the major class features and syllable theory. In Language Sound Structure: Studies in Phonology Presented to Morris Halle by his Teacher and Students, M. Aranoff & R.T. Oehrle (eds), 107–136. Cambridge MA; The MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Smolensky, P.
    2006 Optimality theory in phonology, II: Markedness, feature domains, and local constraint conjunction. In The Harmonic Mind: From Neural Computation to Optimality-theoretic Grammar, Vol. 2, P. Smolensky & G. Legendre (eds), 27–160. Cambridge MA; The MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Stemberger, J. & Treiman, R.
    1986 The internal structure of word-initial consonant clusters. Journal of Memory and Language 25: 163–180. 10.1016/0749596X(86)90027‑6.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0749596X(86)90027-6. [Google Scholar]
  42. Stenneken, P. , Bastiaanse, R., Huber , W & Jacobs, A.
    2005 Syllable structure and sonority in language inventory and aphasic neologisms. Brain and Language 95: 280–292. 10.1016/j.bandl.2005.01.013.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2005.01.013. [Google Scholar]
  43. Steriade, D.
    1990  Greek Prosodies and the Nature of Syllabification . New York NY: Garland.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Trommelen, M.
    1984  The Syllable in Dutch:With Special Reference to Diminutive Formation . Dordrecht: Foris.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Venneman, T
    1972 On the theory of syllabic phonology. Linguistische Berichte 18: 1–18.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Yavaş, M.
    2013 What explains the reductions in /s/-clusters: Sonority or [continuant]? Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 27(6): 394–403. 10.3109/02699206.2013.767378.
     https://doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2013.767378. [Google Scholar]
  47. 2011 The role of sonority in the acquisition of interlanguage coda clusters. In Achievements and Perspectives in SLA Speech , M. Wrembel, M. Kul & K. Dziubalska-Kolacyk (eds), 297–307. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. 2010 Sonority and the acquisition of /s/ clusters in children with phonological disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 24(3): 167–176.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. 2003 Role of sonority in developing phonologies. Journal of Multilingual Commmunication Disorders 4: 169–181.10.1080/14769670601110481
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14769670601110481 [Google Scholar]
  50. Yavaş, M. & Marecka, M.
    In press. Acquisition of /s/ clusters in Polish: Patterns in typical developments and in children with phonological disorders. International Journal of Speech and Language Pathology .
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Yavaş, M. & McLeod, S.
    2010 Acquisition of #sC onsets in English-speaking children with phonological disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 24(3): 177–187. 10.3109/02699200903362935.
     https://doi.org/10.3109/02699200903362935. [Google Scholar]
  52. Yavaş, M. , Ben-David, A. , Gerrits, E. , Kristoffersen, K. & Simonsen, H.
    2008 Sonority and Cross-linguistic acquisition of initial s-clusters. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 22(6): 421–441. 10.1080/02699200701875864.
     https://doi.org/10.1080/02699200701875864. [Google Scholar]
  53. Yavaş, M. & Core, C.
    2006 Acquisition of #sC clusters in English-speaking children. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders 4(3): 169–181. 10.1080/14769670601110481.
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14769670601110481. [Google Scholar]
  54. Yavaş, M. & Someillan, M.
    2005 Patterns of acquisition of /s/ clusters. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders 3: 50–55. 10.1080/14769670400018323.
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References

  1. Barlow, J.A.
    2005 Sonority effects in the production of consonant clusters by Spanish-speaking children. In Selected Proceedings of the sixth Conference on the Acquisition of Spanish and Portuguese as a First and Second Language, D. Eddington (ed.), 1–14. Somerville MA: Cascadilla.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. 2001 A preliminary typology of initial clusters in acquisition. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 15: 9–13.10.3109/02699200109167622
     https://doi.org/10.3109/02699200109167622 [Google Scholar]
  3. Beckman, M. & Edwards, M.L.
    1999 Lexical frequency effects on young children’s imitative Productions. In Papers in Laboratory Phonology V, M.B. Broe & J.B. Pierrehumbert (eds), 208–218. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Ben-David, A.
    2006 On the acquisition of Hebrew #sC onsets. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders 4: 205–217. 10.1080/14769670601110531.
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14769670601110531 [Google Scholar]
  5. Ben-David, A. , Ezrati, R. & Stuhlman, N.
    2010 Acquisition of /s/ clusters in Hebrew speaking children with phonological disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 24(3): 210–223. 10.3109/02699200903367066.
     https://doi.org/10.3109/02699200903367066 [Google Scholar]
  6. Berent, I. , Lennert, T. & Smolensky, P.
    2011 Syllable markedness and misperceptions: It’s a two-way street. In Handbook of Syllable , C.E. Cairns & E. Raimy (eds). Leiden: Brill.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Broselow, E.
