1887

Patterns and Representation in Arabic Place Assimilation

image of Patterns and Representation in Arabic Place Assimilation

This book is a phonological investigation of place assimilation phenomena in two major Arabic dialects: Cairene Egyptian and Baghdadi Iraqi. The studied phenomena involve interactions between consonants (various types of local assimilation), between vowels (monophthongization), or between consonants and vowels (emphasis spread and labialization). Throughout the content chapters, the patterns for each of these processes are carefully described and validated by ample data, and then analyzed representationally using a minimalist model of feature geometry. The analysis follows a holistic approach, as the representations are consistently used for all the segmental phenomena within a dialect. The first exclusive treatment of place assimilation in colloquial Arabic, this book will be of particular interest to scholars and advanced students of Arabic linguistics and dialectology, and to phonologists in general, and can be a point of reference for researchers examining the details of such phenomena in other dialects of Arabic as well.

References

  1. Abboud, P. F.
    (1976) On ablaut in Cairo Arabic. Afroasiatic Linguistics, 3, 167–187.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Abdel-Massih, E.
    (1975) An introduction to Egyptian Arabic. Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies, University of Michigan.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Abdel-Massih, E. , Abdel-Malek, Z. , & Badawi, E.
    (1979) A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic: A reference grammar, vol. III. University of Michigan.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Abdunnabi, A. W.
    (2000) A descriptive grammar of Libyan Arabic: A structural approach. PhD dissertation, University of Exeter.
  5. Abu-Haidar, F.
    (1992) Shifting boundaries: The effect of MSA on dialect convergence in Baghdad. In E. Broselow , M. Eid , & J. J. McCarthy (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics IV (pp. 91–106). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.85.07abu
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.85.07abu [Google Scholar]
  6. (2006) Baghdad Arabic. In K. Versteegh , M. Eid , A. Elgibali , M. Woidich , & A. Zaborski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, vol. 1 (pp. 222–231). Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Abu-Mansour, M.
    (1992) Closed syllable shortening and morphological levels. In E. Broselow , M. Eid , & J. J. McCarthy (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics IV (pp. 47–75). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.85.05abu
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.85.05abu [Google Scholar]
  8. (1996) Voice as a privative feature: Assimilation in Arabic. In M. Eid (Ed.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics VIII (pp. 201–231). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.134.14abu
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.134.14abu [Google Scholar]
  9. Abumdas, A. A.
    (1985) Libyan Arabic phonology. PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.
  10. Abu-Salim, I. M.
    (1980) Epenthesis and geminate consonants in Palestinian Arabic. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 10(2), 1–11.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. (1988) Consonant assimilation in Arabic: An autosegmental perspective. Lingua, 74(1), 45–66. 10.1016/0024‑3841(88)90048‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(88)90048-4 [Google Scholar]
  12. Adra, M. A.
    (1999) Identity effects and opacity in Syrian Arabic: An Optimality Theory analysis. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana.
  13. Ahmad, A. A.
    (1979) A Phonetic study of men’s and women’s speech with reference to emphasis in Cairene Arabic. MA thesis, University of Leeds.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Ahmed, S. , & Grosvald, M.
    (2019) Long-distance vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in Arabic: Influences of intervening consonant pharyngealization and length. Language and Speech, 62(2), 399–424. 10.1177/0023830918777268
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830918777268 [Google Scholar]
  15. Ahn, S. , & Iverson, G. K.
    (2007) Structured imbalances in the emergence of the Korean vowel system. In J. C. Salmons , & S. Dubenion-Smith (Eds.), Historical linguistics 2005 (pp. 275–293). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.284.21ahn
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.284.21ahn [Google Scholar]
  16. Al-Ani, S.
    (1970) Arabic phonology: An acoustical and physiological investigation. Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110878769
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110878769 [Google Scholar]
  17. Al-Ani, S. , & El-Dalee, M. S.
    (1984) Tafkhim in Arabic: The acoustic and physiological parameters. Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 385–389. 10.1515/9783110884685‑056
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884685-056 [Google Scholar]
  18. Al-Bataineh, H.
    (2019) Emphasis harmony in Arabic: A critical assessment of feature-geometric and Optimality-Theoretic approaches. Languages, 4 ( 4 ), 79 . 10.3390/languages4040079
    https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4040079 [Google Scholar]
  19. Alfozan, A. I.
    (1989) Assimilation in Classical Arabic: A phonological study. PhD dissertation, University of Glasgow.
  20. Al-Hamed, G. Q.
    (2003) Al-dirāsāt al-ṣawtiyya ʿinda ʿulamā’ al-tajwīd [Phonological studies of the Quranic orthoepists]. Dar Ammar.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Al-Hashmi, S.
    (2004) The phonology of nasal n in the language of the holy Qur’an. MA thesis, University of Victoria.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Ali, L. H. , & Daniloff, R. G.
    (1972) A contrastive cinefluorographic investigation of the articulation of emphatic/non emphatic cognate consonants. Studia Linguistica, 26(2), 81–105. 10.1111/j.1467‑9582.1972.tb00589.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.1972.tb00589.x [Google Scholar]
  23. Alkalesi, Y. M.
    (2001) Modern Iraqi Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Al-Nassir, A. A.
    (1993) Sibawayh the phonologist: A critical study of the phonetic and phonological theory of Sibawayh as presented in his treatise al-Kitab. Kegan Paul International.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Alpher, B. J.
    (1973) Son of ergative: The Yir Yoront language of northeast Australia. PhD dissertation, Cornell University.
  26. Al-Qahtani, D. M.
    (2004) Sound changes in Arabic sonorant consonants. Librairie du Liban.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Al-Raba’a, B. I. M. , & Davis, S.
    (2020) The typology of pharyngealization in Arabic dialects focusing on a rural Jordanian variety. Journal of Universal Language, 21(2),1–42. 10.22425/jul.2020.21.2.1
    https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2020.21.2.1 [Google Scholar]
  28. Al-Sulaiti, L. M.
    (1993) Some aspects of Qatari Arabic phonology and morphology. PhD dissertation, University of Lancaster.
  29. Altoma, S. J.
    (1969) The problem of diglossia in Arabic (Harvard Middle Eastern Monographs XXI). Harvard University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Anderson, J. , & Ewen, C. J.
    (1987) Principles of Dependency Phonology. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511753442
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511753442 [Google Scholar]
  31. Anderson, S. R.
    (1981) Why phonology isn’t “natural”. Linguistic Inquiry, 12(4), 493–539.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Anīs, I.
    (2003) Fī al-lahjāt al-ʿarabiyya [On Arabic dialects]. Anglo-Egyptian Bookshop.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Anttila, A.
    (2009) Derived environment effect in colloquial Helsinki Finnish. In K. Hanson , & S. Inkelas (Eds.), The nature of the word: Essays in honor of Paul Kiparsky (pp. 433–460). MIT Press. [ROA 406].
