1887
Volume 37, Issue 2
  • ISSN 0172-8865
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9730
GBP
Buy:£15.00 + Taxes

Abstract

This paper examines coronal stop deletion (CSD), the deletion of word-final /-t, -d/ in consonant clusters, in three new varieties of Asian English: China English, Hong Kong English, and Viet Nam English. The study seeks to determine to which extent the linguistic and extralinguistic constraints found to govern CSD in other varieties of English also impact CSD in emerging Englishes such as those examined in the current study. A total of 60 tertiary students, 20 from each variety of English, participated in the study. Results indicate that, while new Englishes such as China English, Hong Kong English, and Viet Nam English are affected by constraints such as linguistic environment and morphological conditioning, the proficiency level of speakers impacts CSD rates and the effects of the various constraints.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/eww.37.2.02han
2016-06-24
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Ao, Ran , and Ee Ling Low
    2012 “Exploring Pronunciation Features of Yunnan English”. English Today28: 27–33. doi: 10.1017/S0266078412000284
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078412000284 [Google Scholar]
  2. Bayley, Robert
    1994 “Consonant Cluster Reduction in Tejano English”. Language Variation and Change6: 303–326. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500001708
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500001708 [Google Scholar]
  3. 1996 “Competing Constraints on Variation in the Speech of Adult Chinese Learners of English”. In Robert Bayley , and Dennis R. Preston , eds.Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Variation. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 97–120. doi: 10.1075/sibil.10.05bay
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.10.05bay [Google Scholar]
  4. Bolton, Kingsley
    2002 “Chinese Englishes: From Canton Jargon to Global English”. World Englishes21: 181–199. doi: 10.1111/1467‑971X.00241
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-971X.00241 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bolton, Kingsley , and David Graddol
    2012 “English in China Today”. English Today28: 3–9. doi: 10.1017/S0266078412000223
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078412000223 [Google Scholar]
  6. Brown, Adam , David Deterding , and Ee Ling Low
    2005English in Singapore: Phonetic Research on a Corpus. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bybee, Joan
    2002 “Word Frequency and Context of Use in the Lexical Diffusion of Phonetically Conditioned Sound Change”. Language Variation and Change14: 261–290. doi: 10.1017/S0954394502143018
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394502143018 [Google Scholar]
  8. Chen, Meilin , and Xiaoqiong Hu
    2006 “Towards the Acceptability of China English at Home and Abroad”. English Today22: 44–52. doi: 10.1017/S0266078406004081
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078406004081 [Google Scholar]
  9. Cui, Xiaoxia
    2006 “An Understanding of ‘China English’ and the Learning and Use of the English Language in China”. English Today22: 40–43. doi: 10.1017/S026607840600407X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S026607840600407X [Google Scholar]
  10. Deterding, David
    2006a “The Pronunciation of English by Speakers from China”. English World-Wide27: 175–197. doi: 10.1075/eww.27.2.04det
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.2.04det [Google Scholar]
  11. 2006b “The North Wind versus a Wolf: Short Texts for the Description and Measurement of English Pronunciation”. Journal of the International Phonetic Association36: 187–196. doi: 10.1017/S0025100306002544
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100306002544 [Google Scholar]
  12. Deterding, David , Jennie Wong , and Andy Kirkpatrick
    2008 “The Pronunciation of Hong Kong English”. English World-Wide29: 148–175. doi: 10.1075/eww.29.2.03det
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.29.2.03det [Google Scholar]
  13. Emerich, Giang Huong
    2012The Vietnamese Vowel System. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Fasold, Ralph
    1990Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Gregory, Michelle L. , William D. Raymond , Alan Bell , Eric Fosler-Lussier , and Daniel Jurafsky
    1999 “The Effects of Collocational Strength and Contextual Predictability in Lexical Production”. CLS 35: The Panels, 151–166.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Gut, Ulrike
    2007 “First Language Influence and Final Consonant Clusters in the New Englishes of Singapore and Nigeria”. World Englishes26: 346–359. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑971X.2007.00513.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2007.00513.x [Google Scholar]
