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Die Einheit der Welt
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- Der Neo-Konfuzianismus bildet mit seinen verschiedenen Strömungen die wichtigste Geistesschule des imperialen China seit der Song-Zeit (960-1279). Er entstand als Reaktion auf die das chinesische Denken in den Jahrhunderten vorher stark beeinflussenden Schulen des Buddhismus und des Neo-Daoismus und versteht sich selbst als eine Rückkehr zu der Essenz der ursprünglichen konfuzianischen Lehre vor der Han-Zeit (206 v.u.Z.-221 n.u.Z.). Wesentliche Elemente in den Theorien der beiden gegnerischen Schulen wurden aber vom Neo-Konfuzianismus absorbiert und haben ihn ohne Zweifel bereichert und neue Elemente in den Konfuzianismus getragen.<br />Zhang Zai gehört zu den wichtigsten Vertretern des Neo-Konfuzianismus. Er hat dem Begriff Qi erstmals innerhalb der konfuzianischen Schule eine zentrale Bedeutung gegeben. Qi ist ein ontologischer Begriff, der in der Lehre Zhang Zais auf die eine, alle Dinge konstituierende Substanz verweist, deren unaufhörlicher Prozeß des Verdichtens und Zerstreuens das Entstehen und Vergehen der Dingen hervorruft. Einzelding und Universum sind wesentlich gleich, denn sie finden ihre Einheit in der Substanz Qi. Der Mensch hat die Fähigkeit und Aufgabe, im Erkenntnisprozeß die Einheit der Welt zu erfassen und die als ein wesentlicher Aspekt dem Qi immanenten sittlichen Prinzipien (Li) im Denken und Handeln zu verwirklichen. So wird er zum Weisen und erlangt die höchste Stufe des menschlichen Seins.
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Die Entdeckung des Raums
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- Von »chaos« zu sprechen, ist en vogue. Seit den 70er Jahren ist der Gebrauch des Begriffs auf einem unaufhaltsamen Vormarsch. Im bereich der Physik reaktiviert, hat der Begriff »chaos« eine popularistische Faszination erlangt, die ihre gesellschaftlichen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Ursachen hat: Der Technologie-Optimismus schlägt in Skepsis gegenüber dem technischen Fortschritt um, der unbedingte fortschrittsglaube wird in Frage gestellt. Ökologische Probleme zeigen an, daß das ökologische Gleichgewicht ins Wanken geraten ist. In dieser Atmosphäre der Unsicherheit beginnen Physiker und Mathematiker, das bisher von Menschen kontrollierte System »Welt« neu zu durchleuchten. Der Begriff »chaos« scheint für einen Neuansatz geeignet, beheimatet er doch die Doppelperspektivität des Turbulenten und Unvorhersagbaren. Als »deterministisches Chaos« etabliert sich ein antiker Begriff in der modernen Physik.Über den heutigen inflationären Gebrauch des Begriffs »chaos« scheint in Vergessenheit geraten zu sein, daß der Begriff von Hesiod in einem anderen Zusammenhang gebraucht worden ist: Er bezeichnet eine räumliche Größe und ist als begrifflicher Beginn einer Entwicklung im griechischen Kulturraum zu sehen, die zur Entdeckung des Raums als philosophische Kategorie führt. Platon is derjenige griechische Philosoph, der als erster den Raum als ontologische Größe begreift und über den Weg des Denkens zu bestimmen versucht.Die »Entdeckung des Raums« gibt wichtige Impulse für die »arche«-Debatte: Bewegung und Form können unabhängig vom Stoff betrachtet werden. Der Weg für die aristotelische Lehre von den vier Ursachen is bereitet.<br /> Today’s inflated use of the term ‘chaos’ has made us forget the very different context in which it had been used by Hesiod, for whom it designated a spatial magnitude. As such, it stood at the beginning of a conceptual development which led to the discovery of space as a philosophical category. It was Plato who first understood space as an ontological entity and tried to determine it by philosophical reasoning.
