1887
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. The Development of the Chinese Cleft Construction: A diachronic constructional approach

The Development of the Chinese Cleft Construction: A diachronic constructional approach

A diachronic constructional approach

image of The Development of the Chinese Cleft Construction: A diachronic constructional approach
USD
Buy:$163.00 + Taxes

This book explores the development of the Chinese cleft construction through the lens of Diachronic Construction Grammar. Focusing on shi as an invariant copula, it examines the VP de cleft, the V de O cleft, and the bare shi cleft, showing how each signals contrastive and specificational meaning. Tracing their origins from the copular construction in Middle Chinese, the study reveals distinct developmental paths and semantic-pragmatic uses for each cleft type. Offering the first diachronic constructional analysis of Chinese cleft sentences, it sheds light on the evolution of focus structures, the expansion of constructional networks, and the typology of focus devices across languages, making a key contribution to historical linguistics and Chinese grammar research.

References

  1. Aijmer, K.
    (1997) I think — an English modal particle. In T. Swan & O. J. Westvik (Eds.), Modality in Germanic languages: Historical and comparative perspectives (pp. 1–47). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110889932.1
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110889932.1 [Google Scholar]
  2. Akmajian, A.
    (1970) Aspects of the grammar of focus in English (Doctoral dissertation). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Aldridge, E.
    (2009) Old Chinese determiner zhe . In P. Crisma & G. Longobardi (Eds.), Historical syntax and linguistic theory (pp. 233–248). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560547.003.0014
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560547.003.0014 [Google Scholar]
  4. Anttila, R.
    (2003) Analogy: The warp and woof of cognition. In B. D. Joseph & R. D. Janda (Eds.), The handbook of historical linguistics (pp. 435–440). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 10.1002/9780470756393.ch10
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756393.ch10 [Google Scholar]
  5. Barðdal, J.
    (2008) Productivity: Evidence from case and argument structure in Icelandic. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.8
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.8 [Google Scholar]
  6. Barðdal, J. , Smirnova, E. , Sommerer, L. , & Gildea, S.
    (Eds.) (2015) Diachronic construction grammar. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.18
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.18 [Google Scholar]
  7. Batllori, M. , & Hernanz, M. -L.
    (2011) Generative diachronic syntax: Word order and information structure. Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 10 (Special Issue).
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Beeching, K. , Degand, L. , Detges, U. , Traugott, E. C. , & Waltereit, R.
    (2009) Summary of the workshop on meaning in diachrony at the conference on meaning in interaction, University of the West of England, Bristol, April 23–25. Topic of IPra panel, Manchester, UK, July 2011.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Beijering, K.
    (2015) The lexicalization–grammaticalization–pragmaticalization interface: The case of Mainland Scandinavian jeg tror . In A. D. M. Smith , G. Trousdale , & R. Waltereit (Eds.), New directions in grammaticalization research (pp. 667–691). Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.166.04bei
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.166.04bei [Google Scholar]
  10. Bergs, A. , & Diewald, G.
    (Eds.) (2008) Constructions and language change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110211757
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110211757 [Google Scholar]
  11. (Eds.) (2009) Contexts and constructions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.9
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.9 [Google Scholar]
  12. Bisang, W.
    (2010) Grammaticalization in Chinese: A construction-based account. In E. C. Traugott & G. Trousdale (Eds.), Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization (pp. 245–277). Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.90.13bis
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.90.13bis [Google Scholar]
  13. Blom, A. , & Daalder, S.
    (1977) Syntaktische theorie en taalbeschrijving. Muiderberg: Coutinho.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Bohnemeyer, J. , & Swift, M.
    (2004) Event realization and default aspect. Linguistics and Philosophy, 27 (3), 263–296. 10.1023/B:LING.0000023371.15460.43
     https://doi.org/10.1023/B:LING.0000023371.15460.43 [Google Scholar]
  15. Booij, G.
    (2010) Construction morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Börjars, K. , Vincent, N. , & Walden, G.
    (2015) On constructing a theory of grammatical change. Transactions of the Philological Society, 113 (3), 363–382. 10.1111/1467‑968X.12068
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.12068 [Google Scholar]
  17. Brems, L.
    (2011) Layering of size and type noun constructions in English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110252927
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110252927 [Google Scholar]
  18. Brinton, L. J.
    (2008) The comment clause in English: Syntactic origins and pragmatic development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511551789
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551789 [Google Scholar]
  19. Brömser, B.
    (1984) Towards a functional description of cleft constructions. Lingua, 62 (4), 325–348. 10.1016/0024‑3841(84)90058‑5
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(84)90058-5 [Google Scholar]
  20. Büring, D. , & Križ, M.
    (2013) It’s that & that’s it! Exhaustivity and homogeneity presuppositions in clefts (and definites). Semantics and Pragmatics, 6 , 1–29. 10.3765/sp.6.6
     https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.6.6 [Google Scholar]
  21. Busse, B. , & Möhlig-Falke, R.
    (Eds.) (2019) Patterns in language and linguistics: Crossing the boundaries in interdisciplinary discourse. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110596656
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110596656 [Google Scholar]
  22. Bybee, J. , Pagliuca, W. , & Perkins, R. D.
    (1991) Back to the future. In E. C. Traugott & B. Heine (Eds.), Approaches to grammaticalization (Vol.II, pp. 17–58). Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.19.2.04byb
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.19.2.04byb [Google Scholar]
  23. Bybee, J. , Perkins, R. , & Pagliuca, W.
    (1994) The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Bybee, J. L.
    (2003) Mechanisms of change in grammaticization: The role of frequency. In B. D. Joseph & R. D. Janda (Eds.), The handbook of historical linguistics (pp. 602–623). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 10.1002/9780470756393.ch19
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756393.ch19 [Google Scholar]
  25. (2006) From usage to grammar: The mind’s response to repetition. Language, 82 (4), 711–733. 10.1353/lan.2006.0186
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2006.0186 [Google Scholar]
  26. Cao, G.
    (1995) Jindai hanyu zhuci [The particles in early Chinese]. Beijing: Yuwen Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. (1999) Fobenxingjijing zhong de “xu” he “zhe” [“Xu” and “zhe” in Fobenxingjijing]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language, 6 ], 440–444.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Cao, D.
    (2019) Shiwu hua he shitai — zai lun zizhi he zhuanzhi [Nominalization and state of affairs — a revisit to self-designation and transferred-designation]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language, 4 ], 345–374.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Chao, Y. -R.
    (1968) A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Chen, M.
