1887

The Academic Discourse of Mechanical Engineering

A corpus-based study into rhetorical conventions of research articles

image of The Academic Discourse of Mechanical Engineering

This volume examines rhetorical conventions employed in mechanical engineering research to understand the knowledge-making principles of the discipline, as well as their expression within the research article. In particular, the study analyses the organisational patterns of mechanical engineering research articles using Swales’s conceptualisation of moves and steps. In addition, the research identifies the phraseology associated with specific moves and steps. The study draws on a corpus of 120 mechanical engineering research articles, equally distributed across two sub-disciplines (mechanical systems and thermal-fluids engineering), three research traditions (experimental, theoretical and mixed methods), and two publication periods (2002–2006 and 2012–2016). It adopts an integrated methodology, intertwining various approaches and perspectives including corpus linguistics, move analysis, discourse analysis and interviews to address two main strands of research enquiry: (i) What are the properties of the rhetorical structures in terms of range, frequency, and length for each section of mechanical engineering research articles? (ii) What effect does sub-discipline, research tradition and publication date have on the rhetorical structure of research articles?

References

  1. Ädel, A. , & Erman, B.
    (2012) Recurrent word combinations in academic writing by native and non-native speakers of English: A lexical bundles approach. English for Specific Purposes, 31(2), 81–92. 10.1016/j.esp.2011.08.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2011.08.004 [Google Scholar]
  2. Aktas, R. N. , & Cortes, V.
    (2008) Shell nouns as cohesive devices in published and ESL student writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 7(1), 3–14. 10.1016/j.jeap.2008.02.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2008.02.002 [Google Scholar]
  3. Álvarez de Mon y Rego, I.
    (2006) A contrastive study of encapsulation and prospection in written scientific text. In J. Flowerdew & M. Gotti (Eds.), Studies in specialized discourse (pp. 21–40). Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Amirian, Z. , Kassaian, Z. , & Tavakoli, M.
    (2008) Genre analysis: An investigation of the discussion sections of applied linguistics research articles. The Asian ESP Journal, 4(1), 39–63.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Andre, D. , Charles, J.-L. , & Iordanoff, I.
    (2015) 3D discrete element workbench for highly dynamic thermo-mechanical analysis. ISTE. 10.1002/9781119116356
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119116356 [Google Scholar]
  6. Anthony, L.
    (1999) Writing research article introductions in software engineering: How accurate is a standard model?Professional Communication, IEEE Transactions on, 42(1), 38–46. 10.1109/47.749366
    https://doi.org/10.1109/47.749366 [Google Scholar]
  7. (2018) AntConc. In(Version 3.5.7) [Computer Software]. Waseda University. www.laurenceanthony.net/software
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Arvay, A. , & Tanko, G.
    (2004) A contrastive analysis of English and Hungarian theoretical research article introductions [Article]. IRAL: International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 42(1), 71–100. 10.1515/iral.2004.003
    https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.2004.003 [Google Scholar]
  9. Askehave, I. , & Swales, J. M.
    (2001) Genre identification and communicative purpose: A problem and a possible solution. Applied Linguistics, 22(2), 195–212. 10.1093/applin/22.2.195
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/22.2.195 [Google Scholar]
  10. Atkinson, D.
    (1992) The evolution of medical research writing from 1735 to 1985: The case of the Edinburgh Medical Journal. Applied Linguistics, 13(4), 337–374. 10.1093/applin/13.4.337
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/13.4.337 [Google Scholar]
  11. (1996) The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1675–1975: A sociohistorical discourse analysis. Language in Society, 25(3), 333–371. 10.1017/S0047404500019205
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500019205 [Google Scholar]
  12. Ayers, G.
    (2008) The evolutionary nature of genre: An investigation of the short texts accompanying research articles in the scientific journal Nature. English for Specific Purposes, 27(1), 22–41. 10.1016/j.esp.2007.06.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2007.06.002 [Google Scholar]
  13. Barlow, M.
    (2013) Individual differences and usage-based grammar. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 18(4), 443–478. 10.1075/ijcl.18.4.01bar
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.18.4.01bar [Google Scholar]
  14. (2016) WordSkew: Linking corpus data and discourse structure. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 21(1), 105–115. 10.1075/ijcl.21.1.05bar
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.21.1.05bar [Google Scholar]
  15. Basturkmen, H.
    (2009) Commenting on results in published research articles and masters dissertations in Language Teaching. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 8(4), 241–251. 10.1016/j.jeap.2009.07.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2009.07.001 [Google Scholar]
  16. Basturkmen, H.
    (2012) A genre-based investigation of discussion sections of research articles in Dentistry and disciplinary variation. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 11(2), 134–144. 10.1016/j.jeap.2011.10.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2011.10.004 [Google Scholar]
  17. Becher, T.
    (1989) Academic tribes and territories: Intellectual enquiry and the culture of disciplines (Vol. null).
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Becher, T. , & Trowler, P.
    (2001) Academic tribes and territories: Intellectual enquiry and the culture of disciplines (2nd ed.). Open University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Bergheau, J.-M.
    (Ed.) (2014) Thermomechanical industrial processes: Modeling and numerical simulation. ISTE. 10.1002/9781118578759
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118578759 [Google Scholar]
  20. Berkenkotter, C. , & Huckin, T. N.
    (1995) Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication: Cognition/culture/power. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Bhatia, V. K.
    (1999) Integrating products, processes, processes and participants in professional writing. In C. N. Candlin & K. Hyland (Eds.), Writing: Texts, processes and practices (pp. 21–39). Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Biber, D.