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Early Arabic Grammatical Theory
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- The Arabic grammatical tradition is remarkable for having organized a large amount of descriptive material within a sophisticated formal framework. The present study seeks to elucidate the early development of this system from a theory-internal perspective; it is mainly concerned with the development of the syntactic theory as a formal object, as system of rules. This endeavor is constituted of four sub-goals: a description of early developments, their periodization, their relation to the traditional account in terms of the Basran and Kufan schools, and their relation to modern linguistic theory.
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Early Germanic Languages in Contact
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- This volume contains revised and, in some cases, extended versions of twelve of the fourteen lectures read at the conference on “Early Germanic Languages in Contact” held at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense on 22-23 August 2013 – with a paper and a review article added at the end on themes pertaining to the aim and scope of the symposium. All papers cover central aspects of the early contact between Germanic and some of its Indo-European and non-Indo-European linguistic neighbours; and, in certain cases, aspects involving internal Germanic language contact.
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Early Language Development
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- This book establishes a dialog between experimental psychology and electrophysiology in the study of infant language development. On the one hand, traditional methods of investigation into language development have reached a high level of refinement despite being confined to observing infants’ overt behavioral responses. On the other hand, more recent methods such as neuroimaging and, in particular, event-related potentials provide access to implicit responses from the infant brain while often relying on rather gross experimental contrasts. The aims of this book are both to provide neuroscientists with an overview of the ingenious behavioral paradigms that have been developed in the field of language development and to introduce the power of neurophysiological indices to behavioral experimentalists. The two approaches are compared at various levels of processing: phonetic discrimination, categorical perception, speech segmentation, syllable and word recognition, semantic priming. A general discussion brings together the two approaches, highlights their respective contributions and limitations and proposes constructive ideas for future integration.<br />
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Early Modern English News Discourse
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- In Early Modern Britain, new publication channels were developed and new textual genres established themselves. News discourse became increasingly more important and reached wider audiences, with pamphlets as the first real mass media. Newspapers appeared, first on a weekly and then on a daily basis. And scientific news discourse in the form of letters exchanged between fellow scholars turned into academic journals. The papers in this volume provide state-of-the art analyses of these developments.<br /> The first part of the volume contains studies of early newspapers that range from reports of crime and punishment to want ads, and from traces of religious language in early newspapers to the use of imperatives. The second part is devoted to pamphlets and provides detailed analyses of news reporting and of impoliteness strategies. The last section is devoted to scientific news discourse and traces the early publication formats in their various manifestations.
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Early Years in Machine Translation
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- Machine translation (MT) was one of the first non-numerical applications of the computer in the 1950s and 1960s. With limited equipment and programming tools, researchers from a wide range of disciplines (electronics, linguistics, mathematics, engineering, etc.) tackled the unknown problems of language analysis and processing, investigated original and innovative methods and techniques, and laid the foundations not just of current MT systems and computerized tools for translators but also of natural language processing in general. This volume contains contributions by or about the major MT pioneers from the United States, Russia, East and West Europe, and Japan, with recollections of personal experiences, colleagues and rivals, the political and institutional background, the successes and disappointments, and above all the challenges and excitement of a new field with great practical importance. Each article includes a personal bibliography, and the editor provides an overview, chronology and list of sources for the period.<br />
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Ecce Homo! A Lexicon of Man
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- This fascinating lexicon presents a compilation of approximately a thousand labels with which man has referred to himself in literary history. This is an indispensible reference tool for anyone interested in the accomplishments of <i>Homo</i>.
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An Ecology of the Russian Avant-Garde Picturebook
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- An Ecology of the Russian Avant-Garde Picturebook takes a new approach to interpreting 1920s and 1930s picturebooks by prominent Russian writers, artists, and intellectuals by examining them within the ecological environment that, first, made them possible and, then, led to their demise. It argues that naturalistic models of the complex interactions of dynamic systems offer effective tools for understanding the fraught interrelations of art and censorship in the early Soviet period. Through illustrative case studies, it mounts a close analysis of word and image and their synergistic interplay in avant-garde picturebooks, while also recontextualizing them within the ecology of their original environment where extraordinary countervailing forces played out a drama of which these books survive as telling artifacts. Ultimately, it argues that the Russian avant-garde picturebook offers a uniquely illustrative example of literary ecology that sheds light on issues of creativity and censorship, politics and art, more broadly as well.