    (2009) Some issues about construction grammar. Foreign Language Education and Studies, 5 , 337–400.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Cheng, L. L. -S.
    (2008) Deconstructing the shì…de construction. The Linguistics Review, 25 , 235–266. 10.1515/TLIR.2008.007
     https://doi.org/10.1515/TLIR.2008.007 [Google Scholar]
  32. Choi, K. T.
    (2006) Formation of a Chinese cleft sentence. Paper presented atThe 22nd North West Linguistics Conference (NWLC 22).
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Chomsky, N. A.
    (1970) Remarks on nominalization. In R. Jacobs & P. Rosenbaum (Eds.), Readings in English transformational grammar (pp. 184–221). Ginn.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Chomsky, N.
    (1977) On wh-movement. In P. W. Culicover , T. Wasow , & A. Akmajian (Eds.), Formal syntax (pp. 71–132). Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Colleman, T. , & De Clerck, B.
    (2011) Constructional semantics on the move: On semantic specialization in the English double object construction. In T. Hoffmann & G. Trousdale (Eds.), Special issue on Variation, Change, and Constructions, Cognitive Linguistics, 22 (1), 183–209. 10.1515/cogl.2011.008
     https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2011.008 [Google Scholar]
  36. Coussé, E. , Andersson, P. , & Olofsson, J.
    (2018) Grammaticalization meets Construction Grammar: Opportunities, challenges and potential incompatibilities. In E. Coussé , P. Andersson , & J. Olofsson (Eds.), Grammaticalization meets Construction Grammar (pp. 3–19). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.21.c1
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.21.c1 [Google Scholar]
  37. Croft, W.
    (2000) Explaining language change: An evolutionary approach. Pearson Education.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Croft, W.
    (2001) Radical construction grammar: Syntactic theory in typological perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299554.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299554.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  39. Croft, W. , & Cruse, D. A.
    (2004) Cognitive linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511803864
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803864 [Google Scholar]
  40. De Smet, H.
    (2007) “For… to-infinitives as verbal complements in late modern and present-day English: Between motivation and change”. English Studies, 88 (1), 67–94. 10.1080/00138380601042766
     https://doi.org/10.1080/00138380601042766 [Google Scholar]
  41. (2013) Spreading patterns: Diffusional change in the English system of complementation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Declerck, R.
    (1986) The manifold interpretations of generic sentences. Lingua, 68 (2–3), 149–188. 10.1016/0024‑3841(86)90002‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(86)90002-1 [Google Scholar]
  43. (1988) Studies on copula sentences, clefts and pseudo-clefts. Brussels: Leuven University Press. 10.1515/9783110869330
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110869330 [Google Scholar]
  44. DeVeaugh-Geiss, J. , Tönnis, S. , Onea, E., & Zimmermann, M.
    (2018) That’s not quite it: An experimental investigation of (non-)exhaustivity in clefts. Semantics and Pragmatics, 11 , 1–45. 10.3765/sp.11.3
     https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.11.3 [Google Scholar]
  45. Diewald, G.
    (2002) A model for relevant types of contexts in grammaticalization. In I. Wischer & G. Diewald (Eds.), New reflections on grammaticalization (pp. 103–120). Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.49.09die
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.49.09die [Google Scholar]
  46. (2006) Context types in grammaticalization as constructions. Constructions SV, 1–9.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Diewald, G. , & Smirnova, E.
    (2010) Evidentiality in German: Linguistic realization and regularities in grammaticalization. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110241037
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110241037 [Google Scholar]
  48. Dissel, H.
    (1999) Demonstratives: Form, function and grammaticalization. Philadelphia: Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.42
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.42 [Google Scholar]
  49. Diessel, H.
    (2019) The grammar network: How linguistic structure is shaped by language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108671040
     https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108671040 [Google Scholar]
  50. Ding, S.
    (1980) Xiandaihanyu yufa jianghua [Modern Chinese grammar]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Dong, X.
    (2004) Shi de jinyibu yufahua: you xuci dao cinei chengfen [The further grammaticalization of shi: From an empty word to an interword element]. Dangdai Yuyanxue [Contemporary Linguistics, 6 (1)], 35–44.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Dowty, D. R. , Wall, R. E. , & Peters, S.
    (1981) Introduction to Montague semantics. Dordrecht: Reidel.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Eckardt, R.
    (2006) Meaning change in grammaticalization: An enquiry into semantic reanalysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262601.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262601.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  54. Fang, M.
    (1995) Hanyu duibijiaodian de jufa biaoxian shouduan [The syntactic ways to indicate contrastive focus in Chinese]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language, 4 ], 281–282.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Fauconnier, G. , & Turner, M.
    (2003) Polysemy and conceptual blending. In B. Nerlich , V. Herman , Z. Todd , & D. Clarke (Eds.), Polysemy: Flexible patterns of meaning in mind and language (pp. 79–94). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110895698.79
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110895698.79 [Google Scholar]
  56. Feng, C.
    (2000) Jindai hanyu yufa yanjiu [Studies on Early Chinese Grammar]. Jinan: Shandong Education Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Feng, S.
    (1993) The copula in classical Chinese declarative judgment sentences. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 21 , 277–311.
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Fillmore, C. J. , & Kay, P.
    (1995) Construction grammar. CSLI Publications.
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Fillmore, C. J. , Kay, P. , & O’Connor, M. K.
    (1988) Regularity and idiomaticity in grammatical constructions: The case of let alone . Language, 64 , 501–538. 10.2307/414531
     https://doi.org/10.2307/414531 [Google Scholar]
  60. Fischer, O.
    (2007) Morphosyntactic change: Functional and formal perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  61. (2010) An analogical approach to grammaticalization. In K. Stathi , E. Gehweiler , & E. König (Eds.), Grammaticalization: Current views and issues (pp. 181–220). Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.119.11fis
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.119.11fis [Google Scholar]
  62. (2018) Analogy: Its role in language learning, categorization, and in models of language change such as grammaticalization and constructionalization. In S. Hancil , T. Breban , & J. V. Lozano (Eds.), New trends in grammaticalization and language change (pp. 75–104). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.202.04fis
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.202.04fis [Google Scholar]
  63. Fried, M. , & Östman, J. -O.
    (Eds.) (2004) Construction grammar in a cross-language perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.2
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.2 [Google Scholar]
  64. Gildea, S. , & Barðdal, J.
    (2023) From grammaticalization to diachronic Construction Grammar. Studies in Language, 743–788.
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Givón, T.
    (1979) On understanding grammar. New York: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Goldberg, A. E.