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Archangeli, D.
    (1988) Aspects of underspecification theory. Phonology, 5, 183–207. 10.1017/S0952675700002268
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675700002268 [Google Scholar]
  35. Archangeli, D. , & Pulleyblank, D.
    (1994) Grounded phonology. MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Avery, P.
    (1996) The Representation of voicing contrasts. PhD dissertation, University of Toronto.
  37. Avery, P. , & Idsardi, W. J.
    (2001) Laryngeal dimensions, completion, and enhancement. In T. A. Hall (Ed.), Distinctive feature theory (pp. 41–70). Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110886672.41
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110886672.41 [Google Scholar]
  38. Avery, P. , & Rice, K.
    (1989) Segment structure and coronal underspecification. Phonology, 6(2), 179–200. 10.1017/S0952675700001007
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675700001007 [Google Scholar]
  39. Badawi, E.
    (1973) Mustawayāt al-ʿarabiyya al-muʿāṣira fī miṣr [Levels of contemporary Arabic in Egypt]. Dar al-Ma’ārif.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Badawi, E. , & Hinds, M.
    (1986) A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic: Arabic-English. Librairie du Liban.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Bahloul, M.
    (2007) Linguistic diversity: The qaaf across Arabic dialects. In E. Benmamoun (Ed.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics XIX (pp. 247–65). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.289.17bah
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.289.17bah [Google Scholar]
  42. Baković, E.
    (2007) Local assimilation and constraint interaction. In P. de Lacy (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of phonology (pp. 335–351). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511486371.015
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486371.015 [Google Scholar]
  43. Bar-Moshe, A.
    (2018) The historical development of the vowels ē and ō and their allophones in the Jewish dialect of Baghdad. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik, 68, 5–30. 10.13173/zeitarabling.68.0005
    https://doi.org/10.13173/zeitarabling.68.0005 [Google Scholar]
  44. Beckman, J.
    (1998) Positional faithfulness. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. [ROA 234].
  45. Beesley, K. R.
    (1998) Consonant spreading in Arabic stems. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL), 117–123. 10.3115/980451.980865
    https://doi.org/10.3115/980451.980865 [Google Scholar]
  46. Behnstedt, P. , & Woidich, M.
    (2013) Dialectology. In J. Owens (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of Arabic linguistics (pp. 300–325). Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764136.013.008_update_001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764136.013.008_update_001 [Google Scholar]
  47. Bellem, A.
    (2007) Towards a comparative typology of emphatics. PhD dissertation, SOAS, University of London.
  48. (2014) Triads, emphatics and interdentals in Arabic sound system typology. In M. Giolfo (Ed.), Arab and Arabic linguistics: Traditional and new theoretical approaches (Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement 34) (pp. 9–41). Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Benhallam, A.
    (1980) Syllable structure and rule types in Arabic. PhD dissertation, University of Florida.
  50. Bin-Muqbil, M. S.
    (2006) Phonetic and phonological aspects of Arabic emphatics and gutturals. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
  51. Birkeland, H.
    (1952) Growth and structure of the Egyptian Arabic dialect. Jacob Dybwad.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Blaho, S.
    (2008) The syntax of phonology: A radically substance-free approach. PhD dissertation, University of Tromsø.
  53. Blanc, H.
    (1964) Communal dialects in Baghdad. Harvard University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Boersma, P.
    (1998) Functional Phonology: Formalizing the interactions between articulator and perceptual drives. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
  55. Boersma, P. , & Weenink, D.
    (2011) Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (Version 5.2.27). www.praat.org (17 November 2011).
  56. Bravmann, M. M.
    (1977) Studies in Semitic philology ( Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics 6). Brill. 10.1163/9789004348189
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004348189 [Google Scholar]
  57. Bright, W.
    (1972) The enunciative vowel. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 1, 26–55.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Broselow, E.
    (1976) The phonology of Egyptian Arabic. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
  59. (1980) Syllable structure in two Arabic dialects. Studies in the Linguistics Sciences, 10(2), 13–24.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. (1992) Parametric variation in Arabic dialect phonology. In E. Broselow , M. Eid , & J. J. McCarthy (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics IV (pp. 7–45). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.85.04bro
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.85.04bro [Google Scholar]
  61. (2008a) Phonology. In K. Versteegh , M. Eid , A. Elgibali , M. Woidich , & A. Zaborski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, vol. 3 (pp. 607–615). Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. (2008b) Stress-epenthesis interaction. In B. Vaux , & A. Nevins (Eds.), Rules, constraints, and phonological phenomena (pp. 121–148). Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226511.003.0004
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226511.003.0004 [Google Scholar]
  63. Broselow, E.
    (2018) Syllable structure in the dialects of Arabic. In E. Benmamoun , & R. Bassiouney (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of Arabic linguistics, (pp. 32–47). Routledge. 10.4324/9781315147062‑3
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315147062-3 [Google Scholar]
  64. Btoosh, M. A.
    (2018) Rules or constraints? A cross methodological comparison of approaches to ‘syncope’ and ‘vowel shortening’ in Cairene Arabic. SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics, 15(1), 59–79.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Butcher, A. , & Ahmad, K.
    (1987) Some acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of pharyngeal consonants in Iraqi Arabic. Phonetica, 44, 156–172. 10.1159/000261792
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000261792 [Google Scholar]
  66. Cantineau, J.
    (1960) Cours de phonétique arabe. Libraire C. Klincksieck.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Card, E. A.
    (1983) A phonetic and phonological study of Arabic emphasis. PhD dissertation, Cornell University.
  68. Carter, M.
    (1996) Signs of change in Egyptian Arabic. In A. Elgibali (Ed.), Understanding Arabic: Essays in contemporary Arabic linguistics in honor of El-Said Badawi (pp. 137–143). AUC Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Catford, J. C.
    (2001) A practical introduction to phonetics, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Chomsky, N. , & Halle, M.
    (1968) The sound pattern of English. Harper & Row.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Clark, J. , Yallop, C. , & Fletcher, J.
    (2007) An Introduction to phonetics and phonology, 3rd edition. Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Clements, G. N.
    (1985) The geometry of phonological features. Phonology, 2, 225–252. 10.1017/S0952675700000440
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675700000440 [Google Scholar]
  73. (1991) Place of articulation in consonants and vowels: A unified theory. Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory, 5, 77–123.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. (2001) Representational economy in constraint-based phonology. In T. A. Hall (Ed.), Distinctive feature theory (pp. 71–146). Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110886672.71
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110886672.71 [Google Scholar]
  75. (2003) Feature economy in sound systems. Phonology, 20(3), 287–333. 10.1017/S095267570400003X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S095267570400003X [Google Scholar]
  76. Clements, G. N. , & Hume, E.
    (1996) The internal organization of segments. In J. A. Goldsmith (Ed.), The handbook of phonological theory (pp. 245–306). Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Clements, G. N. , & Keyser, S. J.
