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- Theoretical linguistics [22] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-theor
- Syntax [14] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-syntax
- Pragmatics [13] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-prag
- Language acquisition [10] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-la
- Sociolinguistics and Dialectology [10] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-socio
- Cognition and language [9] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-cogn
- Discourse studies [7] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-disc
- Germanic linguistics [7] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-germ
- Historical linguistics [7] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-hl
- English linguistics [6] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-eng
- Bilingualism [5] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-bil
- Generative linguistics [5] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-gener
- Psycholinguistics [4] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-psylin
- Semantics [4] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-seman
- Philosophy [4] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/phil-gen
- Functional linguistics [3] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-funct
- History of linguistics [3] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-hol
- Language documentation [3] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-landoc
- Languages of North America [3] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-noam
- Sino-Tibetan languages [3] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-sitib
- Typology [3] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-typ
- Consciousness research [2] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/cons-gen
- Applied linguistics [2] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-appl
- Contact Linguistics [2] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-cont
- Creole studies [2] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-creo
- Cognitive psychology [2] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/psy-cogpsy
- Communication Studies [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/comm-cgen
- Afro-Asiatic languages [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-afas
- Computational & corpus linguistics [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-comput
- Corpus linguistics [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-corp
- Dictionaries [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-dict
- Language teaching [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-educ
- Japanese linguistics [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-japanese
- Language policy [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-lapo
- Morphology [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-morph
- Phonology [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-phon
- Romance linguistics [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-rom
- Semiotics [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-sem
- Signed languages [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-sign
- Slavic linguistics [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-slav
- Uralic languages [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-ural
- Writing and literacy [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lin-writ
- Romance literature & literary studies [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/lit-rom
- Industrial & organizational studies [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/misc-indroc
- Neuropsychology [1] http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/psy-neuro
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Units in Mandarin Conversation
Author(s): Hongyin TaoPublication Date May 1996More LessThis book provides a new way of studying grammar. The basic thrust of the book is to investigate grammar based on a prosodic unit, the intonation unit (IU), in spontaneous speech. The author challenges the dominant practice in the study of syntax, which has been to focus on the unit of the artificially constructed sentence. The book shows that some basic notions developed from sentence-level data often do not account well for speech data. For example, in many versions of syntactic theory, the basic syntactic structure of any sentence is assumed to comprise both an NP and a VP (with variations in terminology). However the author shows that a Mandarin sentence in spoken discourse can consist of a lone NP or a transitive verbal expression without any explicit argument (which is not due to anaphora). Although the book concerns Mandarin discourse and grammar, it will be of interest to students of a wide range of fields, including discourse analysis, syntax, conversation analysis, prosodic studies, and typological studies.
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Units of Talk – Units of Action
Editor(s): Beatrice Szczepek Reed and Geoffrey RaymondPublication Date October 2013More LessIn this volume leading academics in Interactional Linguistics and Conversation Analysis consider the notion of units for the study of language and interaction. Amongst the issues being explored are the role and relevance of traditionally accepted linguistic units for the analysis of naturally occurring talk, and the identification of new units of conduct in interaction. While some chapters make suggestions on how existing linguistic units can be adapted to suit the study of conversation, others present radically new perspectives on how language in interaction should be described, conceptualised and researched. The chapters present empirical investigations into different languages (Danish, English, Japanese, Mandarin, Swedish) in a variety of settings (private and institutional), considering both linguistic and embodied resources for talk. In addressing the fundamental question of units, the volume pushes at the boundaries of current debates and contributes original new insight into the nature of language in interaction.
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Unity and Diversity of Languages
Editor(s): Piet van SterkenburgPublication Date July 2008More LessThe Permanent International Committee of Linguists (Comité International Permanent des Linguistes, CIPL) has organized the 18th Congress of Linguists in Seoul (July 21-26, 2008), in close collaboration with the Linguistic Society of Korea. In this book one finds the invited talks which address hot topics in various subdisciplines presented by outstanding and internationally well known experts. In addition, the state-of-the-art papers provide an overview of the most important research areas of contemporary linguistics.
