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Chapter 6. Transcription as ethics

(Re)Presenting young children’s complex communicative repertoires in Applied Linguistics research

image of Chapter 6. Transcription as ethics

What are a researcher’s ethical obligations when creating transcripts that represent young children’s complex communicative repertoires? How do those obligations shape transcription choices, such as which codes and modes are represented and how? In this chapter, we draw on our collective years of ethnographic research with young children in diverse language settings to argue for viewing transcription choices as ethical considerations. We share three vignettes from our own research with young children with complex communicative repertoires, including multilingualism, signed languages, and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices. In each case, we share our transcription dilemmas, the decisions we ultimately made, and the ideas that informed those decisions. We end with guiding questions to help researchers make transcription decisions that are not just technically and theoretically sound, but also ethically sound.

e-Book ISBN 9789027246332
  • Affiliations: 1: Arizona State University; 2: University of Georgia; 3: Stanford University

References

  1. Bhattacharya, K.
    (2007) Consenting to the consent form: What are the fixed and fluid understandings between the researcher and the researched?Qualitative Inquiry, 13 (8), 1095–1115. 10.1177/1077800407304421
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800407304421 [Google Scholar]
  2. (2009) Othering research, researching the other: De/colonizing approaches to qualitative inquiry. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (pp. 105–150). Springer. 10.1007/978‑1‑4020‑9628‑0_3
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9628-0_3 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bhattacharya, U.
    (2011) The “West” in literacy. Berkeley Review of Education, 2 (2), 179–198. 10.5070/B82110005
     https://doi.org/10.5070/B82110005 [Google Scholar]
  4. Bhattacharya, U. & Pradana, W.
    (2022) Exploring literacy engagement in a significant disability context. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy. 10.1177/14687984221100129
     https://doi.org/10.1177/14687984221100129 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bernstein, K. A.
    (2019) Ethics in practice and answerability in complex, multi-participant studies. In D. S. Warriner & M. Bigelow (Eds.), Critical reflections on research methods: Power and equity in complex multilingual contexts (pp. 127–142). Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781788922562‑011
     https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788922562-011 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bernstein, K. A.
    (2020) (Re)defining success in language learning: Positioning, participation and young emergent bilinguals at school. Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Blee, K. M. , & Currier, A.
    (2011) Ethics beyond the IRB: An introductory essay. Qualitative Sociology, 34 (3), 401–413. 10.1007/s11133‑011‑9195‑z
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-011-9195-z [Google Scholar]
  8. Bucholtz, M.
    (2000) The politics of transcription. Journal of Pragmatics, 32 , 1439–1465. 10.1016/S0378‑2166(99)00094‑6
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00094-6 [Google Scholar]
  9. (2007) Variation in transcription. Discourse Studies, 9 (6), 784–808. 10.1177/1461445607082580
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445607082580 [Google Scholar]
  10. Canagarajah, S.
    (2023) A decolonial crip linguistics. Applied linguistics, 44 (1), 1–21. 10.1093/applin/amac042
     https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amac042 [Google Scholar]
  11. De Costa, P. I.
    (2016) Ethics in applied linguistics research: An introduction. In P. I. De Costa (Ed.), Ethics in applied linguistics: Researcher narratives (pp. 1–11). Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Erickson, F.
    (2006) Definition and analysis of data from videotape: Some research procedures and their rationales. In J. Green , G. Camilli , & P. Elmore (Eds.), Handbook of complementary methods in education research (pp.177–191). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Green, J. , Franquiz, M. , & Dixon, C.
    (1997) The myth of the objective transcript: Transcribing as a situated act. TESOL Quarterly, 31 (1), 172–176. 10.2307/3587984
     https://doi.org/10.2307/3587984 [Google Scholar]
  14. Green, J. L. , & Stewart, A.
    (2012) Linguistic perspectives in qualitative research in education: A brief history. In S. Delamont (Ed.), Handbook of qualitative research in education (pp. 61–81). Edgar Elgar Publishing. 10.4337/9781849807296.00012