    (1983) CV Phonology: A generative theory of the syllable. MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Cohen, D.
    (1969) Sur le statut phonologique de l’emphase en arabe. Word, 25, 59–69. 10.1080/00437956.1969.11435557
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1969.11435557 [Google Scholar]
  79. Cohn, A. C.
    (2007) Phonetics in phonology and phonology in phonetics. Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory, 17, 1–31.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. (2011) Features, segments, and the sources of phonological primitives. In G. N. Clements , & R. Ridouane (Eds.), Where do features come from? (pp. 15–41). John Benjamins. 10.1075/lfab.6.02coh
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lfab.6.02coh [Google Scholar]
  81. Cole, J.
    (1996) The cycle in phonology. In J. A. Goldsmith (Ed.), The handbook of phonological theory (pp. 70–113). Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Cook, E.
    (1993) Chilcotin flattening and autosegmental phonology. Lingua, 91(3), 149–174. 10.1016/0024‑3841(93)90011‑K
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(93)90011-K [Google Scholar]
  83. Cowan, W.
    (1966a) Loss of emphasis in Maltese. Journal of Maltese Studies, 3, 27–32.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. (1966b) Review of Communal dialects of Baghdad (H. Blanc 1964). Language, 42(3), 694–700. 10.2307/411425
    https://doi.org/10.2307/411425 [Google Scholar]
  85. (1970) The vowels of Egyptian Arabic. Word, 26, 94–100. 10.1080/00437956.1970.11435584
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1970.11435584 [Google Scholar]
  86. Cowell, M. W.
    (1964) A Reference grammar of Syrian Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Curtis, E.
    (2003) Geminate weight: Case studies and formal models. PhD dissertation, University of Washington.
  88. Davis, S.
    (1993) Arabic pharyngealization and phonological features. In M. Eid , & C. Holes (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics V (pp. 149–162). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.101.10dav
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.101.10dav [Google Scholar]
  89. Davis, S.
    (1995) Emphasis spread and grounded phonology. Linguistic Inquiry, 26(3), 465–498.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. (2009) Velarization. In K. Versteegh , M. Eid , A. Elgibali , M. Woidich , & A. Zaborski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, vol. 4 (pp. 636–638). Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. (2011) Geminates. In M. van Oostendorp , C. J. Ewen , K. Rice , & E. Hume (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to phonology, vol. 2 (pp. 873–897). Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0037
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0037 [Google Scholar]
  92. (2017) Some issues for an analysis of the templatic comparative in Arabic with a focus on the Egyptian dialect. In H. Ouali (Ed.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics XXIX (pp. 129–150). John Benjamins. 10.1075/sal.5.06dav
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sal.5.06dav [Google Scholar]
  93. Diem, W.
    (1985) Die monophthongisierumg der diphthonge ay und aw im fruhen neuarabisch. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik, 14, 76–8.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Dolgopolsky, A. B.
    (1977) Emphatic consonants in Semitic. Israel Oriental Studies, 7, 1–13.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Dresher, B. E.
    (2003) The contrastive hierarchy in phonology. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, 20, 47–62.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. (2009) The contrastive hierarchy in phonology. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511642005
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511642005 [Google Scholar]
  97. Dresher, B. E. , Piggott, G. , & Rice, K.
    (1994) Contrast in phonology: Overview. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, 14, iii–xvii.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Drozdik, L.
    (1974) The vowel system of Egyptian colloquial Arabic. Asian and African Studies, 9, 121–127.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Edzard, L.
    (2000) Sibawayhi’s observations on assimilatory processes and re-syllabification in the light of Optimality Theory. Journal of Arabic and Islamic studies, 3, 48–65. 10.5617/jais.4555
    https://doi.org/10.5617/jais.4555 [Google Scholar]
  100. El-Dalee, M. S.
    (1984) The feature of retraction in Arabic. PhD dissertation, University of Indiana, Bloomington.
  101. Embarki, M.
    (2014) Evolution et conservatisme phonétiques dans le domaine arabe. Diachronica31, 506–34. 10.1075/dia.31.4.02emb
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.31.4.02emb [Google Scholar]
  102. Erwin, W. M.
    (1963) A short reference grammar of Iraqi Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  103. (1969) A basic course in Iraqi Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Farwaneh, S.
    (1995) Directionality effects in Arabic dialect syllable structure. PhD dissertation, University of Utah.
  105. (2009) Toward a typology in Arabic varieties: The role of final consonantality. Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 9, 82–109. 10.5617/jais.4597
    https://doi.org/10.5617/jais.4597 [Google Scholar]
  106. Fathi, R.
    (2013) Vowel length in Egyptian Arabic: A different view. PhD dissertation, Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7).
  107. (2023) Ablaut in Cairene Arabic. The Linguistic Review, 40(1), 43–75. 10.1515/tlr‑2022‑2105
    https://doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2022-2105 [Google Scholar]
  108. Ferguson, C.
    (1956) The emphatic l in Arabic. Language, 32(2), 446–452. 10.2307/410565
    https://doi.org/10.2307/410565 [Google Scholar]
  109. (1957) Two problems in Arabic phonology. Word, 13, 460–478. 10.1080/00437956.1957.11659647
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1957.11659647 [Google Scholar]
  110. Fischer, W. , & Jastrow, O.
    (Eds.) (1980) Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte. Harrassowitz.
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Flemming, E. S.
    (1995) Auditory representations in phonology. PhD dissertation, UCLA.
  112. Gaber, A. M. A.
    (1972) The phonology of the verbal piece in Cairo Egyptian Arabic. PhD dissertation, SOAS, University of London.
  113. Gadalla, H.
    (2000) Comparative morphology of Standard Arabic and Egyptian Arabic. Lincom Europa.
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Gafos, A. I.
    (1996) The articulatory basis of locality in phonology. PhD dissertation, Johns Hopkins University . [Published 1999 by Garland Press].
  115. Gary, J. O. , & Gamal-Eldin, S.
    (1982) Cairene Egyptian colloquial Arabic. North-Holland Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Ghalib, G. B. M.
    (1984) An experimental study of consonant gemination in Iraqi colloquial Arabic. PhD dissertation, University of Leeds.
  117. Ghazeli, S.
    (1977) Back consonants and backing coarticulation in Arabic. PhD dissertation, the University of Texas at Austin.
  118. Giannini, A. , & Pettorino, M.
    (1982) The emphatic consonants in Arabic (Speech Laboratory Report IV). Oriental Institute of Naples.
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Goldsmith, J. A.
    (1976) Autosegmental Phonology. PhD dissertation, MIT. [Distributed by the Indiana University Linguistics Club, Bloomington].
  120. Gouskova, M.
    (2003) Deriving economy: Syncope in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. [ROA 610].