    (1995) Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  67. (2003) Constructions: A new theoretical approach to language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7 (5), 219–224. 10.1016/S1364‑6613(03)00080‑9
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00080-9 [Google Scholar]
  68. (2006) Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Grice, H. P.
    (1969) Vacuous names. In D. Davidson & J. Hintikka (Eds.), Words and objections (pp. 118–145). Dordrecht: Reidel. 10.1007/978‑94‑010‑1709‑1_9
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1709-1_9 [Google Scholar]
  70. (1981) Presupposition and conversational implicature. In P. Cole (Ed.), Radical pragmatics (pp. 183–198). Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Gundel, J. K.
    (1977) Where do cleft sentences come from?Language, 53 , 543–559. 10.2307/413176
     https://doi.org/10.2307/413176 [Google Scholar]
  72. Harris, A. C. , & Campbell, L.
    (1995) Historical syntax in cross-linguistic perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511620553
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620553 [Google Scholar]
  73. Halliday, M. A. K.
    1967 Notes on Transitivity and Theme in English. Parts 1 and 2. Journal of Linguistics 8 : 3–58.
     [Google Scholar]
  74. (1970) Language structure and language function. In J. Lyons (Ed.), New horizons in linguistics (pp. 140–165). Harmondsworth: Penguin.
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Hashimoto, A. Y.
    (1969) The verb ‘to be’ in Modern Chinese. Foundations of Language Supplementary Series, 9 (4), 72–111. 10.1007/978‑94‑011‑9804‑2_2
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9804-2_2 [Google Scholar]
  76. Haspelmath, M.
    (2004) On directionality in language change with particular reference to grammaticalization. In O. Fischer , M. Norde , & H. Perridon (Eds.), Up and down the cline — The nature of grammaticalization (pp. 17–44). Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.59.03has
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.59.03has [Google Scholar]
  77. Heine, B.
    (2002) On the role of context in grammaticalization. In I. Wischer & G. Diewald (Eds.), New reflections on grammaticalization (pp. 83–101). Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.49.08hei
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.49.08hei [Google Scholar]
  78. Heine, B. , Claudi, U. , & Hünnemeyer, F.
    (1991) Grammaticalization: A conceptual framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Heine, B. , & Kuteva, T.
    (2002) World lexicon of grammaticalization. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511613463
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511613463 [Google Scholar]
  80. Heine, B. , & Reh, M.
    (1984) Grammaticalization and reanalysis in African languages. Hamburg: Buske.
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Heine, B. , Narrog, H. , & Long, H.
    (2016) Constructional change vs. grammaticalization: From compounding to derivation. Studies in Language, 40 , 137–175. 10.1075/sl.40.1.05hei
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.40.1.05hei [Google Scholar]
  82. Heine, B. , Ziegeler, D. , Basile, C. A. , & Mélac, E.
    (2025) Grammaticalization vs. diachronic Construction Grammar. Studies in Language. Advance online publication.
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Hengeveld, R.
    (1992) Dynamic biogeography. New York: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Hengeveld, K.
    (1997) Non-verbal predication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Higgins, R. F.
    (1979) The pseudo-cleft construction in English. New York: Garland.
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Hilpert, M.
    (2008) Germanic future constructions: A usage-based approach to grammaticalization. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.7
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.7 [Google Scholar]
  87. (2013) Constructional change in English: Developments in allomorphy, word-formation and syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139004206
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139004206 [Google Scholar]
  88. (2014) Construction grammar and its application to English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Hilpert, M. , & Gries, S. Th.
    (2016) Quantitative approaches to diachronic corpus linguistics. In M. Kytö & P. Pahta (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of English historical linguistics (pp. 36–53). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139600231.003
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139600231.003 [Google Scholar]
  90. Hilpert, M.
    (2018) Three open questions in diachronic construction grammar. In E. Coussé , P. Andersson , & J. Olofsson (Eds.), Grammaticalization meets construction grammar (pp. 21–39). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.21.c2
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.21.c2 [Google Scholar]
  91. Hilpert, M. , & Östman, J.-O.
    (2014) Reflections on constructions across grammars. Constructions and Frames, 6 (2), 137–142.
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Himmelmann, N.
    (2004) Lexicalization and grammaticalization: Opposite or orthogonal?In W. Bisang , N. P. Himmelmann , & B. Wiemer (Eds.), What makes grammaticalization? A look from its fringes and components (pp. 21–42). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110197440.1.21
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197440.1.21 [Google Scholar]
  93. Hinterhölzl, R. , & Petrova, S.
    (Eds.) (2009) Information structure and language change: New approaches to word order variation in Germanic. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110216110
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110216110 [Google Scholar]
  94. Hoffmann, S.
    (2005) Grammaticalization and English complex prepositions: A corpus-based study. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Hole, D.
    (2011) The deconstruction of Chinese shì…de clefts revisited. Lingua, 121 (11), 1707–1733. 10.1016/j.lingua.2011.07.004
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2011.07.004 [Google Scholar]
  96. Hong, C.
    (1958) Lun Nanbeichao yiqian de xici [The copula before Northern and Southern Dynasties]. Yuyan Yanjiu [Studies on Language, 2 ], 1–22.
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Hopper, P. J. , & Traugott, E. C.
    (2003) Grammaticalization (rev. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139165525
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165525 [Google Scholar]
  98. Hsieh, C. -L.
    (1998) Focusing construction in Mandarin Chinese: Cleft and pseudocleft sentences (Master’s thesis). National Tsing Hua University.
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Huang, B. , & Liao, X.
    (1991) Xiandai Hanyu [Modern Chinese]. Beijing: Gaodeng Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Huang, C. -T. J.
    (1982) Logical relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Huang, C. -T. J.
    (1984) On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry, 15 (3), 531–574.
     [Google Scholar]
  102. (1990) On be and have in Chinese. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, 59 , 43–64.
     [Google Scholar]
  103. (1998) Logical relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar. New York & London: Garland Publishing.
     [Google Scholar]
  104. (2007) Thematic structures of verbs in Chinese and their syntactic projections. Linguistic Sciences, 4 , 3–21.
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Huang, G. W. , & Fawcett, R. P.
    (1996) A functional approach to two “focusing” constructions in English and Chinese. Language Sciences, 18 , 179–194. 10.1016/0388‑0001(96)00014‑9
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0388-0001(96)00014-9 [Google Scholar]
  106. Huddleston, R.
    (1971) The sentence in written English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Hüning, M. , & Booij, G.