    1992 Language transfer and universals in second language epenthesis. In Language Transfer in Language Learning [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 6], S.M. Gass & L. Selinker (eds), 71–86. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/lald.5.07bro
     https://doi.org/10.1075/lald.5.07bro [Google Scholar]
  8. Broselow, E. & Xu, Z.
    2004 Differential difficulty in the acquisition of second language phonology. International Journal of English Studies 4: 135–163.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Broselow, E. , Chen, S. & Wang, C.
    1998 The emergence of the unmarked in second language phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20: 261–280. 10.1017/S0272263198002071.
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263198002071. [Google Scholar]
  10. Broselow, E. & Finer, D.
    1991 Parameter setting in second language phonology and syntax. Second Language Research 7: 35–39. 10.1177/026765839100700102.
     https://doi.org/10.1177/026765839100700102. [Google Scholar]
  11. Clements, G.N.
    1990 The role of sonority cycle in core syllabification. In Papers in Laboratory Phonology, 1: Between the Grammar and Physics of Speech , J. Kingston & M.E. Beckman (eds), 283–333. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Davis, S.
    1990 Italian onset structure and the distribution of il and lo . Linguistics 28: 43–55. 10.1515/ling.1990.28.1.43.
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1990.28.1.43 [Google Scholar]
  13. De Lacy, P.
    2007 The interaction of tone, sonority, and prosodic structure. In The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology , P. de Lacy (ed.), 281–307. Cambridge: CUP. 10.1017/CBO9780511486371.013.
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486371.013 [Google Scholar]
  14. Fikkert, P.
    1994 On the Acquisition of Prosodic Structure. PhD dissertation, University of Leiden.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Gerrits, E.
    2010 Acquisition of /s/ clusters in Dutch-speaking children with phonological disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 24(3): 199–209. 10.3109/02699200903427816.
     https://doi.org/10.3109/02699200903427816 [Google Scholar]
  16. Gerrits, E. & Zumach, A.
    2006 The acquisition of #sC clusters in Dutch. Journal of Multi- lingual Communication Disorders 4: 218–230. 10.1080/14769670601110549.
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14769670601110549. [Google Scholar]
  17. Giegerich, H.J.
    1992  English Phonology . Cambridge: CUP. 10.1017/CBO9781139166126.
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166126. [Google Scholar]
  18. Gierut, J.
    1999 Syllable onsets: Clusters and adjuncts in acquisition. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 42: 708–726.10.1044/jslhr.4203.708
     https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4203.708 [Google Scholar]
  19. Goad, H. & Rose, Y.
    2004 Input elaboration, head faithfulness, and evidence for representation in the acquisition of left-edge clusters in West Germanic. In Constraints in Phonological Acquisition , R. Kager , J. Pater & W. Zonneveld (eds), 109–157. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Gouskova, M.
    2004 Falling sonority onsets, loanwords, and syllable contact. Chicago Linguistic Society 37: 175–186.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. 2001 Relational hierarchies in optimality theory: The case of syllable contact. Phonology 21: 201–250. 10.1017/S095267570400020X.
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S095267570400020X [Google Scholar]
  22. Hall, T.A.
    1992  Syllable Structure and Syllable Related Processes in German . Tubingen: Niemeyer. 10.1515/9783111657882.
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111657882. [Google Scholar]
  23. Harris, J.
    1983  Syllable Structure and Stress in Spanish. A Non-linear Analysis . Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Hogg, R & M. Cully , C.
    1987  Metrical Phonology:A Coursebook . Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Hooper, J.
    1976  An Introduction to Natural Generative Phonology . New York NY: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Karimi, S.
    1987 Farsi speakers and the initial consonant clusters in English. In Interlanguage Phonology: The Acquisition of a Second Language Sound System , G. Ioup & S. Weinberger (eds), 305–318. Cambridge MA; Newbury House.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Kenstowicz, M.
    1990  Phonology in Generative Grammar . Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Kristoffersen, K. & Simonsen, H.
    2006 The acquisition of #sC clusters in Norwegian. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders 4: 231–241. 10.1080/14769670601110556.
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14769670601110556. [Google Scholar]
  29. Lovins, J.
    1974 Why loan phonology is natural phonology? Papers from the Annual Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society: Parasession on natural phonology , 240–250.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Mildner, V. & Tomic, D.
    2010 Acquisition of /s/-clusters in Croatian-speaking children with phonological disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 24(3): 224–238. 10.3109/02699200903362893.
     https://doi.org/10.3109/02699200903362893 [Google Scholar]
  31. Morelli, F.
    1999 The Phonotactics and Phonology of Obstruent Clusters in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, University of Maryland.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Ohala, D.