  121. Guerssel, M.
    (1978) A condition on assimilation rules. Linguistic Analysis, 4(3), 225–254.
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Habib, R.
    (2012) Imala and rounding in a rural Syrian variety: Morphophonological and lexical conditioning. The Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 57, 51–75. 10.1353/cjl.2012.0025
    https://doi.org/10.1353/cjl.2012.0025 [Google Scholar]
  123. Haddad, G.
    (1984) Problems and issues in the phonology of Lebanese Arabic. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana.
  124. Haeri, N.
    (2003) Sacred language, ordinary people: Dilemmas of culture and politics in Egypt. Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230107373
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230107373 [Google Scholar]
  125. Hale, M. , Kissock, M. , & Reiss, C.
    (2007) Microvariation, variation, and the features of universal grammar. Lingua, 117(4), 645–665. 10.1016/j.lingua.2006.03.009
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2006.03.009 [Google Scholar]
  126. Hale, M. , & Reiss, C.
    (2008) The phonological enterprise. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Hall, D. C.
    (2007) The role and representation of contrast in phonological theory. PhD dissertation, University of Toronto.
  128. Halle, M.
    (1959) The sound pattern of Russian: A linguistic and acoustical investigation. Mouton De Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  129. (1995) Feature geometry and feature spreading. Linguistic Inquiry, 26, 1–46.
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Halle, M. , Vaux, B. , & Wolfe, A.
    (2000) On feature spreading and the representation of place of articulation. Linguistic Inquiry, 31(3), 387–444. 10.1162/002438900554398
    https://doi.org/10.1162/002438900554398 [Google Scholar]
  131. Hamdan, J. M. , & Al-Hawamdeh, R. F.
    (2020) The Arabic /dˤ/ revisited: A critical review. KEMANUSIAAN The Asian Journal of Humanities, 27(2), 17–38. 10.21315/kajh2020.27.2.2
    https://doi.org/10.21315/kajh2020.27.2.2 [Google Scholar]
  132. Hamid, A. M.
    (1984) A descriptive analysis of Sudanese colloquial Arabic phonology. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana.
  133. Harrell, R. S.
    (1957) The phonology of colloquial Egyptian Arabic. American Council of Learned Societies.
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Harris, J.
    (1990) Segmental complexity and phonological government. Phonology, 7(2), 255–300. 10.1017/S0952675700001202
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675700001202 [Google Scholar]
  135. (1994) English sound structure. Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Harris, J. , & Lindsey, G.
    (1995) The elements of phonological representation. In J. Durand , & F. Katamba (Eds.), Frontiers of phonology: Atoms, structures, derivations (pp. 34–79). Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Hassan, Z. M. , & Esling, J. H.
    (2007) Laryngoscopic (articulatory) and acoustic evidence of a prevailing emphatic feature over the word in Arabic. ICPhS, XVI, 1753–1756.
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Hassan, Z. M. , & Esling, J. H.
    (2011) Investigating the emphatic feature in Iraqi Arabic. In Z. M. Hassan , & B. Heselwood (Eds.), Instrumental studies in Arabic phonetics (pp. 217–234). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.319.10has
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.319.10has [Google Scholar]
  139. Hayes, B.
    (1986a) Inalterability in CV phonology. Language, 62, 321–51. 10.2307/414676
    https://doi.org/10.2307/414676 [Google Scholar]
  140. (1986b) Assimilation as spreading in Toba Batak. Linguistic Inquiry, 17(3), 467–499.
    [Google Scholar]
  141. (1989) Compensatory lengthening in moraic phonology. Linguistic Inquiry, 20, 253–306.
    [Google Scholar]
  142. (1997) Phonetically-driven phonology: The role of Optimality Theory and inductive grounding. Proceedings of the 1996 Milwaukee conference on formalism and functionalism in linguistics. [ROA 158].
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Hayes, B. , Kirchner, R. , & Steriade, D.
    (Eds.) (2004) Phonetically based phonology. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511486401
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486401 [Google Scholar]
  144. Hellmuth, S.
    (2013) Phonology. In J. Owens (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of Arabic linguistics (pp. 45–70). Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764136.013.0003
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764136.013.0003 [Google Scholar]
  145. Herzallah, R.
    (1990) Aspects of Palestinian Arabic phonology: A non-linear approach. PhD dissertation, Cornell University.
  146. Heselwood, B.
    (1996) Glottal stops and emphasis in Baghdadi and Cairene Arabic: Synchronic and diachronic aspects. Three topics in Arabic phonology (CMEIS Occasional Paper 53) (pp. 20–44). University of Durham.
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Heselwood, B. , Howard, S. , & Ranjous, R.
    (2011) Assimilation of /l/ to /r/ in Syrian Arabic: An electropalatographic and acoustic study. In Z. M. Hassan , & B. Heselwood (Eds.), Instrumental studies in Arabic phonetics (pp. 63–98). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.319.04hes
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.319.04hes [Google Scholar]
  148. Heselwood, B. , & Watson, J. C. E.
    (2013) The Arabic definite article does not assimilate. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics, 18, 34–53.
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Hjelmslev, L.
    (1943) Omkring sprogteoriens grundlæggelse. Ejnar Munksgaard.
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Hoberman, R.
    (1989) Parameters of emphasis: Autosegmental analyses of pharyngealization in four languages. Journal of Afroasiatic Languages, 1, 73–97.
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Holes, C.
    (1995) Modern Arabic: Structures, functions and varieties. Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Hume, E.
    (1992) Front vowels, coronal consonants and their interaction in nonlinear phonology. PhD dissertation, Cornell University.
  153. (1996) Coronal consonant, front vowel parallels in Maltese. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 14(1), 163–203. 10.1007/BF00133405
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00133405 [Google Scholar]
  154. Hyman, L. M.
    (1985) A theory of phonological weight (Publications in Languages Sciences 19). Foris. 10.1515/9783110854794
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110854794 [Google Scholar]
  155. (2007) Where’s phonology in typology?Linguistic Typology, 11, 265–71. 10.1515/LINGTY.2007.021
    https://doi.org/10.1515/LINGTY.2007.021 [Google Scholar]
  156. (2018) What is phonological typology?In L. M. Hyman , & F. Plank (Eds.), Phonological typology (Phonology and Phonetics 23) (pp. 1–20). Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110451931‑001
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110451931-001 [Google Scholar]
  157. Iosad, P.
    (2012) Representation and Variation in Substance-Free Phonology: A Case Study in Celtic. PhD dissertation, University of Tromsø. [Published 2017 by Edinburgh University Press].
  158. Iványi, T.
    (2006) Diphthongs. In K. Versteegh , M. Eid , A. Elgibali , M. Woidich , & A. Zaborski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, vol. 1 (pp. 640–643). Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Jakobson, R.