     https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849807296.00012 [Google Scholar]
  15. Guillemin, M. , & Gillam, L.
    (2004) Ethics, reflexivity, and “ethically important moments” in research. Qualitative Inquiry, 10 (2), 261–280. 10.1177/1077800403262360
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403262360 [Google Scholar]
  16. Henner, J. , & Robinson, O.
    (2021, July8). Unsettling languages, unruly bodyminds: Imaging a crip linguistics. Retrieved on25 April 2024from. 10.31234/osf.io/7bzaw
     https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7bzaw [Google Scholar]
  17. (2023) Unsettling languages, unruly bodyminds: A crip linguistics manifesto. Journal of Critical Study of Communication & Disability, 1 (1), 7–37.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Jenks, C. J.
    (2013) Working with transcripts: An abridged review of issues in transcription. Language and Linguistics Compass, 7 (4), 251–261. 10.1111/lnc3.12023
     https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12023 [Google Scholar]
  19. Johnson, J. T.
    (2017) Performing deafness: Symbolic power as embodied by deaf and hearing preschoolers. L2 Journal, 9(2). 10.5070/L29232712
     https://doi.org/10.5070/L29232712 [Google Scholar]
  20. Knapton, O.
    (2013) Publishing in multimodal formats: Opportunities and challenges. TESOL Quarterly, 47 (4), 856–866. 10.1002/tesq.143
     https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.143 [Google Scholar]
  21. Kouritzin, S. , & Nakagawa, S.
    (2018) Toward a non-extractive research ethics for transcultural, translingual research: Perspectives from the coloniser and the colonised. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 39 (8), 675–687. 10.1080/01434632.2018.1427755
     https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1427755 [Google Scholar]
  22. Kubanyiova, M.
    (2008) Rethinking research ethics in contemporary applied linguistics: The tension between macroethical and microethical perspectives in situated research. The Modern Language Journal, 92 (4), 503–518. 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.2008.00784.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00784.x [Google Scholar]
  23. Kusters, A. , Spotti, M. , Swanwick, R. & Tapio, E.
    (2017) Beyond languages, beyond modalities: Transforming the study of semiotic repertoires. International Journal of Multilingualism, 14 (3), 219–232. 10.1080/14790718.2017.1321651
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2017.1321651 [Google Scholar]
  24. Lee, E.
    (2011) Ethical issues in addressing inequity in/through ESL research. TESL Canada Journal 28 (5), 31–31. 10.18806/tesl.v28i0.1080
     https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v28i0.1080 [Google Scholar]
  25. Mondada, L.
    (2007) Commentary: Transcript variations and the indexicality of transcribing practices. Discourse Studies, 9 (6), 809–821. 10.1177/1461445607082581
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445607082581 [Google Scholar]
  26. Norris, S.
    (2004) Analyzing multimodal interaction: A methodological framework. Routledge. 10.4324/9780203379493
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203379493 [Google Scholar]
  27. Ochs, E.
    (1979) Transcription as theory. In E. Ochs & B. B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental pragmatics (pp. 43–72). Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Preston, D.
    (1982) ‘Ritin folklower daun ‘rong. Journal of American Folklore, 95 , 304–326. 10.2307/539912
     https://doi.org/10.2307/539912 [Google Scholar]
  29. (1985) The Li’l Abner syndrome: Written representations of speech. American Speech, 60 , 328–336. 10.2307/454910
     https://doi.org/10.2307/454910 [Google Scholar]
  30. Roberts, C.
    (1997) Transcribing talk: Issues of representation. TESOL Quarterly, 31 (1), 167–172. 10.2307/3587983
     https://doi.org/10.2307/3587983 [Google Scholar]
  31. Rymes, B.
    (2014) Communicating beyond language: Everyday encounters with diversity. Routledge. 10.4324/9780203129616
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203129616 [Google Scholar]
  32. Schoen Simmons, E.
    (2021) Vocalization. In F. R. Volkmar (Ed.), Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders (pp. 5150–5151). Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑91280‑6_992
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_992 [Google Scholar]
  33. Seibert, A. D.
    (2022) Transparency with second language and multilingual transcription. TESOL Quarterly, 56 (2), 499–524. 10.1002/tesq.3063
     https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3063 [Google Scholar]
  34. Sis Invalid
    Sis Invalid. (n.d.). Sis Ivalid.org. Retrieved25 April 2024fromhttps://www.sinsinvalid.org/