    (1990) Methodological issues regarding corpus-based analyses of linguistic variation. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 5(4), 257–269. 10.1093/llc/5.4.257
    https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/5.4.257 [Google Scholar]
  23. (1993) Representativeness in corpus design. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 8(4), 243–257. 10.1093/llc/8.4.243
    https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/8.4.243 [Google Scholar]
  24. (2009) A corpus-driven approach to formulaic language in English: Multi-word patterns in speech and writing. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14(3), 275–311. 10.1075/ijcl.14.3.08bib
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.14.3.08bib [Google Scholar]
  25. Biber, D. , & Barbieri, F.
    (2007) Lexical bundles in university spoken and written registers. English for Specific Purposes, 26(3), 263–286. 10.1016/j.esp.2006.08.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2006.08.003 [Google Scholar]
  26. Biber, D. , & Conrad, S.
    (1999) Lexical bundles in conversation and academic prose. In H. Hassselgard & S. Oksefjell (Eds.), Out of corpora: Studies in honour of Stig Johansson (pp. 181–190). Rodopi.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Biber, D. , Conrad, S. , & Cortes, V. S.
    (2003) Lexical bundles in speech and writing: An initial taxonomy. In A. Wilson , P. Rayson , & T. McEnergy (Eds.), Corpus linguistics by the lune. A festschrift for Geoffrey Leech (pp. 71–92). Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. (2004) If you look at …: Lexical bundles in university teaching and textbooks. Applied Linguistics, 25(3), 371–405. 10.1093/applin/25.3.371
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/25.3.371 [Google Scholar]
  29. Biber, D. , & Gray, B.
    (2010) Challenging stereotypes about academic writing: Complexity, elaboration, explicitness. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 9(1), 2–20. 10.1016/j.jeap.2010.01.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2010.01.001 [Google Scholar]
  30. (2011) Grammatical change in the noun phrase: The influence of written language use. English Language and Linguistics, 15(Special Issue 2), 223–250. 10.1017/S1360674311000025
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674311000025 [Google Scholar]
  31. Biber, D. , Johansson, S. , Leech, G. , Conrad, S. , & Finegan, E.
    (1999) Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Longman. Also published as Biber, D. , Johansson, S. , Leech, G. , Conrad, S. , & Finegan, E. (2021) Grammar of spoken and written English. John Benjamins. 10.1075/z.232
    https://doi.org/10.1075/z.232 [Google Scholar]
  32. Biber, D. , Leech, G. N. , & Conrad, S.
    (2002) Longman student grammar of spoken and written English. Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Biglan, A.
    (1973) The characteristics of subject matter in different academic areas. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(3), 195–203. 10.1037/h0034701
    https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034701 [Google Scholar]
  34. Bizzell, P.
    (1982) Cognition, convention, and certainty: What we need to know about writing. Pre/Text, 3, 213–241.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. (1992) Academic discourse and critical consciousness. University of Pittsburgh Press. 10.2307/j.ctt7zwb7k
    https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7zwb7k [Google Scholar]
  36. Brett, P.
    (1994) A genre analysis of the results section of sociology articles. English for Specific Purposes, 13(1), 47–59. 10.1016/0889‑4906(94)90024‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906(94)90024-8 [Google Scholar]
  37. Brezina, V. , McEnery, T. , & Wattam, S.
    (2015) Collocations in context: A new perspective on collocation networks. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 20(2), 139–173. 10.1075/ijcl.20.2.01bre
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.20.2.01bre [Google Scholar]
  38. Bruce, I.
    (2008a) Academic writing and genre: A systematic analysis. Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. (2008b) Cognitive genre structures in Methods sections of research articles: A corpus study. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 7(1), 38–54. 10.1016/j.jeap.2007.12.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2007.12.001 [Google Scholar]
  40. (2009) Results sections in sociology and organic chemistry articles: A genre analysis. English for Specific Purposes, 28(2), 105–124. 10.1016/j.esp.2008.12.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2008.12.005 [Google Scholar]
  41. Butler, C. S.
    (1990) Qualifications in science: Modal meanings in scientific texts. In W. Nash (Ed.), The writing scholar: Studies in academic discourse (pp. 137–170). Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Byrd, P. , & Coxhead, A.
    (2010) On the other hand: Lexical bundles in academic writing and in the teaching of EAP. University of Sydney Papers in TESOL, 5(5), 31–64.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Candarli, D. , & Jones, S.
    (2019) Paradigmatic influences on lexical bundles in research articles in the discipline of education. Corpora, 14(2), 237–263. 10.3366/cor.2019.0170
    https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2019.0170 [Google Scholar]
  44. Cao, F. , & Hu, G.
    (2014) Interactive metadiscourse in research articles: A comparative study of paradigmatic and disciplinary influences. Journal of Pragmatics, 66(C), 15–31. 10.1016/j.pragma.2014.02.007
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.02.007 [Google Scholar]
  45. Çengel, Y. A. , & Cimbala, J. M.
    (2014) Fluid mechanics: Fundamental and applications (3rd ed.). McGraw Hill Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Charles, M.
    (2004) The construction of stance: A corpus-based investigation of two contrasting disciplines (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Birmingham.
  47. Chen, Y.-H. , & Baker, P.
    (2010) Lexical bundles in L1 and L2 academic writing. Language Learning and Technology, 14(2), 30–49.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Cheng, W. , Greaves, C. , Sinclair, J. , & Warren, M.