    (1957) Mufaxxama: The emphatic phonemes in Arabic. In E. Pulgram (Ed.), Studies presented to Joshua Whatmough (pp. 105–115). Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110892499.510
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110892499.510 [Google Scholar]
  160. Jakobson, R. , Fant, G. , & Halle, M.
    (1952) Preliminaries to speech analysis. MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Jastrow, O.
    (1980) Das mesopotamische Arabische. In W. Fischer , & O. Jastrow (Eds.), Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte (pp. 140–158). Harrassowitz.
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Jun, J.
    (1995) Perceptual and articulatory factors in place assimilation: An Optimality Theoretic approach. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. [UCLA Occasional Papers in Linguistics 16].
  163. Jurgec, P.
    (2010) Feature spreading 2.0: A unified theory of assimilation. PhD dissertation, University of Tromsø.
  164. Kabrah, R.
    (2011) Regressive voicing assimilation in Cairene Arabic. In E. Broselow , & H. Ouali (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics XXII-XXIII, 22–33. John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.317.02kab
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.317.02kab [Google Scholar]
  165. Kager, R.
    (1999) Optimality Theory. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511812408
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812408 [Google Scholar]
  166. Kahn, M.
    (1975) Arabic emphasis: The evidence for cultural determinants of phonetic sex-typing. Phonetica, 31, 38–50. 10.1159/000259648
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000259648 [Google Scholar]
  167. Kambuziya, A. K. Z.
    (2007) Arabic definite prefix: An autosegmental analysis. South Asian Language Review, 17(2), 63–73.
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Kaye, A. S.
    (1997) Arabic phonology. In A. S. Kaye (Ed.), Phonologies of Africa and Asia, vol. 1 (pp. 187–204). Eisenbrauns.
    [Google Scholar]
  169. Kenstowicz, M.
    (1980) Notes on Cairene Arabic syncope. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 10(2), 39–53.
    [Google Scholar]
  170. (1994) Phonology in generative grammar. Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  171. Kenstowicz, M. , & Kisseberth, C.
    (1979) Generative phonology: Description and theory. Academic Press. 10.1016/C2013‑0‑10970‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-10970-1 [Google Scholar]
  172. Khalafallah, A. A.
    (1969) A descriptive grammar of Saidi Egyptian colloquial Arabic. Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783111357355
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111357355 [Google Scholar]
  173. Kiparsky, P.
    (1985) Some consequences of lexical phonology. Phonology, 2, 85–138. 10.1017/S0952675700000397
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675700000397 [Google Scholar]
  174. (1993) Blocking in nonderived environments. In S. Hargus , & E. M. Kaisse (Eds.), Studies in lexical phonology (Phonetics and Phonology, vol. 4) (pp. 277–313). Academic Press. 10.1016/B978‑0‑12‑325071‑1.50016‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-325071-1.50016-9 [Google Scholar]
  175. Kirchner, R.
    (1997) Contrastiveness and faithfulness. Phonology, 14(1), 83–111. 10.1017/S0952675797003291
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675797003291 [Google Scholar]
  176. Krämer, M.
    (2001) Yucatec Maya vowel alternations: Harmony as syntagmatic identity. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 20(2), 175–217. 10.1515/zfsw.2001.20.2.175
    https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsw.2001.20.2.175 [Google Scholar]
  177. (2009) The phonology of Italian. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  178. Ladefoged, P.
    (2011) A course in phonetics, 6th edition. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
    [Google Scholar]
  179. Ladefoged, P. , & Maddieson, I.
    (1990) Vowels of the world’s languages. Journal of Phonetics, 18, 93–122. 10.1016/S0095‑4470(19)30396‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30396-1 [Google Scholar]
  180. (1996) The sounds of the world’s languages. Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  181. Laradi, W. J.
    (1983) Pharyngealization in Libyan (Tripoli) Arabic: An instrumental study. PhD dissertation, University of Edinburgh.
  182. Laufer, A. , & Baer, T.
    (1988) The emphatic and pharyngeal sounds in Hebrew and in Arabic. Language and Speech, 31, 181–205. 10.1177/002383098803100205
    https://doi.org/10.1177/002383098803100205 [Google Scholar]
  183. Leben, W. R.
    (1973) Suprasegmental phonology. PhD dissertation, MIT.
  184. Lehn, W.
    (1963) Emphasis in Cairo Arabic. Language, 39(1), 29–39. 10.2307/410760
    https://doi.org/10.2307/410760 [Google Scholar]
  185. Lindau, M. , Norlin, K. , & Svantesson, J.
    (1985) Cross-linguistic differences in diphthongs. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 61, 40–44. 10.1121/1.2022122
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2022122 [Google Scholar]
  186. Lombardi, L.
    (1991) Laryngeal features and laryngeal neutralization. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. [Published by Garland Press].
  187. Łubowicz, A.
    (2002) Derived environment effects in Optimality Theory. Lingua, 112, 243–280. 10.1016/S0024‑3841(01)00043‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3841(01)00043-2 [Google Scholar]
  188. Mahajna, D. A. , & Davis, S.
    (2016) On the status of derived affricates in Arabic dialects. In Y. A. Haddad , & E. Potsdam (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics XXVIII (pp. 89–104). John Benjamins. 10.1075/sal.4.04elh
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sal.4.04elh [Google Scholar]
  189. Mahdi, Q. M.
    (1985) The spoken Arabic of Baṣra, Iraq: A descriptive study of phonology, morphology and syntax. PhD dissertation, University of Exeter.
  190. Majdi, B.
    (1988) Iraqi Arabic morphophonemics. PhD dissertation, University of Connecticut.
  191. Majdi, B. , & Winston, M.
    (1993) Gemination and antigemination in Iraqi. In M. Eid , & C. Holes (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics V (pp. 163–194). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.101.11maj
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.101.11maj [Google Scholar]
  192. Malaika, N.
    (1963) Grundzüge der Grammatik des Arabischen Dialektes von Baghdad. PhD dissertation, University of Köln. [Published by Harrassowitz].
  193. McCarthy, J. J.
    (1988) Feature geometry and dependency: A review. Phonetica, 45, 84–108. 10.1159/000261820
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000261820 [Google Scholar]
  194. (1994) The phonetics and phonology of Semitic pharyngeals. In P. Keating (Ed.), Phonological structure and phonetic form: Papers in laboratory phonology III (pp. 191–233). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511659461.012
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511659461.012 [Google Scholar]
  195. (2005) Taking a free ride in morphophonemic learning. In M. Lloret , & J. Jiménez (Eds.), Morphology in phonology (Thematic issue of the Catalan Journal of Linguistics 4) (pp. 19–55). 10.5565/rev/catjl.112
    https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/catjl.112 [Google Scholar]
  196. McCarthy, J. J. , & Prince, A.
    (1990) Prosodic morphology and templatic morphology. In M. Eid , & J. J. McCarthy (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics II (pp. 1–54). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.72.05mcc
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.72.05mcc [Google Scholar]
  197. McCarthy, J. J. , & Smith, N.
    (2003) Phonological processes: Assimilation. In W. J. Frawley (Ed.), International encyclopedia of linguistics, vol. 3, 2nd edition (pp. 320–323). Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  198. McCarthy, R. J. , & Raffouli, F.