    (2014) From compounding to derivation: The emergence of derivational affixes through constructionalization. Folia Linguistica, 48 (2), 579–604.
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Israel, M.
    (1996) The way constructions grow. In A. Goldberg (Ed.), Conceptual structure, discourse and language (pp. 217–230). Stanford: CSLI.
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Itkonen, E.
    (2005) Analogy as structure and process. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/hcp.14
     https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.14 [Google Scholar]
  110. Jackendoff, R. , & Audring, J.
    (2016) Morphological schemas: Theoretical and psycholinguistic issues. The Mental Lexicon, 11 (3), 467–493. 10.1075/ml.11.3.06jac
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.3.06jac [Google Scholar]
  111. Jespersen, O.
    (1924) The philosophy of grammar. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
     [Google Scholar]
  112. (1937) Analytic syntax. Munksgaard.
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Jiang, L.
    (1999) Chusuoci de linggeyongfa he jiegouzhuci de de youlai [Another function of the locatives and the origin of the structural particle de ]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language, 2 ], 83–94.
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Jin, P.
    (2017) Study on the format and semantic functions of the Chinese “(shi) VO de” and “(shi) V de O” sentences (Ph.D. dissertation). Kanazawa University, Japan.
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Kahn, C. H.
    (1973) The verb ‘be’ in Ancient Greek. In J. W. M. Verhaar (Ed.), The verb ‘be’ and its synonyms (Vol.6). Dordrecht: Reidel.
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Kiparsky, P.
    (1992) Structural case. Unpublished manuscript, Berlin: Institute for Advanced Study.
     [Google Scholar]
  117. (2012) Grammaticalization as optimization. In D. Jonas , J. Whitman , & A. Garrett (Eds.), Grammatical change: Origins, nature, outcomes (pp. 15–51). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Kiss, K. É.
    (1998) Identificational focus versus information focus. Language, 71 , 245–273. 10.1353/lan.1998.0211
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1998.0211 [Google Scholar]
  119. Kroch, A.
    (1974) The semantics of scope in English (Ph.D. dissertation). MIT.
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Kuno, S. , & Wongkhomthong, P.
    (1981) Characterizational and identificational sentences in Thai. Studies in Language, 5 , 65–109. 10.1075/sl.5.1.04kun
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.5.1.04kun [Google Scholar]
  121. Kuteva, T.
    (2001) Auxiliation: An enquiry into the nature of grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Lambrecht, K.
    (1994) Information structure and sentence form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511620607
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620607 [Google Scholar]
  123. Langacker, R. W.
    (1977) Syntactic reanalysis. In C. N. Li (Ed.), Mechanisms of syntactic change (pp. 57–139). Austin: University of Texas Press. 10.7560/750357‑005
     https://doi.org/10.7560/750357-005 [Google Scholar]
  124. Langacker, R. W.
    (2005) Construction grammars: Cognitive, radical, and less so. In F. J. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibañez & M. S. Peña Cervel (Eds.), Cognitive linguistics: Internal dynamics and interdisciplinary interaction (pp. 101–159). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110197716.1.101
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197716.1.101 [Google Scholar]
  125. LaPolla, R.
    (1995) Pragmatic relations and word order in Chinese. In P. Dowing & M. Noonan (Eds.), Word order in discourse (pp. 297–329). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.30.11lap
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.30.11lap [Google Scholar]
  126. Leech, G. , Hundt, M. , Mair, C. , & Smith, N.
    (2009) Change in contemporary English: A grammatical study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511642210
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511642210 [Google Scholar]
  127. Lehmann, C.
    (1985) Grammaticalization: Synchronic variation and diachronic change. Lingua e Stile, 20 , 303–318.
     [Google Scholar]
  128. (1995) Thoughts on grammaticalization. Munich: Lincom Europa. (2nd rev. ed.ofThoughts on grammaticalization: A programmatic sketch 1982)
     [Google Scholar]
  129. (2002) New reflections on grammaticalization and lexicalization. In I. Wischer & G. Diewald (Eds.), New reflections on grammaticalization (pp. 1–18). Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.49.03leh
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.49.03leh [Google Scholar]
  130. (2004) Theory and method in grammaticalization. Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik, 32 , 152–187. 10.1515/zfgl.2004.32.2.152
     https://doi.org/10.1515/zfgl.2004.32.2.152 [Google Scholar]
  131. (2008) Information structure and grammaticalization. In E. Seoane & M. J. López-Couso (Eds.), in collaboration with T. Fanego , Theoretical and empirical issues in grammaticalization (pp. 207–229). Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.77.12leh
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.77.12leh [Google Scholar]
  132. (2015) Thoughts on grammaticalization (3rd ed.; Classics in Linguistics, Vol.1). Language Science Press. 10.26530/OAPEN_603353
     https://doi.org/10.26530/OAPEN_603353 [Google Scholar]
  133. Levinson, S. C.
    (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511813313
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813313 [Google Scholar]
  134. (2000) Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/5526.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5526.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  135. Li, C. N. , & Thompson, S. A.
    (1976) Subject and topic: A new typology. In C. N. Li (Ed.), Subject and topic (pp. 458–489). New York: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  136. (1977) A mechanism for the development of copula morphemes. In C. N. Li (Ed.), Mechanisms of syntactic change (pp. 419–444). Austin: University of Texas Press. 10.7560/750357‑012
     https://doi.org/10.7560/750357-012 [Google Scholar]
  137. (1981) Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10.1525/9780520352858
     https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520352858 [Google Scholar]
  138. Li, C. N. , Thompson, S. A. , & Zhang, B.
    (1998) Cong huayu jiaodu lunzheng yuqi ci de [Evidence of de as a modal particle from the perspective of discourse]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language, 2 ], 102–132.
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Li, K.
    (2008) Contrastive focus structure in Mandarin Chinese. In M. K. M. Chan & H. Kang (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20), Vol. 2 (pp. 759–774). Columbus: The Ohio State University.
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Lien, C.
    (2009) The focus marker si and lexicalization of simih into ‘what’ wh-words in earlier Southern Min texts. Language and Linguistics, 10 (4), 745–764.
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Lightfoot, D.
    (1979) Principles of diachronic syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  142. Lightfoot, D.
    (1991) How to set parameters: Arguments from language change. Cambridge: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  143. Ling, B.
    (2008) Juwei ‘de’ de jufa yuyong fenxi [The syntactic and pragmatic analysis of the sentence-final de ]. Yuwen Xuekai [Journal of Chinese Languages], 9 , 87–102.