    (2009) Uncovering the extent of the phraseological tendency: Towards a systematic analysis of concgrams. Applied Linguistics, 30(2), 236–236. 10.1093/applin/amn039
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amn039 [Google Scholar]
  49. Cheng, W. , Greaves, C. , & Warren, M.
    (2006) From n-gram to skipgram to concgram. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 11(4), 411–433. 10.1075/ijcl.11.4.04che
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.11.4.04che [Google Scholar]
  50. Collins, P.
    (1994) Extraposition in English. Functions of Language, 1(1), 7–24. 10.1075/fol.1.1.03col
    https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.1.1.03col [Google Scholar]
  51. Cooper, C.
    (1985) Aspects of article introductions in IEEE publications (Unpublished MSc dissertation). University of Aston.
  52. Cooper, P. , Samuel Martin, C. , & O’Hern, T. J.
    (2016) History of the Fluids Engineering Division. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 138(10), 1–20. 10.1115/1.4033976
    https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4033976 [Google Scholar]
  53. Cortes, V. S.
    (2004) Lexical bundles in published and student disciplinary writing: Examples from history and biology. English for Specific Purposes, 23(4), 397–423. 10.1016/j.esp.2003.12.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2003.12.001 [Google Scholar]
  54. Cortes, V. S.
    (2013) The purpose of this study is to: Connecting lexical bundles and moves in research article introductions. English for Academic Purposes, 12(1), 33–43. 10.1016/j.jeap.2012.11.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2012.11.002 [Google Scholar]
  55. Cotos, E. , Huffman, S. , & Link, S.
    (2015) Furthering and applying move/ step constructs: Technology-driven marshalling of Swalesian genre theory for EAP pedagogy. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 19, 52–72. 10.1016/j.jeap.2015.05.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2015.05.004 [Google Scholar]
  56. (2017) A move/step model for methods sections: Demonstrating Rigour and Credibility. English for Specific Purposes, 46, 90–106. 10.1016/j.esp.2017.01.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2017.01.001 [Google Scholar]
  57. Cotos, E. , Link, S. , & Huffman, S.
    (2016) Studying disciplinary corpora to teach the craft of Discussion. Writing & Pedagogy, 8(1), 33–64. 10.1558/wap.v8i1.27661
    https://doi.org/10.1558/wap.v8i1.27661 [Google Scholar]
  58. Crookes, G.
    (1986) Towards a validated analysis of scientific text structure. Applied Linguistics, 7(1), 57–70. 10.1093/applin/7.1.57
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/7.1.57 [Google Scholar]
  59. Csomay, E.
    (2013) Lexical bundles in discourse structure: A corpus-based study of classroom discourse. Applied Linguistics, 34(3), 369–388. 10.1093/applin/ams045
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ams045 [Google Scholar]
  60. Davis, R. H.
    (2015) A genre analysis of medical research articles (Unpublished PhD dissertation). University of Glasgow.
  61. Day, R. A.
    (1977) How to write a scientific paper. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, PC-20(1), 32–37. 10.1109/TPC.1977.6594174
    https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.1977.6594174 [Google Scholar]
  62. de Souza-Santos, M. L.
    (2008) Analytical and approximate methods in transport phenomena. CRC Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. del Saz Rubio, M. M.
    (2011) A pragmatic approach to the macro-structure and metadiscoursal features of research article introductions in the field of Agricultural Sciences. English for Specific Purposes, 30(4), 258–271. 10.1016/j.esp.2011.03.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2011.03.002 [Google Scholar]
  64. Dixit, U. S. , Hazarika, M. , & Davim, J. P.
    (2017) A brief history of mechanical engineering. Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑42916‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42916-8 [Google Scholar]
  65. Doheny-Farina, S.
    (1992) Rhetoric, innovation, technology: Case studies of technical communication in technology transfers. The MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. dos Santos, M. B.
    (1996) The textual organization of research paper abstracts in applied linguistics. Text, 16(4), 481–500.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Dudley-Evans, T.
    (1994) Genre analysis: An approach to text analysis for ESP. In M. Coulthard (Ed.), Advances in written text analysis (pp. 219–228). Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Durrant, P.
    (2017) Lexical bundles and disciplinary variation in university students’ writing: Mapping the territories. Applied Linguistics, 38(2), 165–193. 10.1093/applin/amv011
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amv011 [Google Scholar]
  69. Esfandiari, R. S. , & Lu, B.
    (2010) Modeling and analysis of dynamic systems. CRC Press. 10.1201/9781439882832
    https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439882832 [Google Scholar]
  70. Flowerdew, J.
    (2002) Genre in the classroom: A linguistic perspective. In A. M. John (Ed.), Genre in the classroom: Multiple perspectives (pp. 91–104). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. (2003) Signalling nouns in discourse. English for Specific Purposes, 22(4), 329–346. 10.1016/S0889‑4906(02)00017‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(02)00017-0 [Google Scholar]
  72. (2006) Use of signalling nouns in a learner corpus. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 11(3), 345–362. 10.1075/ijcl.11.3.07flo
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.11.3.07flo [Google Scholar]
  73. Flowerdew, L.
    (2004) The argument for using English specialized corpora to understand academic and professional settings. In U. Connor & T. Upton (Eds.), Discourse in the professions: Perspectives from corpus linguistics (pp. 11–33). John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.16.02flo
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.16.02flo [Google Scholar]
  74. Forchini, P. , & Murphy, A.
    (2008) N-grams in comparable specialized corpora: Perspectives on phraseology, translation, and pedagogy. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(3), 351–367. 10.1075/ijcl.13.3.06for
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.13.3.06for [Google Scholar]
  75. Gablasova, D. , Brezina, V. , & McEnery, T.
    (2017) Collocations in corpus-based language learning research: Identifying, comparing, and interpreting the evidence. Language Learning, 67(S1), 155–179. 10.1111/lang.12225
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12225 [Google Scholar]