    (1964) Spoken Arabic of Baghdad. Libraire Orientale.
    [Google Scholar]
  199. Mendoza-Denton, N. , Hendrick, S. , & Kennedy, R.
    (2001) The Language Samples Project (LSP), www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/. University of Arizona.
  200. Mielke, J.
    (2008) The emergence of distinctive features. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  201. Miller, C.
    (2004) Variation and changes in Arabic urban vernaculars. In M. Haak , R. E. de Jong , & K. Versteegh (Eds.), Approaches to Arabic dialects: A collection of articles presented to Manfred Woidich on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday (pp. 177–206). Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  202. Mitchell, T. F.
    (1956) Introduction to Egyptian colloquial Arabic. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  203. Monahan, P. J.
    (2009) Vowel harmony. In K. Versteegh , M. Eid , A. Elgibali , M. Woidich , & A. Zaborski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, vol. 4 (pp. 676–677). Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  204. Moosmüller, S.
    (1997) Diphthongs and the process of monophthongization in Austrian German: A first approach. Proceedings of the 5th European conference on speech communication and technology (Eurospeech), vol.2, 787–790. 10.21437/Eurospeech.1997‑265
    https://doi.org/10.21437/Eurospeech.1997-265 [Google Scholar]
  205. Morén, B.
    (1999) Distinctiveness, coercion and sonority: A unified theory of weight. PhD dissertation, University of Maryland. [ROA 346]. [Published 2001 by Routledge].
  206. Morén, B.
    (2003) The Parallel Structures Model of feature geometry. Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Lab, 15, 194–270.
    [Google Scholar]
  207. Morén, B.
    (2006) Consonant-vowel interactions in Serbian: Features, representations and constraint interactions. Lingua, 116(8), 1198–1244. 10.1016/j.lingua.2005.04.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2005.04.003 [Google Scholar]
  208. (2007) The division of labor between segment-internal structure and violable constraints. In S. Blaho , P. Bye , & M. Krämer (Eds.), Freedom of analysis? (pp. 313–344). Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110198591.313
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110198591.313 [Google Scholar]
  209. Morén-Duolljá, B.
    (2011) Vowel place. In M. van Oostendorp , C. J. Ewen , K. Rice , & E. Hume (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to phonology, vol. 1 (pp. 440–464). Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0019
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0019 [Google Scholar]
  210. Mustafawi, E.
    (2018) Arabic phonology. In E. Benmamoun , & R. Bassiouney (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of Arabic linguistics (pp. 11–31). Routledge. 10.4324/9781315147062‑2
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315147062-2 [Google Scholar]
  211. Ni Chiosáin, M. , & Padgett, J.
    (1993) Inherent VPlace. Report no. LRC-93-09, Linguistics Research Center, UC Santa Cruz.
    [Google Scholar]
  212. (2001) Markedness, segment realization, and locality in spreading. In L. Lombardi (Ed.), Constraints and representations: Segmental phonology in Optimality Theory (pp. 118–156). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511570582.005
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570582.005 [Google Scholar]
  213. Norlin, K.
    (1987) A phonetic study of emphasis and vowels in Egyptian Arabic. Department of Linguistics, Lund University.
    [Google Scholar]
  214. Obrecht, D. H.
    (1968) Effects of the second formant on the perception of velarization consonants in Arabic. Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783111357393
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111357393 [Google Scholar]
  215. Odden, D.
    (1978) Aspects of Iraqi verbal phonology. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 8(1), 137–152.
    [Google Scholar]
  216. (1988) Anti anti-gemination and the OCP. Linguistic Inquiry, 19, 451–475.
    [Google Scholar]
  217. (1991) Vowel geometry. Phonology, 8(2), 261–289. 10.1017/S0952675700001408
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675700001408 [Google Scholar]
  218. (1994) Adjacency parameters in phonology. Language, 70, 289–330. 10.2307/415830
    https://doi.org/10.2307/415830 [Google Scholar]
  219. (2022) Radical substance free phonology and feature learning. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 67(4), 500–551. 10.1017/cnj.2022.10
    https://doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2022.10 [Google Scholar]
  220. Oussani, G.
    (1901) The Arabic dialect of Baghdad. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 22, 97–114. 10.2307/592421
    https://doi.org/10.2307/592421 [Google Scholar]
  221. Owens, J.
    (2006) A linguistic history of Arabic. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290826.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290826.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  222. Padgett, J.
    (1991) Stricture in feature geometry. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
  223. (1994) Stricture and nasal place assimilation. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 12, 463–513. 10.1007/BF01118137
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01118137 [Google Scholar]
  224. (1995) Partial class behavior and nasal place assimilation. In K. Suzuki , & D. Elsinga (Eds.), Proceedings of the Southwest Optimality Theory workshop (pp. 145–183). The University of Arizona Coyote Papers, Tuscon, AZ.
    [Google Scholar]
  225. (2002) Feature classes in phonology. Language, 78, 81–110. 10.1353/lan.2002.0046
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2002.0046 [Google Scholar]
  226. (2011) Consonant-vowel place feature interactions. In M. van Oostendorp , C. J. Ewen , K. Rice , & E. Hume (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to phonology, vol. 3 (pp. 1761–1786). Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0075
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0075 [Google Scholar]
  227. Pająk, B. , & Baković, E.
    (2010) Assimilation, antigemination, and contingent optionality: The phonology of monoconsonantal proclitics in Polish. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 28(3), 643–680. 10.1007/s11049‑010‑9099‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-010-9099-8 [Google Scholar]
  228. Palva, H.
    (2006) Dialects: Classification. In K. Versteegh , M. Eid , A. Elgibali , M. Woidich , & A. Zaborski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, vol. 1 (pp. 604–613). Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  229. Parkinson, F. B.
    (1992) The feature pharyngeal in Rwaili Arabic: A case for long distance multiple linking. Ohio Working Papers in Linguistics, 41, 101–134.
    [Google Scholar]
  230. Prince, A. S. & Smolensky, P.
    (1993/2004) Optimality Theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar. Blackwell. [First published in 1993 byRutgers University, Center for Cognitive Science]. 10.1002/9780470759400
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470759400 [Google Scholar]
  231. Pulleyblank, D.
    (1995) Feature geometry and underspecification. In J. Durand , & F. Katamba (Eds.), Frontiers of phonology: Atoms, structures, derivations (pp. 3–33). Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  232. (2002) Harmony drivers: No disagreement allowed. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 249–267. 10.3765/bls.v28i1.3841
    https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v28i1.3841 [Google Scholar]
  233. Rahim, A. J.
    (1980) The phonology of spoken Iraqi Arabic from the functional point of view. PhD dissertation, University of Leeds.