  17. 2009 “Past Tense Marking in Singapore English”. English World-Wide30: 262–277. doi: 10.1075/eww.30.3.02gut
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.3.02gut [Google Scholar]
  18. Guy, Gregory R
    1980 “Variation in the Group and the Individual: The Case of Final Stop Deletion”. In William Labov , ed.Locating Language in Time and Space. New York: Academic Press, 1–36.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 1991a “Explanation in Variable Phonology: An Exponential Model of Morphological Constraints”. Language Variation and Change3: 1–22. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500000429
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000429 [Google Scholar]
  20. 1991b “Contextual Conditioning in Variable Lexical Phonology”. Language Variation and Change3: 223–239. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500000533
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000533 [Google Scholar]
  21. Guy, Gregory R , and Charles Boberg
    1997 “Inherent Variability and the Obligatory Contour Principle”. Language Variation and Change9: 149–164. doi: 10.1017/S095439450000185X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S095439450000185X [Google Scholar]
  22. Guy, Gregory R , Jennifer Hay , and Abby Walker
    2008 “Phonological, Lexical, and Frequency Factors in Coronal Stop Deletion in Early New Zealand English”. Laboratory Phonology11: 53–54.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hang, Phan Thi Trang
    2009 “Impacts of Vietnam’s Social Context on Learners’ Attitudes towards Foreign Languages and English Language Learning: Implications for Teaching and Learning”. The Asian EFL Journal11: 169–188.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hansen Edwards, Jette G
    2011 “–t,d Deletion and the Acquisition of Linguistic Variation by Second Language Learners of English”. Language Learning61: 1256–1301. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9922.2011.00672.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00672.x [Google Scholar]
  25. 2015 “Hong Kong English: Attitudes, Identity, and Use”. Asian Englishes17: 184–208. doi: 10.1080/13488678.2015.1049840
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2015.1049840 [Google Scholar]
  26. . 2016a. “The Politics of Language and Identity: Attitudes towards Hong Kong English Pre- and Post- the Umbrella Movement.”Asian Englishes. In press.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. . 2016b. “Postcolonial Englishes and Lexical Diffusion: /t,d/ Deletion in Hong Kong English”. World Englishes35: 60–77.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Hazen, Kirk
    2011 “Flying High above the Social Radar: Coronal Stop Deletion in Modern Appalachia”. Language Variation and Change23: 105–135. doi: 10.1017/S0954394510000220
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394510000220 [Google Scholar]
  29. He, Deyuan , and Qunying Zhang
    2010 “Native Speaker Norms and China English: From the Perspective of Learners and Teachers in China”. TESOL Quarterly44: 769–789. doi: 10.5054/tq.2010.235995
    https://doi.org/10.5054/tq.2010.235995 [Google Scholar]
  30. Hoffman, Michol F. , and James A. Walker
    2010 “Ethnolects and the City: Ethnic Orientation and Linguistic Variation in Toronto English”. Language Variation and Change22: 37–67. doi: 10.1017/S0954394509990238
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394509990238 [Google Scholar]
  31. Holmes, Janet , and Alan Bell
    1994 “Consonant Cluster Reduction in New Zealand English”. Wellington Working Papers in Linguistics6: 56–82.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Hung, Tony T.N
    2000 “Towards a Phonology of Hong Kong English”. World Englishes19: 337–356. doi: 10.1111/1467‑971X.00183
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-971X.00183 [Google Scholar]
  33. Joseph, John E
    2004Language and Identity: National, Ethnic, Religious. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Kachru, Braj B
    1985 “Standards, Codification, and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle”. In Randolph Quirk , and Henry Widdowson , eds.English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and the Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 11–30.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Khan, Farhat
    1991 “Final Consonant Cluster Simplification in a Variety of Indian English”. In Jenny Cheshire , ed.English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 288–298. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511611889.020
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611889.020 [Google Scholar]
  36. Kirkpatrick, Andy
    2007World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Labov, William