     [Google Scholar]
  144. Liu, Y. , & Cheng, G.
    (2021) Cong jiaodian leixing kan dezi jiegou de yuyi [The semantics of the “de” construction from the perspective of focus types]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Chinese Language], 1 , 28–42.
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Liu, Y. , & Shi, W.
    (2021) Verum shi, sentence-final de and the emphatic effects in Mandarin. Lingua, 267 , 1–19.
     [Google Scholar]
  146. Liu, Y. , & Li, B.
    (2019) Qiongjinxing haishi duibixing — Cong yingyu fenlieju kan Hanyu jiaodianlei ‘shi’ ziju de yuyi [Exhaustivity or contrastivity? A comparative study of the semantics of Mandarin shi sentences and English it-clefts]. Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 51 (5)], 677–688.
     [Google Scholar]
  147. Long, H.
    (2011) Cong jiaodian buquedingxing kan ‘ta shi toude zancheng piao’ jushi [On the N1 shi V de N2 structure in Chinese]. Hanyu Xuebao [Chinese Linguistics, 2 ], 71–77.
     [Google Scholar]
  148. (2013) On the formation of Mandarin V de O focus cleft. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 60 , 409–456. 10.1556/ALing.60.2013.4.2
     https://doi.org/10.1556/ALing.60.2013.4.2 [Google Scholar]
  149. Long, H. , & Kuang, P.
    (2017) Modern Chinese confirmative shi: Auxiliary or adverb?Functions of Language, 24 (3), 294–318. 10.1075/fol.15018.lon
     https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.15018.lon [Google Scholar]
  150. Long, H. , & Xiao, X.
    (2012) ‘Wo shi zuotian mai de piao’ jushi ji xiangguan wenti [On the structure of N1 shi V de N2]. Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue [Chinese Teaching in the World, 25 (3)], 305–317.
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Lorenz, D.
    (2013) Contractions of English semi-modals: The emancipating effect of frequency. Freiburg: Rombach.
     [Google Scholar]
  152. Lu, J.
    (2004) The construction grammar and study of Chinese. Chinese Language, 5 , 412–479.
     [Google Scholar]
  153. Lü, S. X.
    (1942) Zhongguo wenfa yaolue [A concise grammar of Chinese]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  154. Lü, S.
    (1979) Hanyu yufa fenxi wenti [The grammatical analysis of Chinese]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
     [Google Scholar]
  155. (1984) Lun di, de zhi bian ji di zi de youlai [A study on the debate on di and de, and the origin of di ]. In S. Lü (Ed.), Hanyu yufa lunwenji [Collection of the articles on Chinese grammar]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
     [Google Scholar]
  156. (2002) Lü Shuxiang quanji [The selective works from Lü Shuxiang]. Shenyang: Liaoning Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
     [Google Scholar]
  157. Lyons, J.
    (1968) Introduction to theoretical linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139165570
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165570 [Google Scholar]
  158. Ma, J.
    (1898) Mashi Wentong. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
     [Google Scholar]
  159. Mei, Z.
    (1988) Ciwei di, de de laiyuan [The origin of the word–final di and de ]. Shiyusuo Jikan [Articles from the Institute of Historical Linguistics, 59 (1)], 141–172.
     [Google Scholar]
  160. Meillet, A.
    (1958 [1912]) L’évolution des formes grammaticales. In A. Meillet , Linguistique historique et linguistique générale (pp. 130–148). Paris: Champion. (Originally published inScientia (Rivista di scienza), XXII 1912)
     [Google Scholar]
  161. Montague, R.
    (1973) The proper treatment of quantification in ordinary English. In K. J. J. Hintikka , J. M. E. Moravcsik , & P. Suppes (Eds.), Approaches to natural language (pp. 221–242). Dordrecht: Reidel. 10.1007/978‑94‑010‑2506‑5_10
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2506-5_10 [Google Scholar]
  162. Narahara, T.
    (2002) The Japanese copula: Forms and functions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230504530
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230504530 [Google Scholar]
  163. Narrog, H. , & Heine, B.
    (Eds.) (2011) The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization. New York: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  164. Noël, D.
    (2007) Diachronic construction grammar and grammaticalization theory. Functions of Language, 14 , 177–202. 10.1075/fol.14.2.04noe
     https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.14.2.04noe [Google Scholar]
  165. (2008) The nominative and infinitive in Late Modern English: A diachronic constructionist approach. Journal of English Linguistics, 36 (4), 314–340. 10.1177/0075424208321750
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424208321750 [Google Scholar]
  166. Noël, D. , & Colleman, T.
    (2010) Believe-type raising-to-object and raising-to-subject verbs in English and Dutch: A contrastive investigation in diachronic construction grammar. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 15 (2), 157–182. 10.1075/ijcl.15.2.02noe
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.15.2.02noe [Google Scholar]
  167. Norde, M. , & Morris, C.
    (2018) Derivation without category change: A network-based analysis of diminutive prefixoids in Dutch. In K. Van Goethem (Eds.), Category change from a constructional perspective (pp. 47–90). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.20.03nor
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.20.03nor [Google Scholar]
  168. Ota, T.
    (1987) Zhongguo lishi wenfa [The historical grammar of Chinese]. Beijing: Beijing University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  169. Paris, M. -C.
    (1979) Nominalization in Mandarin Chinese. Paris: Département de Recherches Linguistiques, Université Paris VII.
     [Google Scholar]
  170. Partee, B. H.
    (1999) Copula inversion puzzles in English and Russian. In K. Dziwirek , H. Coats , & C. Jourdan (Eds.), Annual workshop on formal approaches to Slavic linguistics (pp. 155–176). Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publishers.
     [Google Scholar]
  171. Patten, A. L.
    (2010) Cleft sentences, construction grammar and grammaticalization (PhD dissertation). University of Edinburgh.
     [Google Scholar]
  172. (2012) The English IT-cleft: A constructional account and a diachronic investigation. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110279528
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110279528 [Google Scholar]
  173. Paul, W. , & Whitman, J.
    (2008)  Shi…de focus clefts in Mandarin Chinese. The Linguistic Review, 25 (3–4), 413–451. 10.1515/TLIR.2008.012
     https://doi.org/10.1515/TLIR.2008.012 [Google Scholar]
  174. Payne, T. E.
    (1997) Describing morphosyntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511805066
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805066 [Google Scholar]
  175. Peng, R.
    (2013) A diachronic construction grammar account of the Chinese cause-complement pivotal construction. Language Sciences, 40 , 53–79. 10.1016/j.langsci.2013.03.004
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2013.03.004 [Google Scholar]
  176. Percus, O.
    (1997) Prying open the cleft. Proceedings of NELS 27 , 337–351.