  234. Ratcliffe, R. R.
    (1990) Arabic broken plurals: Arguments for a two-fold classification of morphology. In M. Eid , & J. J. McCarthy (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics II, (pp. 94–119). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.72.07rat
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.72.07rat [Google Scholar]
  235. Rice, K.
    (2002) Vowel place contrasts. In M. Amberber , & P. Collins (Eds.), Language universals and variation (pp. 239–270). Praeger.
    [Google Scholar]
  236. Robertson, A. M.
    (1970) Classical Arabic and colloquial Cairene: A historical linguistic analysis. PhD dissertation, University of Utah.
  237. Rose, S.
    (1996) Variable laryngeals and vowel lowering. Phonology, 13, 73–117. 10.1017/S0952675700000191
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675700000191 [Google Scholar]
  238. (2000) Rethinking geminates, long-distance geminates, and the OCP. Linguistic Inquiry, 31(1), 85–122. 10.1162/002438900554307
    https://doi.org/10.1162/002438900554307 [Google Scholar]
  239. Rose, S. , & Walker, R.
    (2011) Harmony systems. In J. Goldsmith , J. Riggle , & A. C. L. Yu (Eds.), The handbook of phonological theory, 2nd edition. (pp. 240–290). Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781444343069.ch8
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444343069.ch8 [Google Scholar]
  240. Rosenhouse, J.
    (2006) Bedouin Arabic. In K. Versteegh , M. Eid , A. Elgibali , M. Woidich , & A. Zaborski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, vol. 1 (pp. 259–269). Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  241. Royal, A. M.
    (1985) Male/female pharyngealization patterns in Cairo Arabic: A sociolinguistic study of two neighborhoods. PhD dissertation, the University of Texas at Austin. [Texas Linguistic Forum 27].
  242. Ryding, K.
    (2005) A reference grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511486975
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486975 [Google Scholar]
  243. (2006) Educated Arabic. In K. Versteegh , M. Eid , A. Elgibali , M. Woidich , & A. Zaborski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, vol. 1 (pp. 666–671). Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  244. Sagey, E.
    (1986) The representation of features and relations in nonlinear phonology. PhD dissertation, MIT. [Published 1990 by Garland Press].
  245. Salib, M. B.
    (1981) Spoken Arabic of Cairo. AUC Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  246. Schane, S. A.
    (1984) The fundamentals of particle phonology. Phonology, 1, 129–155. 10.1017/S0952675700000324
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675700000324 [Google Scholar]
  247. Schein, B. , & Steriade, D.
    (1986) On geminates. Linguistic Inquiry, 17(4), 691–744.
    [Google Scholar]
  248. Schulte, M.
    (1985) The word and the syllable in the spread of emphasis in Cairene Arabic. MA thesis, University of Arizona.
    [Google Scholar]
  249. Selkirk, E.
    (1984) On the major class features and syllable theory. In M. Aronoff , R. T. Oehrle , F. Kelley , & B. W. Stephens (Eds.), Language sound structure I (pp. 107–136). MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  250. Selkirk, E.
    (1988) Dependency, place, and the notion “tier”. Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
    [Google Scholar]
  251. Shaheen, K. S. K.
    (1979) The acoustic analysis of Arabic speech. PhD dissertation, the University of Wales, Bangor.
  252. Shahin, K. N.
    (2002) Postvelar harmony. John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.225
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.225 [Google Scholar]
  253. Shamdin Agha, H. H.
    (1969) A synchronic description of the phonology of Muslim Baghdadi Arabic. MA thesis, American University of Beirut.
    [Google Scholar]
  254. Shaw, P. A.
    (1987) Non-conservation of melodic structure in reduplication. In A. Bosch , B. Need , & E. Schiller (Eds.), Proceedings of CLS 23, part 2: Parasession on autosegmental and metrical phonology (pp. 291–306). Chicago Linguistic Society.
    [Google Scholar]
  255. Shosted, R. K. , Fu, M. , & Hermes, Z.
    (2018) Arabic pharyngeal and emphatic consonants. In E. Benmamoun , & R. Bassiouney (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of Arabic linguistics, (pp. 48–61). Routledge. 10.4324/9781315147062‑4
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315147062-4 [Google Scholar]
  256. Steriade, D.
    (1996) Underspecification and markedness. In J. A. Goldsmith (Ed.), The handbook of phonological theory (pp. 114–174). Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  257. (2001) Directional asymmetries in place assimilation: A perceptual account. In E. Hume , & K. Johnson (Eds.), The role of speech perception in phonology (pp. 219–250). Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  258. Tarpent, M.
    (1987) A grammar of the Nisgha language. PhD dissertation, University of Victoria.
  259. Teifour, R.
    (1997) Some phonetic and phonological aspects of connected speech processes in Syrian Arabic. PhD dissertation, University of Manchester.
  260. Traill, A.
    (1985) Phonetic and phonological studies of !Xóõ Bushman. Helmut Buske Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  261. Trubetzkoy, N. S.
    (1939) Grundzüge der Phonologie (Travaux du cercle linguistique de Prague 7). [Reprinted 1958 byVandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen].
    [Google Scholar]
  262. Tsereteli, K.
    (1982) On one suprasegmental phoneme in Modern Semitic. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 102, 343–346. 10.2307/602533
    https://doi.org/10.2307/602533 [Google Scholar]
  263. Tsujimura, N. , & Davis, S.
    (1988) The morphophonemics of Japanese verbal conjugation: An autosegmental account. Proceedings of the Fifth Eastern States Conference on Linguistics, 488–499.
    [Google Scholar]
  264. Uffmann, C.
    (2005) Optimal geometries. In M. van Oostendorp , & J. van de Weijer (Eds.), The internal organization of phonological segments (pp. 27–92). Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110890402.27
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110890402.27 [Google Scholar]
  265. (2007) Restraining Gen. In S. Blaho , P. Bye , & M. Krämer (Eds.), Freedom of analysis? (pp. 281–312). Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110198591.281
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110198591.281 [Google Scholar]
  266. (2011) The organization of features. In M. van Oostendorp , C. J. Ewen , K. Rice , & E. Hume (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to phonology, vol. 1 (pp. 643–668). Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0027
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0027 [Google Scholar]
  267. van der Hulst, H. , & van de Weijer, J.
    (1996) Vowel harmony. In J. A. Goldsmith (Ed.), The handbook of phonological theory (pp. 495–534). Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  268. van de Vijver, R.
    (1996) Emphasis spread in two dialects of Palestinian. In C. Cremers , & M. den Dikken (Eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands (pp. 245–255). 10.1075/avt.13.23vij
    https://doi.org/10.1075/avt.13.23vij [Google Scholar]
  269. van de Weijer, J.