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The Unity of Movement
Author(s): Tommy Tsz-Ming LeePublication Date April 2024More LessDisplacement (of linguistic expressions) is a ubiquitous phenomenon in natural language. In the generative tradition, displacement is modelled in terms of transformation, or more precisely, movement, which establishes dependencies among syntactic constituents in a phrase structure. This book probes the question regarding to what extent movement theories can be unified. Specifically, I address issues surrounding the debate of the distinction between head movement and phrasal movement over the past few decades. The distinction presupposes that structural complexity of the moving element is correlated with its movement properties. The goal of this book is to show that this is an unwarranted assumption. Based on a number of case studies on verb displacement phenomena in Cantonese, I attempt a unified theory of movement by abandoning the head/phrase distinction in movement theories. These case studies converge on the conclusion that the phrase structure status of syntactic constituents bears a minimal role in theorizing displacement phenomena in natural language. This volume represents a minimalist pursuit of a unified theory of movement.
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Universal Grammar and Second Language Acquisition
Author(s): Lydia WhitePublication Date January 1989More LessThis book explores the relationship between linguistic universals and second language acquisition. Although no knowledge of generative grammar is presupposed, the theoretical framework underlying the work is the principles and parameters approach to Universal Grammar (UG), as realized in Chomsky's Government and Binding theory.
In recent research, the question has arisen as to whether the principles and parameters of UG remain available in language acquisition that is non-primary. Within second language acquisition theorizing, hypotheses have ranged from UG playing no role at all to UG operating exactly as in primary language acquisition. In this work the theoretical arguments and data from the whole spectrum are reviewed.
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Universal Grammar in Child Second Language Acquisition
Author(s): Usha LakshmananPublication Date August 1994More LessThis book examines child second language acquisition within the Principles and Parameters theory of Universal Grammar (UG). Specifically, the book focuses on null-subjects in the developing grammars of children acquiring English as a second language. The book provides evidence from the longitudinal speech data of four child second language (L2) learners in order to test the predictions of a recent theory of null-subjects, namely, the Morphological Uniformity Principle (MUP). Lakshmanan argues that the child L2 acquisition data offer little or no evidence in support of the MUP’s predictions regarding a developmental relation between verb inflections and null-subjects. The evidence from these child L2 data indicates that regardless of the status of null subjects in their first language, child L2 learners of English hypothesize correctly from the very beginning that English requires subjects of tensed clauses to be obligatorily overt. The failure on the part of these learners to obey this knowledge in certain structural contexts is the result of perceptual factors that are unrelated to parameter setting. The book demonstrates the value of child second language acquisition data in evaluating specific proposals within linguistic theory for a Universal principle.
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Universal History of Linguistics
Author(s): Esa ItkonenPublication Date December 1991More LessThis wide-ranging book presents the linguistic achievements of four major cultures to readers presumably conversant with modern theoretical linguistics. The chapter on India discusses in detail Pāṇini's (c. 400 B.C.) grammar Ast-adhy-ay-i as well as the work of his commentators Kātyāyana, Patanjali, and Bhartṛhari. In the Chinese tradition, the Confucian doctrine of the Rectification of Names' is singled out for treatment. Arabic linguistics is represented by Sibawaihi's (d. 793) grammar al-Kitāb, in particular its syntax, as well as the subsequent commentary tradition. The chapter on Europe, which is the most comprehensive of the four, covers the time span from antiquity to the 20th century; special attention is devoted to the contributions of Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, Varro, Apollonius Dyscolus, and the Modistae. The achievements of the cultures in linguistics are treated throughout from a deliberately value-laden point of view. The achievements of Western antiquity and the Middle Ages are shown to be much more than the average linguist is inclined to believe. Even more importantly, it is shown that the Indian and the Arab traditions have been superior to the European tradition at least until the 20th century. The fact that a linguistic theory created some 2,400 years ago is fully as adequate as our best theories today must have far-reaching implications for the notion of 'scientific progress'. More precisely, it proves necessary to distinguish between 'progress in the human sciences' and 'progress in the natural sciences'. These issues, which pertain to the general philosophy of science, are treated in the final chapter of the book.
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Universals in Second Scholasticism
Author(s): Daniel HeiderPublication Date March 2014More LessThis study aims to present a comparative analysis of philosophical theories of universals espoused by the foremost representatives of the three main schools of early modern scholastic thought. The book introduces the doctrines of Francisco Suárez, S.J. (1548–1617), the Thomist John of St. Thomas, O.P. (1589–1644), and the Scotists Bartolomeo Mastri da Meldola, O.F.M. Conv. (1602–1673) and Bonaventura Belluto, O.F.M. Conv. (1600–1676). The author examines in detail their mutual doctrinal delineation as well as the conceptualist tenet of the Jesuit Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641), whose thought constitutes an important systematic point of comparison especially with Suárez’s doctrine. The book offers the first comparative elaboration of the issue of universals, in both its metaphysical and its epistemological aspects, in the era of second scholasticism.