  76. Grabowski, Ł.
    (2013) Register variation across English pharmaceutical texts: A corpus-driven study of keywords, lexical bundles and phrase frames in patient information leaflets and summaries of product haracteristics. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 95, 391–401. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.661
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.661 [Google Scholar]
  77. (2015) Keywords and lexical bundles within English pharmaceutical discourse: A corpus-driven description. English for Specific Purposes, 38, 23–33. 10.1016/j.esp.2014.10.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2014.10.004 [Google Scholar]
  78. Granger, S. , & Paquot, M.
    (2008) Disentangling the phraseological web. In S. Granger & F. Meunier (Eds.), Phraseology: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 27–49). John Benjamins. 10.1075/z.139.07gra
    https://doi.org/10.1075/z.139.07gra [Google Scholar]
  79. Gray, B.
    (2011) Exploring academic writing through corpus linguistics: When discipline tells only part of the story (PhD dissertation). Northern Arizona University. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  80. (2013) More than discipline: Uncovering multi-dimensional patterns of variation in academic research articles. Corpora, 8(2), 153–181. 10.3366/cor.2013.0039
    https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2013.0039 [Google Scholar]
  81. Gray, B. , & Biber, D.
    (2013) Lexical frames in academic prose and conversation. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 18(1), 109–135. 10.1075/ijcl.18.1.08gra
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.18.1.08gra [Google Scholar]
  82. Gross, A. G. , Harmon, J. E. , & Reidy, M. S.
    (2002) Communicating science: The scientific article from the 17th century to the present. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Harmon, J. E.
    (1989) The structure of scientific and engineering papers: A historical perspective. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 32(3), 132–138. 10.1109/47.31618
    https://doi.org/10.1109/47.31618 [Google Scholar]
  84. Harwood, N.
    (2006) (In)appropriate personal pronoun use in political science: A qualitative study and a porposed heuristic for future research. Written Communication, 23(4), 424–450. 10.1177/0741088306293921
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088306293921 [Google Scholar]
  85. Herriman, J.
    (2000a) Extraposition in English: A study of the interaction between the matrix predicate and the type of extraposed clause. English Studies, 81(6), 582–599. 10.1076/enst.81.6.582.9180
    https://doi.org/10.1076/enst.81.6.582.9180 [Google Scholar]
  86. (2000b) The functions of extraposition in English texts. Functions of Language, 7(2), 203–230. 10.1075/fol.7.2.03her
    https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.7.2.03her [Google Scholar]
  87. Hirano, E.
    (2009) Research article introductions in English for specific purposes: A comparison between Brazilian Portuguese and English. English for Specific Purposes, 28(4), 240–250. 10.1016/j.esp.2009.02.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2009.02.001 [Google Scholar]
  88. Hoey, M.
    (2005) Lexical priming: A new theory of words and language. Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Hoey, M. , & O’Donnell, M. B.
    (2008) Lexicography, grammar, and textual position. International Journal of Lexicography, 21(3), 293–309. 10.1093/ijl/ecn025
    https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecn025 [Google Scholar]
  90. Holman, J. P.
    (2012) Experimental methods for engineers (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Holmes, R.
    (1997) Genre analysis, and the social sciences: An investigation of the structure of research article discussion sections in three disciplines. English for Specific Purposes, 16(4), 321–337. 10.1016/S0889‑4906(96)00038‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(96)00038-5 [Google Scholar]
  92. Hopkins, A. , & Dudley-Evans, T.
    (1988) A genre-based investigation of the discussion sections in articles and dissertations. English for Specific Purposes, 7(2), 113–121. 10.1016/0889‑4906(88)90029‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906(88)90029-4 [Google Scholar]
  93. Hu, G. , & Cao, F.
    (2015) Disciplinary and paradigmatic influences on interactional metadiscourse in research articles. English for Specific Purposes, 39, 12–25. 10.1016/j.esp.2015.03.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2015.03.002 [Google Scholar]
  94. Huddleston, R. D.
    (1971) The sentence in written English: A syntactic study based on an analysis of scientific texts. Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Hunston, S.
    (1993) Evaluation and ideology in scientific writing. In M. Ghadessy (Ed.), Register and analysis: Theory and practice (pp. 57–73). Pinter.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. (2002) Corpora in applied linguistics. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139524773
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524773 [Google Scholar]
  97. Hunston, S. , & Francis, G.
    (1999) Pattern grammar: A corpus-driven approach to the lexical grammar of English. John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Hyland, K.
    (1998a) Boosting, hedging and the negotiation of academic knowledge. Text, 18(3), 349–382. 10.1515/text.1.1998.18.3.349
    https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1998.18.3.349 [Google Scholar]
  99. (1998b) Persuasion and context: The pragmatics of academic metadiscourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 30(4), 437–455. 10.1016/S0378‑2166(98)00009‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00009-5 [Google Scholar]
  100. (1999) Academic attribution: Citation and the construction of disciplinary knowledge. Applied Linguistics, 20(3), 341–367. 10.1093/applin/20.3.341
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/20.3.341 [Google Scholar]
  101. (2002) Options of identity in a academic writing. ELT Journal: English Language Teaching Journal, 56(4), 351–358. 10.1093/elt/56.4.351
    https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/56.4.351 [Google Scholar]
  102. (2004) Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing. University of Michigan Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  103. (2005) Stance and engagement: A model of interaction in academic discourse. 7(2), 173–192.