    (2011) Secondary and double articulation. In M. van Oostendorp , C. J. Ewen , K. Rice , & E. Hume (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to phonology, vol. 1 (pp. 694–710). Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0029
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0029 [Google Scholar]
  270. van Oostendorp, M.
    (2005) Phonological Theory II. Undergraduate course, University of Leiden, www.vanoostendorp.nl/fonologie.php
  271. Versteegh, K.
    (1997) The Arabic language. Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  272. Versteegh, K. , Eid, M. , Elgibali, A. , Woidich, M. , & Zaborski, A.
    (Eds.) (2006–2009) Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics (vols.1–4). Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  273. Wahba, K. M.
    (1996) Linguistic variation in Alexandrian Arabic: The feature of emphasis. In A. Elgibali (Ed.), Understanding Arabic: Essays in contemporary Arabic linguistics in honor of El-Said Badawi (pp. 103–128). AUC Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  274. Walker, R.
    (1998) Nasalization, neutral segments, and opacity effects. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz.
  275. Walter, M.
    (2002) Pharyngealization effects in Maltese Arabic. In S. Boudelaa (Ed.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics XVI (pp. 161–178). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.266.10wal
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.266.10wal [Google Scholar]
  276. Watson, J. C. E.
    (1995) Vowel harmony in Arabic. Newcastle and Durham Working Papers in Linguistics, 3, 249–265.
    [Google Scholar]
  277. (1996) Emphasis in Sanʻani Arabic. Three topics in Arabic phonology (CMEIS Occasional Paper 53) (pp. 45–52). University of Durham.
    [Google Scholar]
  278. (1999) The directionality of emphasis spread in Arabic. Linguistic Inquiry, 30(2), 289–300. 10.1162/002438999554066
    https://doi.org/10.1162/002438999554066 [Google Scholar]
  279. (2002) The phonology and morphology of Arabic. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  280. (2011) Arabic dialects (general article). In S. Weninger , G. Khan , M. Streck , & J. Watson (Eds.), The Semitic languages: An international handbook (pp. 851–96). Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110251586.851
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110251586.851 [Google Scholar]
  281. Woidich, M.
    (1980) Das Ägyptisch-arabische. In W. Fischer , & O. Jastrow (Eds.), Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte (pp. 207–229). Harrassowitz.
    [Google Scholar]
  282. (1994) Cairo Arabic and the Egyptian dialects. In D. Caubet , & M. Vanhove (Eds.), Actes des Premieres Journees Internationales de Dialectologie Arabe de Paris (AIDA I) (pp. 493–510). INALCO.
    [Google Scholar]
  283. (2006a) Das Kairenisch-Arabische: eine Grammatik. Harrassowitz.
    [Google Scholar]
  284. (2006b) Cairo Arabic. In K. Versteegh , M. Eid , A. Elgibali , M. Woidich , & A. Zaborski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, vol. 1 (pp. 323–333). Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  285. Woodhead, D. R. , & Beene, W.
    (1967/2003) Dictionary of Iraqi Arabic (Arabic-English). Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  286. Yip, M.
    (1988) The Obligatory Contour Principle and phonological rules: A loss of identity. Linguistic Inquiry, 19(1), 65–100.
    [Google Scholar]
  287. Younes, M.
    (1982) Problems in the segmental phonology of Palestinian Arabic. PhD dissertation, the University of Texas at Austin.
  288. (1993) Emphasis spread in two Arabic dialects. In M. Eid , & C. Holes (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics V (pp. 119–145). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.101.08you
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.101.08you [Google Scholar]
  289. (1994) On emphasis and /r/ in Arabic. In M. Eid (Ed.) Perspectives on Arabic linguistics VII (pp. 215–235). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.115.16you
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.115.16you [Google Scholar]
  290. Youssef, I.
    (2006) Vocalic feature assimilation in Cairene Arabic and Buchan Scots. MPhil thesis, University of Tromsø.
    [Google Scholar]
  291. Youssef, I.
    (2010a) Laryngeal assimilation in Buchan Scots. English Language and Linguistics, 14(3), 321–345. 10.1017/S1360674310000109
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674310000109 [Google Scholar]
  292. (2010b) Against underlying mid vowels in Cairene Arabic. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik, 52, 5–38.
    [Google Scholar]
  293. (2013a) Place assimilation in Arabic: Contrasts, features, and constraints. PhD dissertation, University of Tromsø.
  294. (2013b) Labialization in Cairene Arabic. Nordlyd, 40, 359–368. 10.7557/12.2510
    https://doi.org/10.7557/12.2510 [Google Scholar]
  295. (2014a) Emphasis spread in Cairene Arabic: A reassessment. In O. Durand , A. D. Langone , & G. Mion (Eds.), Alf lahğa wa lahğa (Proceedings of AIDA 9) (pp. 455–464). LIT Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  296. (2014b) Affrication in Baghdadi Arabic: Synchrony and diachrony. Arabica, 61(6), 746–757. 10.1163/15700585‑12341323
    https://doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341323 [Google Scholar]
  297. (2015a) Vocalic labialization in Baghdadi Arabic: Representation and computation. Lingua, 160, 74–90. 10.1016/j.lingua.2015.04.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.04.001 [Google Scholar]
  298. (2015b) Palatalization in educated Cairene Arabic. Nordlyd, 42, 21–31. 10.7557/12.3739
    https://doi.org/10.7557/12.3739 [Google Scholar]
  299. (2016) Epenthesis, assimilation, and opacity in Baghdadi Arabic. In G. Grigore , & G. Bițună (Eds.), The Arabic varieties: Far and wide (Proceedings of AIDA 11) (pp. 549–556). The Bucharest University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  300. (2019) The phonology and micro-typology of Arabic R. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 4(1), 131. 10.5334/gjgl.1002
    https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1002 [Google Scholar]
  301. (2021) Contrastive feature typologies of Arabic consonant reflexes. Languages, 6(3), 141. 10.3390/languages6030141
    https://doi.org/10.3390/languages6030141 [Google Scholar]
  302. (forthcoming). A Factorial typology of superheavy syllables in Cairene Arabic, English and Hindi. Linguistik International.
    [Google Scholar]
  303. Zawaydeh, B.
    (1999) The phonetics and phonology of gutturals in Arabic. PhD dissertation, University of Indiana, Bloomington.
  304. Zemánek, P.
    (2006) Assimilation. In K. Versteegh , M. Eid , A. Elgibali , M. Woidich , & A. Zaborski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, vol. 1 (pp. 204–206). Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  305. Zsiga, E. C.
    (2011) Local assimilation. In M. van Oostendorp , C. J. Ewen , K. Rice , & E. Hume (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to phonology, vol. 3 (pp. 1919–1943). Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0081
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0081 [Google Scholar]
/content/books/9789027249425
Loading
/content/books/9789027249425
dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Journal -contentType:Chapter
10
5
Chapter
content/books/9789027249425
Book
false
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error