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Edges, Heads, and Projections
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- This collection deals with central issues in the syntax of clauses and their interfaces with the conceptual-intentional system. The book targets the syntactic properties that have an impact on the interpretation of discourse and temporal dependencies, functional fields including CP, pragmatic markers at the syntax-pragmatic interface, and on the possible parameterization of these properties. The papers in this volume bring to the fore the role of the edges (specifier and adjuncts), heads and projections in the grammar and at the interfaces. They address the question to what extent the relevant configurations at the level of edges, head, and projections determine the syntax/semantic, semantic/pragmatic connections. The contributions clarify the notion of edge and bring evidence that this notion is core to the analysis of various phenomena at the left periphery of clauses and phrases. This volume also discusses functional heads and their projections, particularly insofar as the properties of these heads determine the composition of the CP field, and cases where a CP may or may not be projected.
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Editorials and the Power of Media
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- Editorials define at a given time how media construct their socio-cultural environment and where they position themselves in it. In this sense, they are snapshots of media socio-cultural identities whose study is crucial for the understanding of media actions and interactions on the political stage. This book contributes to the study of media roles in politics with a methodological “discursive communication identity framework” and its application to a corpus of editorials. This allows for the definition of editorials as a genre, and it reveals that, thanks to a very adroit interweaving of their socio-cultural identities, news media can play a much more active role on the political stage than studies on framing and agenda setting have hitherto shown. The place of media in political communication models might therefore need to be reviewed. This book is intended for all those interested in media and politics whatever their academic specializations.
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Educated Fiji English
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- This volume contains a comprehensive corpus-based study of prepositional constructions in written Fiji English. It explores the endo- and exonormative dynamics of norm-giving and norm-developing varieties and contributes to our understanding of structural nativization and variety formation in a multi-ethnic setting. The book provides an account of the sociolinguistic development of English in Fiji against the backdrop of the country's colonial and post-independence history, with special focus on the Indo-Fijian part of the population. Drawing on the written sections of the Indian, Great Britain, New Zealand and preliminary Fiji components of the International Corpus of English, quantitative and qualitative analyses of prepositional phenomena are conducted on the word level (frequency, semantic effects and stylistic variation), phrase level (productivity in verb-particle combinations), and pattern level (prepositions and -ing clauses). The book will be relevant to scholars interested in lexico-grammar, variety and corpus linguistics, and sociolinguistics in general.
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Educating in Dialog
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- <i>Educating in Dialog: Constructing meaning and building knowledge with dialogic technology</i> contains a collection of new articles on the relationship of learning, dialog and technology. The articles combine different views of dialogic learning stemming from a multiplicity of discipline backgrounds and research interests including educational design, educational science, epistemology, cognitive linguistics, cultural studies, and mobile learning, to name a few. The authors discuss and explore a variety of topics that range from knowledge building over learning communities to dialogic technologies for knowledge co‐construction. Discussing technology and learning against this broad background is indispensable, as the gap between what learners actually need for successful learning and what current technology offers becomes increasingly wide. This book provides thought-provoking views of recent developments in the area of technology supported learning for everyone who is interested in educational technologies, collaborative learning, and dialog.
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Education in Languages of Lesser Power
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- The cultural diversity of the Asia-Pacific region is reflected in a multitude of linguistic ecologies of languages of lesser power, i.e., of indigenous and immigrant languages whose speakers lack collective linguistic power, especially in education. This volume looks at a representative sampling of such communities. Some receive strong government support, while others receive none. For some indigenous languages, the same government schools that once tried to stamp out indigenous languages are now the vehicles of language revival. As the various chapters in this book show, some parents strongly support the use of languages other than the national language in education, while others are actively against it, and perhaps a majority have ambivalent feelings. The overall meta-theme that emerges from the collection is the need to view the teaching and learning of these languages in relation to the different needs of the speakers within a sociolinguistics of mobility.