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University Language
Author(s): Douglas BiberPublication Date June 2006More LessUniversity students must cope with a bewildering array of registers, not only to learn academic content, but also to understand course expectations and requirements. While many previous studies have investigated academic writing, we know comparatively little about academic speech; and no linguistic study to date has investigated the range of academic and advising/management registers that students encounter. This book is a first step towards filling this gap. Based on analysis of the T2K-SWAL Corpus, the book describes university registers from several different perspectives, including: vocabulary patterns; the use of lexico-grammatical and syntactic features; the expression of stance; the use of extended collocations ('lexical bundles'); and a Multi-Dimensional analysis of the overall patterns of register variation. All linguistic patterns are interpreted in functional terms, resulting in an overall characterization of the typical kinds of language that students encounter in university registers: academic and non-academic; spoken and written.
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Unlocking the History of English
Editor(s): Luisella Caon, Moragh S. Gordon and Thijs PorckPublication Date April 2024More LessThis volume brings together contributions selected from papers delivered at the 21st International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL, Leiden 2021). The chapters deal with aspects of language use throughout the history of English, including efforts to prescribe and regulate language in texts that share specific forms, functions and audiences. They feature both quantitative and qualitative analyses of changing language use, often in relation to trends of language advice in such metalinguistic works as grammars, spelling books and usage guides. The authors showcase work on pragmatics and prescriptivism (understatement between Middle and Late Modern English, capitalization of common nouns from Early to Late Modern English and the use of stigmatized grammatical variants in eighteenth-century plays), specific text types (case studies of political, legal and medical English) and the language of late modern letters (diachronic stylistic changes, letter-copying practices, the role of letter-writing manuals and changing spelling practices). This volume will be of interest to those working on pragmatics, prescriptivism and sociolinguistics of English, historical linguistics, language change, computational historical linguistics and related sub-disciplines.
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Untersuchungen über die Grundfragen des Sprachlebens
Author(s): Philipp WegenerEditor(s): E.F.K. KoernerPublication Date July 1991More LessNewly edited by Konrad Koerner (University of Ottawa), with an introduction by Clemens Knobloch (Universitat Siegen)The importance of Wegener's Untersuchungen uber die Grundfragen des Sprachlebens can only be compared to that of Karl Buhler's Sprachtheorie. Even now, however, Wegener's work remains virtually unknown to the English speaking world. Wegener's main work was published in 1885. It has its origin in two lectures given in 1883 and 1884 at school teacher meetings held in the Magdeburg area and it still recalls those original occasions and maintains much of the oral style. Part of the volume treats the subject in a systematic and theoretical manner; other sections contain vivid examples and are characterized by a considerable didactic effort. The book is held together by leitmotif-questions, such as 'How do we understand language?' and 'How does language function as a means of everyday communication?'. We witness the experiences of the talented school teacher and the observations of the innovative dialect researcher combined, condensed, and conceptually ordered.In spite of the relatively unsystematic form of presentation, the book remains thoroughly consistent in thought and argument. In the Untersuchungen we have before us the outline of a communicative and functional view of language structure, of the analysis of speech, and of semantics.
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Untersuchungen zu den Gründungsdokumenten der färöischen Rechtschreibung
Author(s): Christer LindqvistPublication Date May 2018More LessDie färöische Gegenwartsorthographie ging nicht wie die moderne Rechtschreibung vieler Sprachen aus einer jahrhundertelangen Schrifttradition hervor, sondern wurde im Wesentlichen im 19. Jh. neu erschaffen. Ihre Gründungsdokumente bestehen aus vier färöischen Zaubersprüchen, die in einer bis Mitte des 19. Jh. üblichen, relativ orthophonen Schreibweise gefasst sind. Als die Zaubersprüche 1846 veröffentlicht werden sollten, wurden sie schrittweise in eine stark historisierende Schreibweise überführt, die in der färöischen Gegenwartsorthographie resultiert hat. Diese Orthographie ist bemerkenswert, weil mit ihr synchron gesehen ein sehr großer Abstand zwischen Graphemik und Phonemik sprachplanerisch erfolgreich eingeführt werden konnte, obwohl gerade solche Verhältnisse ansonsten vielfach als reformbedürftig gelten. Das vorliegende Buch enthält eine Edition aller relevanten Handschriften und ordnet diese in ihren kulturhistorischen Kontext ein.