     [Google Scholar]
  177. Perek, F.
    (2020) Productivity and schematicity in constructional change. In B. Hilpert & A. Sommerer (Eds.), Nodes and networks in diachronic construction grammar (pp. 141–166). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.27.04per
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.27.04per [Google Scholar]
  178. Petré, P.
    (2014) Constructions and environments: Copular, passive and related constructions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199373390.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199373390.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  179. Peyraube, A. , & Wiebusch, T.
    (1994) Problems relating to the history of different copulas in ancient Chinese. In M. Y. Chen & O. J. L. Tseng (Eds.), Inhonor of William S. -Y. Wang : Interdisciplinary studies on language and language change (pp. 383–404). Taipei: Pyramid Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  180. Pines, Y.
    (2002) Lexical changes in Zhanguo texts. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 122 (4), 691–705. 10.2307/3217610
     https://doi.org/10.2307/3217610 [Google Scholar]
  181. Pijpops, D. , De Smet, I. , & Van de Velde, F.
    (2018) Constructional contamination in morphology and syntax: Four case studies. Constructions and Frames, 10 (2), 269–305. 10.1075/cf.00021.pij
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cf.00021.pij [Google Scholar]
  182. Prince, E. F.
    (1978) A comparison of wh-clefts and it-clefts in discourse. Language, 54 , 883–906. 10.2307/413238
     https://doi.org/10.2307/413238 [Google Scholar]
  183. Pulleyblank, E. G.
    (1995) Outline of Classical Chinese grammar. Vancouver: UBC Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  184. Pustet, R.
    (2003) Copulas: Universals in the categorization of the lexicon. New York: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258505.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258505.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  185. Quirk, R. , & Greenbaum, S.
    (1973) A university grammar of English. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  186. Quirk, R. , Greenbaum, S. , Leech, G. , & Svartvik, J.
    (1985) A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London & New York: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  187. Radford, A.
    (1997) Syntax: A minimalist introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139166898
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166898 [Google Scholar]
  188. Repp, S.
    (2016) Contrast: Dissecting an elusive information-structural notion and its role in grammar. In C. Féry & S. Ishihara (Eds.), Interfaces and interface conditions in grammar (pp. 270–289). 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.006
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.006 [Google Scholar]
  189. Ross, C.
    (1983) On the function of Mandarin DE . Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 11 (2), 214–246.
     [Google Scholar]
  190. Sag, I. A.
    (2012) Sign-based construction grammar: An informal synopsis. In H. C. Boas & I. A. Sag (Eds.), Sign-based construction grammar. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
     [Google Scholar]
  191. de Saussure, F.
    (1983) Course in general linguistics ( C. Bally & A. Sechehaye , Eds.; R. Harris , Trans.). London: Duckworth.
     [Google Scholar]
  192. Schmid, H. -J.
    (2014) Lexico-grammatical patterns, pragmatic associations and discourse frequency. In T. Herbst , H. -J. Schmid , & S. Faulhaber (Eds.), Constructions, collocations, patterns (pp. 239–293). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110356854.239
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110356854.239 [Google Scholar]
  193. Shen, J.
    (2008) Moving what? On emotional movement in ta shi qunian sheng de haizi . Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language, 326 ], 387–395.
     [Google Scholar]
  194. Shi, D.
    (1994) The nature of Chinese emphatic sentences. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 3 , 81–100. 10.1007/BF01733150
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01733150 [Google Scholar]
  195. Shi, Y. , & Li, N.
    (2001) Hanyu yufahua de lichen — xingtai jufa fazhan de dongyin he jizhi [The process of Chinese grammaticalization: The motivation and mechanism of the morphosyntactic development]. Beijing: Beijing University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  196. Simpson, A. , & Wu, Z.
    (2002) From D to T: Determiner incorporation and the creation of tense. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 11 (2), 169–209. 10.1023/A:1014934915836
     https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014934915836 [Google Scholar]
  197. Sommerer, L. , & Smirnova, E.
    (Eds.) (2020) Nodes and networks in diachronic construction grammar. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.27
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.27 [Google Scholar]
  198. Sommerer, L. , & Van de Velde, F.
    (2025) Constructional networks. In M. Fried & K. Nikiforidou (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of construction grammar (pp. 220–246). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781009049139.010
     https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009049139.010 [Google Scholar]
  199. Song, Y.
    (1981) Guanyu shijian zhuci ‘de’ he ‘laizhe’ [About the temporal particle ‘de’ and ‘laizhe’]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language, 4 ], 275–289.
     [Google Scholar]
  200. Stassen, L.
    (1997) Intransitive predication. Oxford: Clarendon. 10.1093/oso/9780198236931.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198236931.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  201. Stowell, T.
    (1989) Subjects, specifiers and X-bar theory. In M. Baltin & A. Kroch (Eds.), Alternative conceptions of phrase structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  202. Sugimura, H.
    (1999) De structure, anaphoric reference and classification. In L. Jiang & J. Hou (Eds.), A study of present situation and history of Chinese: Collected works of the first international symposium on Chinese linguistics (pp. 47–66). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  203. Sweetser, E.
    (1988) Grammaticalization and semantic bleaching. In S. Axmaker , A. J. Cantone , & B. D. Joseph (Eds.), General session and parasession on grammaticalization (pp. 389–405). Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society. 10.3765/bls.v14i0.1774
     https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v14i0.1774 [Google Scholar]
  204. Takahito, Y.
    (2004) Mengzi de chengshu niandai [The date of Mengzi]. Limingguan Dongyang Shixue, No.27.
     [Google Scholar]
  205. Tang, T. -C.
    (1983) Focusing constructions in Chinese: Cleft sentences and pseudo-cleft sentences. In T. -C. Tang , R. L. Cheng , & Y. -C. Li (Eds.), Studies in Chinese syntax and semantics (pp. 127–226). Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd.
     [Google Scholar]
  206. Tang, Y.
    (1991) Zhuming zhongnian yuyanxuejia ziyuanji [The collection of the autobiographies of the renowned linguists]. Hefei: Anhui Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
     [Google Scholar]
  207. Teng, S. -H.
    (1979) Remarks on cleft sentences in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 7 (1), 101–114.