    [Google Scholar]
  104. (2006) Disciplinary differences: Language variation in academic discourses. In K. Hyland & M. Bondi (Eds.), Academic discourse across disciplines (pp. 17–45). Peter Lang. 10.3726/978‑3‑0351‑0446‑2
    https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0351-0446-2 [Google Scholar]
  105. (2008a) Academic clusters: Text patterning in published and postgraduate writing. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 18(1), 41–62. 10.1111/j.1473‑4192.2008.00178.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2008.00178.x [Google Scholar]
  106. (2008b) As can be seen: Lexical bundles and disciplinary variation. English for Specific Purposes, 27(1), 4–21. 10.1016/j.esp.2007.06.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2007.06.001 [Google Scholar]
  107. (2012) Bundles in academic discourse. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 150–169. 10.1017/S0267190512000037
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000037 [Google Scholar]
  108. Hyland, K. , & Tse, P.
    (2005) Evaluative that constructions: Signalling stance in research abstracts. Functions of Language, 12(1), 39–63. 10.1075/fol.12.1.03hyl
    https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.12.1.03hyl [Google Scholar]
  109. Jin, G.
    (2016) Genre knowledge for intercultural communication: A contrastive genre analysis of thesis Introductions and Literature Reviews written in China, New Zealand and America (Unpublished PhD dissertation). University of Auckland.
  110. Joseph, R. , Lim, J. M.-H. , & Nor, N. A. M.
    (2014) Communicative moves in Forestry research introductions: Implications for the design of learning materials. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 134, 53–69. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.224
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.224 [Google Scholar]
  111. Kanoksilapatham, B.
    (2003) A corpus-based investigation of scientific research articles: Linking move analysis with multidimensional analysis (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Georgetown University.
  112. Kanoksilapatham, B.
    (2005) Rhetorical structure of biochemistry research articles. English for Specific Purposes, 24(3), 269–292. 10.1016/j.esp.2004.08.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2004.08.003 [Google Scholar]
  113. Kanoksilapatham, B.
    (2007) Rhetorical moves in biochemistry research articles. In D. Biber , U. Connor , & T. A. Upton (Eds.), Discourse on the move: Using corpus analysis to describe discourse structure (pp. 73–119). John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.28.06kan
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.28.06kan [Google Scholar]
  114. (2011) Civil engineering research article introductions: Textual structure and linguistic characterisation. The Asian ESP Journal, 7(2), 55–84.
    [Google Scholar]
  115. (2015) Distinguishing textual features characterizing structural variation in research articles across three engineering sub-discipline corpora. English for Specific Purposes, 37, 74–86. 10.1016/j.esp.2014.06.008
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2014.06.008 [Google Scholar]
  116. Kanté, I.
    (2010) Head nouns as modal stance markers – academic texts vs. legal texts. Lidil: Revue de Linguistique et de Didactique des Langues, 41, 121–135. 10.4000/lidil.3022
    https://doi.org/10.4000/lidil.3022 [Google Scholar]
  117. Khany, R. , & Tazik, K.
    (2010) A comparative study of Introduction and Discussion sections of sub-disciplines of Applied Linguistics research articles. Journal of Applied Language Studies, 1(2), 97–122.
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Kilgarriff, A. , & Grefenstette, G.
    (2003) Introduction to the special issue on the web as corpus. Computational Linguistics, 29(3), 333–347. 10.1162/089120103322711569
    https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103322711569 [Google Scholar]
  119. Koester, A.
    (2010) Building small specialised corpora. In A. O’Keeffe & M. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of corpus linguistics (pp. 66–79). Routledge. 10.4324/9780203856949.ch6
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203856949.ch6 [Google Scholar]
  120. Kolb, D. A.
    (1981) Learning styles and disciplinary differences. In A. W. Chickering (Ed.), The Modern American College (pp. 232–255). Jossey-Bass.
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Koutsantoni, D.
    (2003) Rhetoric and culture in published and unpublished scientific communication: A comparative study of texts produced by Greek and native English speaking engineers (Unpublished PhD dissertation). University of Birmingham.
  122. Kuhn, T. S.
    (1970) The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). The University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Kuo, C.-H.
    (1999) The use of personal pronouns: Role relationships in scientific journal articles. English for Specific Purposes, 18(2), 121–138. 10.1016/S0889‑4906(97)00058‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(97)00058-6 [Google Scholar]
  124. Kwan, B. S. C. , Chan, H. , & Lam, C.
    (2012) Evaluating prior scholarship in literature reviews of research articles: A comparative study of practices in two research paradigms. English for Specific Purposes, 31(3), 188–201. 10.1016/j.esp.2012.02.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2012.02.003 [Google Scholar]
  125. Le, T. N. P. , & Harrington, M.
    (2015) Phraseology used to comment on results in the Discussion section of applied linguistics quantitative research articles. English for Specific Purposes, 39, 45–61. 10.1016/j.esp.2015.03.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2015.03.003 [Google Scholar]
  126. Leech, G.
    (1992) Corpora and theories of linguistic performance. In J. Svartvik (Ed.), Directions in corpus linguistics: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 82, Stockholm, 4–8 August 1991 (pp. 105–122). Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110867275.105
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110867275.105 [Google Scholar]
  127. (2007) New sources, or just better old ones? The Holly Grail of representativeness. In M. Hundt , N. Nesselhauf , & C. Biewer (Eds.), Corpus linguistics and the Web (pp. 133–149). Rodopi.
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Li, L.-J. , & Ge, G.-C.