References

  1. Bhattacharya, K.
    (2007) Consenting to the consent form: What are the fixed and fluid understandings between the researcher and the researched?Qualitative Inquiry, 13 (8), 1095–1115. 10.1177/1077800407304421
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800407304421 [Google Scholar]
  2. (2009) Othering research, researching the other: De/colonizing approaches to qualitative inquiry. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (pp. 105–150). Springer. 10.1007/978‑1‑4020‑9628‑0_3
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9628-0_3 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bhattacharya, U.
    (2011) The “West” in literacy. Berkeley Review of Education, 2 (2), 179–198. 10.5070/B82110005
     https://doi.org/10.5070/B82110005 [Google Scholar]
  4. Bhattacharya, U. & Pradana, W.
    (2022) Exploring literacy engagement in a significant disability context. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy. 10.1177/14687984221100129
     https://doi.org/10.1177/14687984221100129 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bernstein, K. A.
    (2019) Ethics in practice and answerability in complex, multi-participant studies. In D. S. Warriner & M. Bigelow (Eds.), Critical reflections on research methods: Power and equity in complex multilingual contexts (pp. 127–142). Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781788922562‑011
     https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788922562-011 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bernstein, K. A.
    (2020) (Re)defining success in language learning: Positioning, participation and young emergent bilinguals at school. Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Blee, K. M. , & Currier, A.
    (2011) Ethics beyond the IRB: An introductory essay. Qualitative Sociology, 34 (3), 401–413. 10.1007/s11133‑011‑9195‑z
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-011-9195-z [Google Scholar]
  8. Bucholtz, M.
    (2000) The politics of transcription. Journal of Pragmatics, 32 , 1439–1465. 10.1016/S0378‑2166(99)00094‑6
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00094-6 [Google Scholar]
  9. (2007) Variation in transcription. Discourse Studies, 9 (6), 784–808. 10.1177/1461445607082580
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445607082580 [Google Scholar]
  10. Canagarajah, S.
    (2023) A decolonial crip linguistics. Applied linguistics, 44 (1), 1–21. 10.1093/applin/amac042
     https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amac042 [Google Scholar]
  11. De Costa, P. I.
    (2016) Ethics in applied linguistics research: An introduction. In P. I. De Costa (Ed.), Ethics in applied linguistics: Researcher narratives (pp. 1–11). Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Erickson, F.
    (2006) Definition and analysis of data from videotape: Some research procedures and their rationales. In J. Green , G. Camilli , & P. Elmore (Eds.), Handbook of complementary methods in education research (pp.177–191). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Green, J. , Franquiz, M. , & Dixon, C.
    (1997) The myth of the objective transcript: Transcribing as a situated act. TESOL Quarterly, 31 (1), 172–176. 10.2307/3587984
     https://doi.org/10.2307/3587984 [Google Scholar]
  14. Green, J. L. , & Stewart, A.
    (2012) Linguistic perspectives in qualitative research in education: A brief history. In S. Delamont (Ed.), Handbook of qualitative research in education (pp. 61–81). Edgar Elgar Publishing. 10.4337/9781849807296.00012
     https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849807296.00012 [Google Scholar]
  15. Guillemin, M. , & Gillam, L.
    (2004) Ethics, reflexivity, and “ethically important moments” in research. Qualitative Inquiry, 10 (2), 261–280. 10.1177/1077800403262360
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403262360 [Google Scholar]
  16. Henner, J. , & Robinson, O.
    (2021, July8). Unsettling languages, unruly bodyminds: Imaging a crip linguistics. Retrieved on25 April 2024from. 10.31234/osf.io/7bzaw
     https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7bzaw [Google Scholar]