     [Google Scholar]
  208. Torrent, T. T.
    (2015) On the relation between inheritance and change: The constructional convergence and construction network reconfiguration hypotheses. In H. Barðdal , (Eds.), (pp. 173–211). 10.1075/cal.18.06tor
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.18.06tor [Google Scholar]
  209. Traugott, E. C.
    (1988) Pragmatic strengthening and grammaticalization. InProceedings of the 14th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Parasession on Grammaticalization (pp. 406–416). Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. 10.3765/bls.v14i0.1784
     https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v14i0.1784 [Google Scholar]
  210. Traugott, E. C. , & Dasher, R. B.
    (2002) Regularity in semantic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  211. Traugott, E. C.
    (2007) The concepts of constructional mismatch and type-shifting. Cognitive Linguistics, 18 , 523–557. 10.1515/COG.2007.027
     https://doi.org/10.1515/COG.2007.027 [Google Scholar]
  212. (2008) ‘All that he endeavoured to prove was…’: On the emergence of grammatical constructions in dialogic contexts. In R. Cooper & R. Kempson (Eds.), Language in flux: Dialogue coordination, language variation, change and evolution (pp. 143–177). London: Kings College Publications.
     [Google Scholar]
  213. (2009) Lexicalization and grammaticalization, subjectification, intersubjectification, and grammaticalization. Studies in Historical Linguistics, 2 , 241–271. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
     [Google Scholar]
  214. (2012) Toward a coherent account of grammatical constructionalization. Draft for a volume on historical construction grammaredited by E. Smirnova , M. Fried , S. Gildea , & L. Sommerer . Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/cal.18.02tra
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.18.02tra [Google Scholar]
  215. (2014) Toward a constructional framework for research on language. Cognitive Linguistic Studies, 1 , 3–21. 10.1075/cogls.1.1.01tra
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cogls.1.1.01tra [Google Scholar]
  216. Traugott, E. C. , & Trousdale, G.
    (2010) Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization: How do they intersect?In E. C. Traugott & G. Trousdale (Eds.), Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization (pp. 19–44). Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.90.04tra
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.90.04tra [Google Scholar]
  217. (2013) Constructionalization and constructional changes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679898.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679898.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  218. Traugott, E. C.
    (2022) Discourse structuring markers in English: A historical constructionalist perspective on pragmatics. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.33
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.33 [Google Scholar]
  219. Trousdale, G.
    (2010) Issues in constructional approaches to grammaticalization in English. In K. Stathi , E. Gehweiler , & E. König (Eds.), Grammaticalization: Current views and issues (pp. 51–72). Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.119.05tro
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.119.05tro [Google Scholar]
  220. Trousdale, G.
    (2014) On the relationship between grammaticalization and constructionalization. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
     [Google Scholar]
  221. Tsao, F. -F.
    (1990) Sentence and clause structure in Chinese: A functional perspective. Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd.
     [Google Scholar]
  222. Ungerer, F. , & Schmid, H. -J.
    (1996) An introduction to cognitive linguistics. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  223. Ungerer, T. , & Hartmann, S.
    (2023) Constructionist approaches: Past, present, future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781009308717
     https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009308717 [Google Scholar]
  224. Van de Velde, F. , De Smet, H. , & Ghesquière, L.
    (2013) On multiple source constructions in language change. Studies in Language, 37 (3), 473–488. 10.1075/sl.37.3.01int
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.37.3.01int [Google Scholar]
  225. Wan, Q.
    (2013) Shitai ju Zhong de ‘de’ [‘De’ in the sentences of state affairs]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language, 1 ], 185–201.
     [Google Scholar]
  226. Wang, H.
    (1987) Guanyu mingcihua biaoji zhi de Xiaoshi [The disappearance of the nominalizer zhe ]. Yuyanxue Luncong [Articles of Linguistics, 4 ], 158–196.
     [Google Scholar]
  227. Wang, L.
    (1937/1958) Zhongguo wenfa zhong de xici [The copula in Chinese grammar]. In L. Wang , Hanyushi Lunwenji [The collection of the articles on historical Chinese] (pp. 212–276). Beijing: Beijing Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  228. (1984) Wang Li wenji [The collection of the articles from Wang Li]. Jinan: Shandong Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
     [Google Scholar]
  229. Wang, G.
    (2003) Guoqu wancheng tibiaoji ‘de’ zai duihua yuti Zhong de shiyong tiaojian [The conditions of using the perfective aspectual marker de in conversations]. Yuyan Yanjiu [Language Studies, 4 ], 76–92.
     [Google Scholar]
  230. Ward, G.
    (2004) Equatives and deferred reference. Language, 80 , 269–289. 10.1353/lan.2004.0102
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2004.0102 [Google Scholar]
  231. Wei, S.
    (2002) Shishuoxinyu ji Zhu Chengshu Niandai Kao [The dates of Shishuoxinyu and its commentary]. Changzhou Shizhuan Xuebao [Journal of Changzhou Shizhuan], 3 , 19–20.
     [Google Scholar]
  232. Wu, F.
    (1997) Jindai Hanyu gangyao [Early Modern Chinese studies]. Changsha: Hunan Education Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  233. Xiong, Z.
    (2007) Shi…de goujian fenxi [The analysis of the structure of shi…de ]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language, 4 ], 321–330.
     [Google Scholar]
  234. Xu, J.
    (2001) The principle of universal grammar and Chinese grammar phenomenon. Beijing: Peking University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  235. Xu, L. , & Liu, D.
    (1998) The structure and functions of topics. Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  236. Xu, L.
    (2002) Hanyu shi huati jiegouhua yuyan ma? [Is Chinese a topic-structuralized language?]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language, 5 ], 400–410.
     [Google Scholar]
  237. Xu, L. , & Pan, H.
    (2005) Jiaodian jiegou he yiyi de yanjiu [The structure and function of focus]. Beijing: Waiyuyanjiu Chubanshe.