    (2009) Genre analysis: Structural and linguistic evolution of the English-medium medical research article (1985–2004). English for Specific Purposes, 28(2), 93–104. 10.1016/j.esp.2008.12.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2008.12.004 [Google Scholar]
  129. Lim, J. M.-H.
    (2006) Method sections of management research articles: A pedagogically motivated qualitative study. English for Specific Purposes, 25(3), 282–309. 10.1016/j.esp.2005.07.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2005.07.001 [Google Scholar]
  130. Lim, J. M.-H.
    (2010) Commenting on research results in applied linguistics and education: A comparative genre-based investigation. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 9(4), 280–294. 10.1016/j.jeap.2010.10.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2010.10.001 [Google Scholar]
  131. Lim, J. M.-H.
    (2011) ‘Paving the way for research findings’: Writers’ rhetorical choices in education and applied linguistics. Discourse Studies, 13(6), 725–749. 10.1177/1461445611421364
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445611421364 [Google Scholar]
  132. (2012) How do writers establish research niches? A genre-based investigation into management researchers’ rhetorical steps and linguistic mechanisms. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 11(3), 229–245. 10.1016/j.jeap.2012.05.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2012.05.002 [Google Scholar]
  133. Lin, L. , & Evans, S.
    (2012) Structural patterns in empirical research articles: A cross-disciplinary study. English for Specific Purposes, 31(3), 150–160. 10.1016/j.esp.2011.10.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2011.10.002 [Google Scholar]
  134. Liu, D.
    (2012) The most frequently-used multi-word constructions in academic written English: A multi-corpus study. English for Specific Purposes, 31(1), 25–35. 10.1016/j.esp.2011.07.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2011.07.002 [Google Scholar]
  135. Loi, C.-K. , Lim, J. M.-H. , & Wharton, S.
    (2016) Expressing an evaluative stance in English and Malay research article conclusions: International publications versus local publications. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 21, 1–16. 10.1016/j.jeap.2015.08.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2015.08.004 [Google Scholar]
  136. Mahlberg, M.
    (2005) English general nouns: A corpus theoretical approach. John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.20
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.20 [Google Scholar]
  137. (2006) Lexical cohesion: Corpus linguistic theory and its application in English language teaching. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 11(3), 363–383. 10.1075/ijcl.11.3.08mah
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.11.3.08mah [Google Scholar]
  138. (2009) Local textual functions of move in newspaper story patterns. In U. Romer & R. Schulze (Eds.), Exploring the lexis-grammar interface (pp. 265–286). John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.35.17mah
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.35.17mah [Google Scholar]
  139. Marco, M. J. L.
    (2000) Collocational frameworks in medical research papers: A genre-based study. English for Specific Purposes, 19(1), 63–86. 10.1016/S0889‑4906(98)00013‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(98)00013-1 [Google Scholar]
  140. Martín, P. M.
    (2003) A genre analysis of English and Spanish research paper abstracts in experimental social sciences. English for Specific Purposes, 22(1), 25–43. 10.1016/S0889‑4906(01)00033‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(01)00033-3 [Google Scholar]
  141. Maswana, S. , Kanamaru, T. , & Tajino, A.
    (2015) Move analysis of research articles across five engineering fields: What they share and what they do not. Ampersand, 2, 1–11. 10.1016/j.amper.2014.12.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2014.12.002 [Google Scholar]
  142. McEnery, T. , & Hardie, A.
    (2012) Corpus linguistics: Method, theory and practice. Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  143. McGrath, L. , & Kuteeva, M.
    (2012) Stance and engagement in pure mathematics research articles: Linking discourse features to disciplinary practices. English for Specific Purposes, 31(3), 161–173. 10.1016/j.esp.2011.11.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2011.11.002 [Google Scholar]
  144. Moreno, A. I.
    (2004) Retrospective labelling in premise – conclusion metatext: An English – Spanish contrastive study of research articles on business and economics. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 3(4), 321–339. 10.1016/j.jeap.2004.07.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2004.07.005 [Google Scholar]
  145. Moreno, A. I. , & Swales, J. M.
    (2018) Strengthening move analysis methodology towards bridging the function-form gap. English for Specific Purposes, 50, 40–63. 10.1016/j.esp.2017.11.006
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2017.11.006 [Google Scholar]
  146. Morley, J.
    (2006) Lexical cohesion and rhetorical structure. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 11(3), 265–282. 10.1075/ijcl.11.3.03mor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.11.3.03mor [Google Scholar]
  147. Mudraya, O.
    (2006) Engineering English: A lexical frequency instructional model. English for Specific Purposes, 25(2), 235–256. 10.1016/j.esp.2005.05.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2005.05.002 [Google Scholar]
  148. Musa, N. F. , Khamis, N. , & Zanariah, J.
    (2015) The structure of method section in engineering research articles. Asian Social Science, 11(17), 74–82. 10.5539/ass.v11n17p74
    https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n17p74 [Google Scholar]
  149. Nelson, M.
    (2010) Building a written corpus: What are the basics?In A. O’Keeffe & M. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of corpus linguistics (1st ed., pp. 53–65). Routledge. 10.4324/9780203856949.ch5
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203856949.ch5 [Google Scholar]
  150. Nesi, H. , & Basturkmen, H.
    (2006) Lexical bundles and discourse signalling in academic lectures. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 11(3), 147–168. 10.1075/ijcl.11.3.04nes
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.11.3.04nes [Google Scholar]
  151. Neumann, E.
    (2010, December18). Numerical vs. analytical solutions. Retrieved on 1 October 2021fromwww.myphysicslab.com/numerical_vs_analytic.html
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Nordrum, L. , & Eriksson, A.