    1999 The influence of sonority on children’s cluster reductions. Journal of Communication Disorders 32: 397–421. 10.1016/S0021‑9924(99)00018‑0.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9924(99)00018-0. [Google Scholar]
  33. Parker, S.
    2002 Quantifying the Sonority Hierarchy. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Pater, J.
    2004 Bridging the gap between receptive and productive development with minimally violable constraints. In Constraints in Phonological Acquisition , R. Kager , J. Pater & W. Zonneveld (eds), 219–244. Cambridge: CUP.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Pater, J. & Barlow, J.A.
    2003 Constraint conflict in cluster reduction. Journal of Child Language 30: 487–526. 10.1017/S0305000903005658.
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000903005658. [Google Scholar]
  36. Pinker, S. & Birdsong, D.
    1979 Speakers’ sensitivity to rules of frozen word order. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18: 497–508. 10.1016/S0022‑5371(79)90273‑1.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(79)90273-1 [Google Scholar]
  37. Prince, A. & Smolensky, P.
    2004  Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar . Oxford: Blackwell.10.1002/9780470759400
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470759400 [Google Scholar]
  38. Romani, C. & Calabrese, A.
    1998 Syllabic constraints on the phonological errors of an aphasic patient. Brain and Language 64: 83–121. 10.1006/brln.1998.1958.
     https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1998.1958. [Google Scholar]
  39. Selkirk, E.
    1984 On the major class features and syllable theory. In Language Sound Structure: Studies in Phonology Presented to Morris Halle by his Teacher and Students, M. Aranoff & R.T. Oehrle (eds), 107–136. Cambridge MA; The MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Smolensky, P.
    2006 Optimality theory in phonology, II: Markedness, feature domains, and local constraint conjunction. In The Harmonic Mind: From Neural Computation to Optimality-theoretic Grammar, Vol. 2, P. Smolensky & G. Legendre (eds), 27–160. Cambridge MA; The MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Stemberger, J. & Treiman, R.
    1986 The internal structure of word-initial consonant clusters. Journal of Memory and Language 25: 163–180. 10.1016/0749596X(86)90027‑6.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0749596X(86)90027-6. [Google Scholar]
  42. Stenneken, P. , Bastiaanse, R., Huber , W & Jacobs, A.
    2005 Syllable structure and sonority in language inventory and aphasic neologisms. Brain and Language 95: 280–292. 10.1016/j.bandl.2005.01.013.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2005.01.013. [Google Scholar]
  43. Steriade, D.
    1990  Greek Prosodies and the Nature of Syllabification . New York NY: Garland.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Trommelen, M.
    1984  The Syllable in Dutch:With Special Reference to Diminutive Formation . Dordrecht: Foris.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Venneman, T
    1972 On the theory of syllabic phonology. Linguistische Berichte 18: 1–18.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Yavaş, M.
    2013 What explains the reductions in /s/-clusters: Sonority or [continuant]? Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 27(6): 394–403. 10.3109/02699206.2013.767378.
     https://doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2013.767378. [Google Scholar]
  47. 2011 The role of sonority in the acquisition of interlanguage coda clusters. In Achievements and Perspectives in SLA Speech , M. Wrembel, M. Kul & K. Dziubalska-Kolacyk (eds), 297–307. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. 2010 Sonority and the acquisition of /s/ clusters in children with phonological disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 24(3): 167–176.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. 2003 Role of sonority in developing phonologies. Journal of Multilingual Commmunication Disorders 4: 169–181.10.1080/14769670601110481
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14769670601110481 [Google Scholar]
  50. Yavaş, M. & Marecka, M.
    In press. Acquisition of /s/ clusters in Polish: Patterns in typical developments and in children with phonological disorders. International Journal of Speech and Language Pathology .
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Yavaş, M. & McLeod, S.
    2010 Acquisition of #sC onsets in English-speaking children with phonological disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 24(3): 177–187. 10.3109/02699200903362935.
     https://doi.org/10.3109/02699200903362935. [Google Scholar]
  52. Yavaş, M. , Ben-David, A. , Gerrits, E. , Kristoffersen, K. & Simonsen, H.
    2008 Sonority and Cross-linguistic acquisition of initial s-clusters. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 22(6): 421–441. 10.1080/02699200701875864.
     https://doi.org/10.1080/02699200701875864. [Google Scholar]
  53. Yavaş, M. & Core, C.
    2006 Acquisition of #sC clusters in English-speaking children. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders 4(3): 169–181. 10.1080/14769670601110481.
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