Unlike the modern orthography of many other languages, Modern Faroese spelling did not emerge from centuries of literary tradition, but was re-created mainly in the 19th century. Its founding documents consist of four Faroese spells written in a relatively orthophone spelling that was common up until the middle of the 19th century. Prior to their publication in 1864, the spells were converted step by step into a spelling with orthographic depth along diachronic lines which eventually resulted in Modern Faroese spelling. This spelling is remarkable, since it represents the successful normative implementation of an orthographic system which, seen from a synchronic point of view, maintains a vast gap between graphemes and phonemes, a state of affairs that in most cases would be a reason for, not a result of spelling reforms. The present book contains an edition of all relevant manuscripts, and situates them in their cultural and historical context.
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Up and down the Cline – The Nature of Grammaticalization
Editor(s): Olga Fischer, Muriel Norde and Harry PerridonPublication Date May 2004More LessThe basic idea behind this volume is to probe the nature of grammaticalization. Its contributions focus on the following questions: (i) In how far can grammaticalization be considered a universal diachronic process or mechanism of change and in how far is it conditioned by synchronic factors? (ii) What is the role of the speaker in grammaticalization? (iii) Does grammaticalization itself provide a cause for change or is it an epiphenomenon, i.e. a conglomeration of causal factors/mechanisms which elsewhere occur independently? (iv) If it is epiphenominal, how do we explain that similar pathways so often occur in known cases of grammaticalization? (v) Is grammaticalization unidirectional? (vi) What is the nature of the parameters guiding grammaticalization? The overall aim of the book is to enrich our understanding of what grammaticalization does or does not entail via detailed case studies in combination with theoretical and methodological discussions.
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Uralic Essive and the Expression of Impermanent State
Editor(s): Casper de GrootPublication Date November 2017More LessThis volume is the first book length study into the essive, a relatively unknown case marker like English ‘as (a child)’. It focuses on the distribution of the essive in contemporary Uralic languages with special attention to the opposition between permanent and impermanent state. The volume presents large sets of new data and insights into the use of the essive in nineteen Uralic languages on the basis of a typological linguistic questionnaire. The typological variation is discussed within the linguistic domains of non-verbal main predication, secondary predication, complementation, and manner, temporal, and circumstantial adverbial phrases. The descriptions and analyses are presented in such a way that they are accessible to linguists in general, descriptive and theoretical linguists, and specialists in Uralic and/or linguistic typology. The data and approach offer many starting points for further investigations within but also outside the Uralic language family.
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Urban Bahamian Creole
Author(s): Stephanie HackertPublication Date July 2004More LessThis volume, a detailed empirical study of the creole English spoken in the Bahamian capital, Nassau, contributes to our understanding of both urban creoles and tense-aspect marking in creoles. The first part traces the development of a creole in the Bahamas via socio-demographic data and outlines its current status and functions vis-à-vis the standard in politics, the media, and education. The linguistic chapters combine typological and variationist methods to describe exhaustively a comprehensive grammatical subsystem, past temporal reference, offering a discourse-based approach to such controversial categories as the preverbal past marker. The quantitative analysis of variable past inflection, finally, tests not only well-known constraints, such as stativity or social class, but also ethnographically determined ones, such as narrative type. Its results are relevant not only to the study of Caribbean English-lexifier creoles and related varieties, such as African American English, but also to variation and change in urban dialects generally.
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Urban Jamaican Creole
Author(s): Peter L. PatrickPublication Date June 1999More LessA synchronic sociolinguistic study of Jamaican Creole (JC) as spoken in urban Kingston, this work uses variationist methods to closely investigate two key concepts of Atlantic Creole studies: the mesolect, and the creole continuum.
One major concern is to describe how linguistic variation patterns with social influences. Is there a linguistic continuum? How does it correlate with social factors? The complex organization of an urbanizing Caribbean society and the highly variable nature of mesolectal speech norms and behavior present a challenge to sociolinguistic variation theory.
The second chief aim is to elucidate the nature of mesolectal grammar. Creole studies have emphasized the structural integrity of basilectal varieties, leaving the status of intermediate mesolectal speech in doubt. How systematic is urban JC grammar? What patterns occur when basilectal creole constructions alternate with acrolectal English elements? Contextual constraints on choice of forms support a picture of the mesolect as a single grammar, variable yet internally-ordered, which has evolved a fine capacity to serve social functions.