    (2015) Data commentary in science writing: Using a small, specialized corpus for formative self-assessment practices. In M. Callies & S. Götz (Eds.), Learner corpora in language testing and assessment: Prospects and challenges (pp. 59–84). John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.70.03nor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.70.03nor [Google Scholar]
  153. Nwogu, K. N.
    (1997) The medical research paper: Structure and functions. English for Specific Purposes, 16(2), 119–138. 10.1016/S0889‑4906(97)85388‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(97)85388-4 [Google Scholar]
  154. O’Donnell, M. B. , Römer, U. , & Ellis, N. C.
    (2013) The development of formulaic sequences in first and second language writing: Investigating effects of frequency, association, and native norm. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 18(1), 83–108. 10.1075/ijcl.18.1.07odo
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.18.1.07odo [Google Scholar]
  155. O’Donnell, M. B. , Scott, M. , Mahlberg, M. , & Hoey, M.
    (2012) Exploring text- initial words, clusters and concgrams in a newspaper corpus. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 8(1), 73–101. 10.1515/cllt‑2012‑0004
    https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2012-0004 [Google Scholar]
  156. Omidian, T. , Shahriari, H. , & Siyanova-Chanturia, A.
    (2018) A cross-disciplinary investigation of multi-word expressions in the moves of research article abstracts. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 36, 1–14. 10.1016/j.jeap.2018.08.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2018.08.002 [Google Scholar]
  157. Ozturk, I.
    (2007) The textual organisation of research article introductions in applied linguistics: Variability within a single discipline. English for Specific Purposes, 26(1), 25–38. 10.1016/j.esp.2005.12.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2005.12.003 [Google Scholar]
  158. Paltridge, B.
    (1994) Genre analysis and the identification of textual boundaries. Applied Linguistics, 15(3), 288–299. 10.1093/applin/15.3.288
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/15.3.288 [Google Scholar]
  159. (2001) Genre and the language learning classroom. University of Michigan Press. 10.3998/mpub.23749
    https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.23749 [Google Scholar]
  160. Pan, F. , Reppen, R. , & Biber, D.
    (2016) Comparing patterns of L1 versus L2 English academic professionals: Lexical bundles in Telecommunications research journals. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 21, 60–71. 10.1016/j.jeap.2015.11.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2015.11.003 [Google Scholar]
  161. Peacock, M.
    (2002) Communicative moves in the discussion section of research articles. System, 30(4), 479–497. 10.1016/S0346‑251X(02)00050‑7
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(02)00050-7 [Google Scholar]
  162. (2011) The structure of the Methods section in research articles across eight disciplines. The Asian ESP Journal, 7(2), 97–124.
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Peng, J.
    (1987) Organizational features in chemical engineering research articles. ELR Journal, 1, 79–116.
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Pho, P. D.
    (2008) Research article abstracts in applied linguistics and educational technology: A study of linguistic realizations of rhetorical structure and authorial stance. Discourse Studies, 10(2), 231–250. 10.1177/1461445607087010
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445607087010 [Google Scholar]
  165. Pho, P. D.
    (2013) Authorial stance in research articles: Examples from applied linguistics and educational technology. Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9781137032782
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137032782 [Google Scholar]
  166. Pierson, M. M. , & Pierson, B. L.
    (1997) Beginnings and endings: Keys to better engineering technical writing. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 40(4), 299–304. 10.1109/47.650007
    https://doi.org/10.1109/47.650007 [Google Scholar]
  167. Posteguillo, S.
    (1999) The schematic structure of computer science research articles. English for Specific Purposes, 18(2), 139–160. 10.1016/S0889‑4906(98)00001‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(98)00001-5 [Google Scholar]
  168. Pramoolsook, I. , Li, Q. , & Wang, S.
    (2015) The methods sections in management and marketing research articles: Rhetorical variations between two sub-disciplines of business [The Methods Section, Research Article, Management, Marketing, Disciplinary Variations]. International E-journal of Advances in Social Sciences, 1(2), 294–300. 10.18769/ijasos.29943
    https://doi.org/10.18769/ijasos.29943 [Google Scholar]
  169. Renouf, A. , & Sinclair, J.
    (1991) Collocational frameworks in English. In K. Aijmer & B. Altenberg (Eds.), English corpus linguistics: Studies in honour of Jan Svartvik (pp. 128–143). Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Reppen, R.
    (2010) Building a corpus: What are the key considerations?In A. O’Keeffe & M. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of corpus linguistics (pp. 31–37). Routledge. 10.4324/9780203856949.ch3
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203856949.ch3 [Google Scholar]
  171. Römer, U.
    (2010) Establishing the phraseological profile of a text type: The construction of meaning in academic book reviews. English Text Construction, 3(1), 95–119. 10.1075/etc.3.1.06rom
    https://doi.org/10.1075/etc.3.1.06rom [Google Scholar]
  172. Saber, A.
    (2012) Phraseological patterns in a large corpus of biomedical articles. In A. Boulton , S. Carter-Thomas , & E. Rowley-Jolivet (Eds.), Corpus-informed research and learning in ESP: Issues and applications (pp. 45–82). John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.52.03sab
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.52.03sab [Google Scholar]
  173. Salager-Meyer, F.
    (1994) Hedges and textual communicative function in medical English written discourse. English for Specific Purposes, 13(2), 149–170. 10.1016/0889‑4906(94)90013‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906(94)90013-2 [Google Scholar]
  174. Salazar, D.
    (2011) Lexical bundles in scientific English: A corpus-based study of native and non-native writing (PhD dissertation). University of Barcelona.