  17. (2023) Unsettling languages, unruly bodyminds: A crip linguistics manifesto. Journal of Critical Study of Communication & Disability, 1 (1), 7–37.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Jenks, C. J.
    (2013) Working with transcripts: An abridged review of issues in transcription. Language and Linguistics Compass, 7 (4), 251–261. 10.1111/lnc3.12023
     https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12023 [Google Scholar]
  19. Johnson, J. T.
    (2017) Performing deafness: Symbolic power as embodied by deaf and hearing preschoolers. L2 Journal, 9(2). 10.5070/L29232712
     https://doi.org/10.5070/L29232712 [Google Scholar]
  20. Knapton, O.
    (2013) Publishing in multimodal formats: Opportunities and challenges. TESOL Quarterly, 47 (4), 856–866. 10.1002/tesq.143
     https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.143 [Google Scholar]
  21. Kouritzin, S. , & Nakagawa, S.
    (2018) Toward a non-extractive research ethics for transcultural, translingual research: Perspectives from the coloniser and the colonised. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 39 (8), 675–687. 10.1080/01434632.2018.1427755
     https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1427755 [Google Scholar]
  22. Kubanyiova, M.
    (2008) Rethinking research ethics in contemporary applied linguistics: The tension between macroethical and microethical perspectives in situated research. The Modern Language Journal, 92 (4), 503–518. 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.2008.00784.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00784.x [Google Scholar]
  23. Kusters, A. , Spotti, M. , Swanwick, R. & Tapio, E.
    (2017) Beyond languages, beyond modalities: Transforming the study of semiotic repertoires. International Journal of Multilingualism, 14 (3), 219–232. 10.1080/14790718.2017.1321651
     https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2017.1321651 [Google Scholar]
  24. Lee, E.
    (2011) Ethical issues in addressing inequity in/through ESL research. TESL Canada Journal 28 (5), 31–31. 10.18806/tesl.v28i0.1080
     https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v28i0.1080 [Google Scholar]
  25. Mondada, L.
    (2007) Commentary: Transcript variations and the indexicality of transcribing practices. Discourse Studies, 9 (6), 809–821. 10.1177/1461445607082581
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445607082581 [Google Scholar]
  26. Norris, S.
    (2004) Analyzing multimodal interaction: A methodological framework. Routledge. 10.4324/9780203379493
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203379493 [Google Scholar]
  27. Ochs, E.
    (1979) Transcription as theory. In E. Ochs & B. B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental pragmatics (pp. 43–72). Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Preston, D.
    (1982) ‘Ritin folklower daun ‘rong. Journal of American Folklore, 95 , 304–326. 10.2307/539912
     https://doi.org/10.2307/539912 [Google Scholar]
  29. (1985) The Li’l Abner syndrome: Written representations of speech. American Speech, 60 , 328–336. 10.2307/454910
     https://doi.org/10.2307/454910 [Google Scholar]
  30. Roberts, C.
    (1997) Transcribing talk: Issues of representation. TESOL Quarterly, 31 (1), 167–172. 10.2307/3587983
     https://doi.org/10.2307/3587983 [Google Scholar]
  31. Rymes, B.
    (2014) Communicating beyond language: Everyday encounters with diversity. Routledge. 10.4324/9780203129616
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203129616 [Google Scholar]
  32. Schoen Simmons, E.
    (2021) Vocalization. In F. R. Volkmar (Ed.), Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders (pp. 5150–5151). Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑91280‑6_992
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_992 [Google Scholar]
  33. Seibert, A. D.
    (2022) Transparency with second language and multilingual transcription. TESOL Quarterly, 56 (2), 499–524. 10.1002/tesq.3063
     https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3063 [Google Scholar]
  34. Sis Invalid
    Sis Invalid. (n.d.). Sis Ivalid.org. Retrieved25 April 2024fromhttps://www.sinsinvalid.org/

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