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Edward Sapir – Appraisals of his life and work
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- To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Edward Sapir (1884–1939), this volume brings together a number of papers by distinguished North American scholars appraising the life and work of the world-renowned anthropologist and linguist. It includes an introduction by the editor, a full bibliography of Sapir's scientific writings, a detailed index of names, and many photographs and fac similes. Among the contributors are: Ruth Benedict, Leonard Bloomfield, Franz Boas, Joseph Greenberg, Mary Haas, Zellig Harris, A.L. Kroeber, Robert H. Lowie, David Mandelbaum, Morris Swadesh, and C.F. Voegelin.
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Efforts and Models in Interpreting and Translation Research
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- This volume covers a wide range of topics in Interpreting and Translation Research. Some deal with scientometrics and the history of Interpreting Studies, arguments about conceptual analysis, meta-language and interpreters’ risk-taking strategies. Other papers are on research skills like career management, writing communicative abstracts and the practicalities of survey research. Several contributions address empirical issues such as expertise in Simultaneous Interpreting, the cognitive load imposed on interpreters by a non-native accent, the impact of intonation on interpreting quality, linguistic interference in Simultaneous Interpreting, similarities between translation and interpreting, and the relation between translation competence and revision competence. <br /> The collection is a tribute to Daniel Gile, in appreciation of his creativity and his commitment to interpreting and translation research. All the contributions in some way show his influence or are related to the models and research he has shaped.
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Egophoricity
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Egophoricity refers to the grammaticalised encoding of personal knowledge or involvement of a conscious self in a represented event or situation. Most typically, a marker that is egophoric is found with first person subjects in declarative sentences and with second person subjects in interrogative sentences. This person sensitivity reflects the fact that speakers generally know most about their own affairs, while in questions this epistemic authority typically shifts to the addressee. First described for Tibeto-Burman languages, egophoric-like patterns have now been documented in a number of other regions around the world, including languages of Western China, the Andean region of South America, the Caucasus, Papua New Guinea, and elsewhere. This book is a first attempt to place detailed descriptions of this understudied grammatical category side by side and to add to the cross-linguistic picture of how ideas of self and other are encoded and projected in language. The diverse but conceptually related egophoric phenomena described in its chapters provide fascinating case studies for how structural patterns in morphosyntax are forged under intersubjective, interactional pressures as we link elements of our speech to our speech situation.
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Einleitung in die Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (1884–1890) together withZur Literatur der Sprachenkunde Europas (Leipzig, 1887)
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- This volume contains August Friedrich Pott's Einleitung in de Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, which appeared between 1884 and 1890 in F. Techmer's Internationale Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (Leipzig). In addition, the volume contains Pott's Zur Literatur der Sprachenkunde Europas (Leipzig 1887), the obituary by Paul Horn (Göttingen 1888), and a preface to this new edition by E.F.K. Koerner.
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El metateatro y la dramática de Vargas Llosa
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- Rivera-Rodas proposes a new concept about what he calls the poetics of the theatrical reception. The discussion of this phenomenon, which also deals with meta theater, focuses on the dramatic work of Mario Vargas Llosa. Examination of the complex relationships of contemporary dramatic structures provides a new definition of meta theater and its effects on the public. Meta theater is shown as a semiotic result not theatrically representable, since it takes place only in the spectator's perceptible experience. Therefore, it does not exist prior to the theatrical or reading reception, nor is it present in the staging. Instead, meta theater results from interaction among reader, text, and performance.
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Electronic Discourse in Language Learning and Language Teaching
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- New technologies are constantly transforming traditional notions of language use and literacy in online communication environments. While previous research has provided a foundation for understanding the use of new technologies in instructed second language environments, few studies have investigated new literacies and electronic discourse beyond the classroom setting. This volume seeks to address this gap by providing corpus-based and empirical studies of electronic discourse analyzing social and linguistic variation as well as communicative practices in chat, discussion forums, blogs, and podcasts. Several chapters also examine the assessment and integration of new literacies. This volume will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, teachers, and students interested in exploring electronic discourse and new literacies in language learning and teaching.
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