  175. Samraj, B.
    (2002) Introductions in research articles: Variations across disciplines. English for Specific Purposes, 21(1), 1–17. 10.1016/S0889‑4906(00)00023‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(00)00023-5 [Google Scholar]
  176. (2005) An exploration of a genre set: Research article abstracts and introductions in two disciplines. English for Specific Purposes, 24(2), 141–156. 10.1016/j.esp.2002.10.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2002.10.001 [Google Scholar]
  177. Scott, M. , & Tribble, C.
    (2006) Textual patterns: Key words and corpus analysis in language education. John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.22
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.22 [Google Scholar]
  178. Shehzad, W.
    (2008) Move two: Establishing a niche. Ibérica: Revista de la Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos (AELFE)(15), 25–49.
    [Google Scholar]
  179. Shi, H. , & Wannaruk, A.
    (2014) Rhetorical structure of research articles in agricultural science. English Language Teaching, 7(8), 1–13. 10.5539/elt.v7n8p1
    https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v7n8p1 [Google Scholar]
  180. Simpson-Vlach, R. , & Ellis, N. C.
    (2010) An academic formulas list: New methods in phraseology research. Applied Linguistics, 31(4), 487–512. 10.1093/applin/amp058
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amp058 [Google Scholar]
  181. Sinclair, J.
    (1987) Looking up: An account of the COBUILD Project in lexical computing and the development of the Collins COBUILD English language dictionary. HarperCollins.
    [Google Scholar]
  182. (1991) Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  183. (2004) Trust the text: Language, corpus and discourse. Routledge. 10.4324/9780203594070
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203594070 [Google Scholar]
  184. Smagorinsky, P.
    (2008) The Method section as conceptual epicenter in constructing social science research reports. Written Communication, 25(3), 389–411. 10.1177/0741088308317815
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088308317815 [Google Scholar]
  185. Stoller, F. L. , & Robinson, M. S.
    (2013) Chemistry journal articles: An interdisciplinary approach to move analysis with pedagogical aims. English for Specific Purposes, 32(1), 45–57. 10.1016/j.esp.2012.09.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2012.09.001 [Google Scholar]
  186. Stubbs, M.
    (2001) Words and phrases: Corpus studies of lexical semantics. Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  187. (2007) Quantitative data on multi-word sequences in English: The case of the word world . In M. Hoey (Ed.), Text, discourse and corpora: Theory and analysis (pp. 163–189). Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  188. Sullivan, D. L.
    (1996) Displaying disciplinarity. Written Communication, 13(2), 221–250. 10.1177/0741088396013002003
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088396013002003 [Google Scholar]
  189. Swales, J. M.
    (1981) Aspects of article introductions.
    [Google Scholar]
  190. (1990) Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  191. (2004) Research genres: Explorations and applications. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139524827
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524827 [Google Scholar]
  192. Tardy, C. M.
    (2009) Building genre knowledge. Parlor Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  193. Tessuto, G.
    (2015) Generic structure and rhetorical moves in English-language empirical law research articles: Sites of interdisciplinary and interdiscursive cross-over. English for Specific Purposes, 37, 13–26. 10.1016/j.esp.2014.06.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2014.06.002 [Google Scholar]
  194. Vazquez, I. , & Giner, D.
    (2008) Beyond mood and modality: Epistemic modality markers as hedges in research articles. A cross-disciplinary study. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 21(Nov), 171–190. 10.14198/raei.2008.21.10
    https://doi.org/10.14198/raei.2008.21.10 [Google Scholar]
  195. Wannaruk, A. , & Amnuai, W.
    (2015) A comparison of rhetorical move structure of applied linguistics research articles published in international and national Thai journals. RELC Journal, 193–211. 10.1177/0033688215609230
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688215609230 [Google Scholar]
  196. Ward, J.
    (2009) A basic engineering English word list for less proficient foundation engineering undergraduates. English for Specific Purposes, 28(3), 170–182. 10.1016/j.esp.2009.04.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2009.04.001 [Google Scholar]
  197. Whitley, R.
    (1984) The intellectual and social organization of the sciences. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  198. Wickert, J. , & Lewis, K.
    (2013) An introduction to mechanical engineering (3rd ed.). Cencage Learning.
    [Google Scholar]
  199. Williams, I. A.
    (1999) Results sections of medical research articles: Analysis of rhetorical categories for pedagogical purposes. English for Specific Purposes, 18(4), 347–366. 10.1016/S0889‑4906(98)00003‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(98)00003-9 [Google Scholar]
  200. Wobbrock, J. O. , Findlater, L. , Gergle, D. , & Higgins, J. J.
    (2011) The aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only ANOVA procedures. CHI ’11: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 10.1145/1978942.1978963
    https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1978963 [Google Scholar]
  201. Yamasaki, N.
    (2008) Collocations and colligations associated with discourse functions of unspecific anaphoric nouns. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(1), 75–98. 10.1075/ijcl.13.1.05yam
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.13.1.05yam [Google Scholar]
  202. Yang, R. , & Allison, D.
    (2003) Research articles in applied linguistics: Moving from results to conclusions. English for Specific Purposes, 22(4), 365–385. 10.1016/S0889‑4906(02)00026‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(02)00026-1 [Google Scholar]
  203. Yearley, S.
    (1981) Textual persuasion: The role of social accounting in the construction of scientific arguments. xs Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 11(3), 409–435. 10.1177/004839318101100307
    https://doi.org/10.1177/004839318101100307 [Google Scholar]
  204. Zhang, G.
    (2015) It is suggested that … or it is better to…? Forms and meanings of subject it-extraposition in academic and popular writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 20, 1–13. 10.1016/j.jeap.2015.02.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2015.02.004 [Google Scholar]
/content/books/9789027254504
Loading
/content/books/9789027254504
dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Journal -contentType:Chapter
10
5
Chapter
content/books/9789027254504
Book
false
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error