Drawing on a year’s fieldwork in a mixed-class neighborhood of the capital city, the author (a speaker of JC) describes the speech community’s history, demographics, and social geography, locating speakers in terms of their social class, occupation, education, age, sex, residence, and urban orientation. The later chapters examine a recorded corpus for linguistic variables that are phono-lexical (palatal glides), phonological (consonant cluster simplification), morphological (past-tense inflection), and syntactic (pre-verbal tense and aspect marking), using quantitative methods of analysis (including Varbrul). The Jamaican urban mesolect is portrayed as a coherent system showing stratified yet regular linguistic behavior, embedded in a well-defined speech community; despite the incorporation of forms and constraints from English, it is quintessentially creole in character.
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Urban Matters
Editor(s): Arne Ziegler, Stefanie Edler and Georg OberdorferPublication Date December 2021More LessThe city as a complex socio-cultural structure plays a central role, economically, administratively as well as culturally. Factors such as higher population density, a more expansive infrastructure, and larger social and cultural diversity compared to rural areas have a substantial impact on urban society and urban communication.
Focusing on the latter, the contributions to this volume discuss the characteristics and dynamics of urban language use, considering aspects such as contact, variation and change, as well as identity, indexicality, and attitudes, but also spatial factors including mobility, urbanisation/counterurbanisation, and diffusion processes.
The collected articles provide an update of ‘first wave’ approaches of variationist sociolinguistics, but also establish a connection to ‘third wave’ research for readers from a broad range of fields, especially sociolinguistics, variationist linguistics, and dialectology. The book presents modern methodological and conceptual ideas and a wealth of new findings but also serves as a reference work, combining theoretical discussions with results from recent empirical studies.
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Urban Panamanian English
Author(s): Catherine LalibertéPublication Date August 2023More LessUrban Panamanian English presents the first detailed account of the English used by the descendants of the Afro-Caribbean builders of the Panama Canal. It offers an up-to-date sociolinguistic account of the Panamanian West Indian community of Panama City and Colón, including empirical coverage of the advanced state of language shift taking place among bilinguals. The book also showcases spoken interview data and takes stock of the variety’s grammatical features. In particular, it provides an advanced quantitative study of variation in the use of verbal -s which contributes to longstanding discussions regarding the principles constraining this variable in Englishes world-wide. This work of documentation and description richly complements existing research on Panamanian Creole English and spotlights Panama as part and parcel of the English-speaking Caribbean. As such, this book is of interest to all scholars and students of language contact, variation, and change.
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Us and Others
Editor(s): Anna DuszakPublication Date August 2002More LessIt is natural for people to make the distinction between in-group (Us) and out-group members (Others). What is it that brings people together, or keeps them apart? Ethnicity, nationality, professional expertise or life style? And, above all, what is the role of language in communicating solidarity and detachment?
The papers in this volume look at the various cognitive, social, and linguistic aspects of how social identities are constructed, foregrounded and redefined in interaction. Concepts and methodologies are taken from studies in language variation and change, multilingualism, conversation analysis, genre analysis, sociolinguistics, critical discourse analysis, as well as translation studies and applied linguistics. A wide range of languages is brought into focus in a variety of situational, social and discursive environments. The book is addressed to scholars and students of linguistics and related areas of social communication studies.
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Usage-based and Typological Approaches to Linguistic Units
Editor(s): Tsuyoshi Ono, Ritva Laury and Ryoko SuzukiPublication Date April 2021More LessThe chapters in this volume focus on how we might understand the concept of ‘unit’ in human languages. It is an analytical notion that has been widely adopted by linguists of various theoretical and applied orientations but has recently been critically examined by both typologically oriented and interactional linguistics. This volume contributes to and extends this discussion by examining the nature of units in actual usage in a range of genetically and typologically unrelated languages, English, Finnish, Indonesian, Japanese, and Mandarin, engaging with fundamental theoretical issues. The chapters show that categories originally created for the description of Indo-European languages have limited usefulness if our goal is to understand the nature of human language in general. The authors thus question the status of traditionally accepted linguistic units, especially their static understanding as a priori entities, and suggest instead that an emergent and interactional view of both structure and function offers a better fit with the data from the languages examined. Originally published as special issue 43:2 (2019) of Studies in Language.
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