     [Google Scholar]
  238. Yang, K. , & He, Q.
    (2022) The development of V de O clefts in Chinese: A diachronic constructionist approach. Lingua, 270 , 103214. 10.1016/j.lingua.2021.103214
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2021.103214 [Google Scholar]
  239. Yap, F. H. , & Wang, J.
    (2011) From light noun to nominalizer and more: The grammaticalization of zhe and suo in Old and Middle Chinese. In F. H. Yap , K. Grunow-Hårsta , & J. Wrona (Eds.), Nominalization in Asian languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives (Typological Studies in Language, 96, pp. 61–107). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.96.02yap
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.96.02yap [Google Scholar]
  240. Yap, F. H. , & Matthews, S.
    (2008) The development of nominalizers in East Asian and Tibeto-Burman languages. In M. J. López-Couso & E. Seoane (Eds.), Rethinking grammaticalization: New perspectives (Typological Studies in Language, 76, pp. 309–341). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.76.15yap
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.76.15yap [Google Scholar]
  241. Yap, F. H. , & Grunow-Hårsta, K.
    (2010) Non-referential uses of nominalization constructions: Asian perspectives. Language and Linguistics Compass, 4 (12), 1154–1175. 10.1111/j.1749‑818X.2010.00250.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00250.x [Google Scholar]
  242. Yap, F. H. , Choi, P. -L. , & Cheung, K. S.
    (2010) De-lexicalizing di3: How a Chinese locative noun has evolved into an attitudinal nominalizer. In A. Van Linden , J. -C. Verstraete , & K. Davidse (Eds.), Formal evidence in grammaticalization research (Typological Studies in Language, 94, pp. 63–91). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.94.04yap
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.94.04yap [Google Scholar]
  243. Yap, F. H. , Grunow-Hårsta, K. , & Wrona, J.
    (Eds.) (2011) Nominalization in Asian languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives (Typological Studies in Language, 96). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.96
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.96 [Google Scholar]
  244. Yen, S. L.
    (1986) The origin of the copula shì in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 14 (2), 227–241.
     [Google Scholar]
  245. Yuan, Y. -L.
    (2003) Cong jiaodian lilun kan juwei de de jufa yuyi gongneng [On the syntactic and semantic function of de in the sentence final position: From a viewpoint of the modern focus theory]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language, 292], 3–16.
     [Google Scholar]
  246. Zehentner, E.
    (2019) On competition and cooperation in language change: The case of dative alternation in English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110633856
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110633856 [Google Scholar]
  247. Zhan, F.
    (2012) The structure and function of the Chinese copular construction (Doctoral dissertation). Stanford University.
     [Google Scholar]
  248. (2020) The development of the Chinese expressive zhenshide: A diachronic constructional approach. Lingua, 248 . 10.1016/j.lingua.2020.102981
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2020.102981 [Google Scholar]
  249. (2025a) The development of the Chinese multifunctional construction V+qilai: From a complement-taking predicate to a discourse marker. Pragmatics. 10.1075/prag.24010.zha
     https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.24010.zha [Google Scholar]
  250. (2025b) Re-evaluating the dynamics of subjectification, intersubjectification, and textualization from a constructional perspective: The development of the pragmatic marker jiushi in Chinese. Chinese Language and Discourse. 10.1075/cld.25004.zha
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.25004.zha [Google Scholar]
  251. (2025c) The development of [Patient-Subj V-qilai AP] as a Middle Construction in Chinese. Languages, 10 (6), 131. 10.3390/languages10060131
     https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10060131 [Google Scholar]
  252. Zhan, F. , & Sun, C.
    (2013) A copula analysis of shì in the Chinese cleft construction. Language and Linguistics, 14 (4), 755–789.
     [Google Scholar]
  253. Zhan, F. , & Traugott, E. C.
    (2015) The constructionalization of the Chinese cleft construction. Studies in Language, 39 (2), 459–491. 10.1075/sl.39.2.06zha
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.2.06zha [Google Scholar]
  254. (2019) The development of the Chinese copula shì construction: A diachronic constructional perspective. Functions of Language, 26 (2), 139–176. 10.1075/fol.16001.zha
     https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.16001.zha [Google Scholar]
  255. Zhan, F. , & Traugott, E.
    (2020) A study of the development of the Chinese correlative comparative construction from the perspective of constructionalization. Diachronica, 37 (1), 83–126. 10.1075/dia.18025.zha
     https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18025.zha [Google Scholar]
  256. Zhan, F. , & Pan, H.
    (2022) Zailun kuang, zhai jiaodian [A revisit to the broad and narrow focus in Modern Chinese]. Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue [International Chinese Teaching], 36(4), 462–475.
     [Google Scholar]
  257. Zhan, F. , & Pan, H.
    (2023) The development of the Chinese V de O cleft construction: A constructional approach. Studies in Language, 47 (2), 318–349. 10.1075/sl.21071.zha
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.21071.zha [Google Scholar]
  258. Zhan, F. , Traugott, E. C. , & Han, X.
    (2020) Yufahua he goushihua chayi [Differences between grammaticalization and constructionalization]. 辞书研究 [Lexicographical Studies] 06: 53–68.
     [Google Scholar]
  259. Zhan, F. , Zhang, Y. , & Long, H.
    (2021) Origin of Modern Chinese pragmatic markers bushi: Negative copula or negative adjective?Lingua, 250 . 10.1016/j.lingua.2020.102922
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2020.102922 [Google Scholar]
  260. Zhan, W. , Guo, R. , & Chen, Y.
    (2003) The CCL Corpus of Chinese texts: 700 million Chinese characters, the 11th Century B.C.–present. ccl.pku.edu.cn:8080/ccl_corpus
  261. Zhang, B. , & Fang, M.
    (2001) Hanyu gongneng yufa yanjiu [Chinese functional grammar]. Nanchang: Jiangxi Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
     [Google Scholar]
  262. Zhang, L. , & Yang, R.
    (2019) S V de O de laiyuan ji xiangguan wenti [The origin of the focus construction S V de O]. Yuwen Yanjiu [Linguistic Research, 1 ], 8–16.
     [Google Scholar]
  263. Zhu, D.
    (1982) Yufa jiangyi [Notes on grammar]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
     [Google Scholar]
  264. (1983) Zizhi yu zhuanzhi [Self-referencing and cross-referencing]. Fangyan [Dialect, 1 ], 16–31.
     [Google Scholar]
  265. (1985) Hanyu fangyan zhong de liangzhong fanfu wenju [Two repeated questions in Chinese grammar]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language] 1, 62–80.
     [Google Scholar]
  266. Zhu, D. X.
    (1999) Zhu Dexi wenji [Collected works of Zhu Dexi] (Vols.1–5). Shanghai: The Commercial Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  267. Zhu, M.
    (1991) Zhuziyulei jufa yanjiu [A study on Zhuziyulei syntax]. Wuhan: Changjiang Wenyi Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  268. Zhu, Y.
    (1997) The focus-marking function of shi in Mandarin Chinese (Doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota.
     [Google Scholar]
/content/books/9789027243980
Loading

  • From This Site

    /content/books/9789027243980
    dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Chapter
    10
    5
/content/books/9789027243980
dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Journal -contentType:Chapter
10
5
Chapter
content/books/9789027243980
Book
false
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error