    1972Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 1989 “The Child as Linguistic Historian”. Language Variation and Change1: 85–97. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500000120
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000120 [Google Scholar]
  39. 1997 “Resyllabification”. In Frans Hinskens , Roeland Van Hout , and W. Leo Wetzels , eds.Variation, Change, and Phonological Theory. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 145–179. doi: 10.1075/cilt.146.08lab
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.146.08lab [Google Scholar]
  40. Leimgruber, Jakob
    2013Singapore English: Structure, Variation, and Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139225755
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139225755 [Google Scholar]
  41. Lim, Laureen T. , and Gregory R. Guy
    2005 “The Limits of Linguistic Community: Speech Styles and Variable Constraint Effects”. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 10.2, Papers from NWAVE32: 157–170.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Luke, Kang Kwong , and Jack Richards
    1982 “English in Hong Kong: Functions and Status”. English World-Wide3: 47–61. doi: 10.1075/eww.3.1.04kan
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.3.1.04kan [Google Scholar]
  43. Neu, Helen
    1980 “Ranking of Constraints on /t,d/ Deletion in American English: A Statistical Analysis”. In William Labov , ed.Locating Language in Time and Space. New York: Academic Press, 37–54.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Patrick, Peter L
    1991 “Creoles at the Intersection of Variable Processes: -t,d Deletion and Past-Marking in the Jamaican Mesolect”. Language Variation and Change3: 171–189. doi: 10.1017/S095439450000051X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S095439450000051X [Google Scholar]
  45. Roberts, Julie
    1997 “Acquisition of Variable Rules: A Study of (-t, d) Deletion in Preschool Children”. Journal of Child Language24: 351–372. doi: 10.1017/S0305000997003073
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000997003073 [Google Scholar]
  46. Sankoff, David , Sali A. Tagliamonte , and Eric Smith
    2012 Goldvarb Lion: A Multivariate Analysis Application for Macintosh. individual.utoronto.ca/tagliamonte/goldvarb.html (accessedJanuary 12, 2014).
  47. Santa Ana, Otto
    1996 “Sonority and Syllable Structure in Chicano English”. Language Variation and Change8: 63–90. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500001071
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500001071 [Google Scholar]
  48. Schneider, Edgar W
    2007Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511618901
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618901 [Google Scholar]
  49. 2014 “New Reflections on the Evolutionary Dynamics of World Englishes”. World Englishes33: 9–32. doi: 10.1111/weng.12069
    https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12069 [Google Scholar]
  50. Schreier, Daniel
    2005Consonant Change in English Worldwide: Synchrony Meets Diachrony. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230513327
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230513327 [Google Scholar]
  51. Smith, Jennifer , Mercedes Durham , and Liane Fortune
    2009 “Universal and Dialect-Specific Pathways of Acquisition: Caregivers, Children, and t/d Deletion”. Language Variation and Change21: 69–95. doi: 10.1017/S0954394509000039
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394509000039 [Google Scholar]
  52. Tagliamonte, Sali A. , and Rosalind Temple
    2005 “New Perspectives on an ol’ Variable: (t,d) in British English”. Language Variation and Change17: 281–302.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Walker, James A
    2012 “Form, Function, and Frequency in Phonological Variation”. Language Variation and Change24: 397–415. doi: 10.1017/S0954394512000142
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394512000142 [Google Scholar]
  54. Wen, Qiufang , and Wenzhong Hu
    2007 “History and Policy of English Education in Mainland China”. In Yeon Hee Choi , and Bernard Spolsky , eds.English Education in Asia: History and Policies. Seoul: Asia TEFL, 1–32.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Wolfram, Walt , Donna Christian , and Deborah Hatfield
    1986 “The English of Adolescent and Young Adult Vietnamese Refugees in the United States”. World Englishes5: 47–60. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑971X.1986.tb00639.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00639.x [Google Scholar]
  56. Wolfram, Walt , and Natalie Schilling-Estes
    2006American English: Dialects and Variation (2nd ed.). Malden/Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1075/eww.37.2.02han
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error