1887
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Conspiracy Theory Discourses
  4. Chapter

Chapter 17. Anti-Sorosism

Reviving the “Jewish world conspiracy”

image of Chapter 17. Anti-Sorosism

This chapter presents a Discourse-Historical Analysis (DHA) of the antisemitic conspiracy theory at the heart of ‘anti-Sorosism’. Anti-Sorosism is a term used to label the global campaign against George Soros, a Jewish American philanthropist of Hungarian origin, launched by extreme-right activists (see Wodak 2020). We argue that anti-Sorosism is a modern synecdoche of the antisemitic ‘Jewish world conspiracy’. In addition to extreme-right individuals and organizations, several mainstream right-wing politicians have blamed George Soros for many complex global and local phenomena such as migration, the political decisions of the EU, the COVID pandemic, and so forth. Indeed, the Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán has instrumentalized Soros time and again as a Feindbild [enemy image] when campaigning against the rules and regulations of the European Union as well as when justifying and legitimizing his restrictive immigration policies. In this chapter, we will first briefly trace the origins of this archetypical conspiracy theory throughout the 19th and 20th centuries up to the present. The chapter then turns to a case study examining posters produced by Hungary’s governing party Fidesz. Following a summary of the DHA and contextualization of the politics of Fidesz, and its leader Viktor Orbán, we then proceed to the multimodal discourse analysis of a series of posters produced and displayed in Hungary. We conclude by arguing that conspiracy theories help to simplify complex issues and to provide clearly separated Manichean divisions of the ‘innocent’ and of those ‘to blame’. In doing so, they help achieve a strategic political function for the Orbán government.

  • Affiliations: 1: Keele University/University of the Sunshine Coast; 2: Lancaster University/University Vienna

References

  1. Adorno, Theodor W.
    1959 “Was bedeutet: Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit”. in T. W. Adorno Eingriffe. Neun kritische Modelle. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp. (English translation as “The Meaning of Working Through the Past” in his Critical Models , trans. by Henry Pickford . New York: Columbia Press, 89–103).
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Anthonissen, Christine
    2003 “Interaction between Visual and Verbal Communication: Changing Patterns in the Printed Media.” InCritical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity, ed. by Gilbert Weiss , and Ruth Wodak , 297–311. Houndmills: Palgrave
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Billig, Michael
    1978 Fascists: A Social Psychology of the National Front. London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Byford, Jovan
    2011 Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave. 10.1057/9780230349216
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230349216 [Google Scholar]
  5. Cairns, James
    2009 “Politics? Fear not! The rise of the Average Superhero in the visual rhetoric of Bill Davis’ 1971 election pamphlet.” InCommunicating Canada’s Past: Approaches to the History of Print and Broadcast Media, ed. by Gene Allen , and Daniel J. Robinson , 194–230. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 10.3138/9781442697355‑010
     https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442697355-010 [Google Scholar]
  6. Evans, Richard J.
    2020 The Hitler Conspiracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Feldner, Gloria
    2019 Die Konstruktion des Feindbildes George Soros in Ungarn. Diplomarbeit, Universität Graz.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Freyenhagen, Fabian
    2020 “Adorno (and Horkheimer) on Anti-Semitism.” InBlackwell Companion to Adorno, ed. by Peter E. Gordon , Espen Hammer , and Max Pensky , 103–122. Oxford: Blackwell. 10.1002/9781119146940.ch7
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119146940.ch7 [Google Scholar]
  9. Heil, Johannes
    2012 “Thomas Monmouth and the Protocols of the Sages of Narbonne.” InThe Paranoid Apocalypse: a Hundred-year Retrospective on ‘The Protocols of the Elders of Zion’, ed. by Richard Landes , and Steven T. Katz , 56–76. New York: New York University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Horkheimer, Max , and Theodor W. Adorno
    1947 “Elemente des Antisemitismus”. InDialektik der Aufklärung, ed. by Max Horkheimer , and Theodor W. Adorno , Amsterdam: Querido. (English translation as Dialectic of Enlightenment by Edmund Jephcott . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Hyman, Paula
    1989 “The Dreyfus Affair: The Visual and the Historical.” The Journal of Modern History61 (1): 88–109. 10.1086/468192
     https://doi.org/10.1086/468192 [Google Scholar]
  12. Hyman, Paula E.
    2005 “New Perspectives on the Dreyfus affair.” Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques31 (3): 335–349.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Klymenko, Lina
    2018 “The Language of Party Programmes and Billboards: the Example of the 2014 Parliamentary Election Campaign in Ukraine.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Language and Politics, ed. by Ruth Wodak , and Bernhard Forchtner , 440–453. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Langer, Jacob
    2007 “Corruption and the Counterrevolution: the Rise and Fall of the Black Hundred History.” Phd Thesis, Durham, NC: Duke University. Available at: https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/438/D_Langer_Jacob_a_200712.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed3 February 2021)
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Lockwood, Erin
    2020 “The Antisemitic Backlash to Financial Power: Conspiracy Theory as a Response to Financial Complexity and Crisis.” New Political Economy26 (2): 261–270. 10.1080/13563467.2020.1841141
     https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2020.1841141 [Google Scholar]
  16. McLaughlin, Neil , and Skaidra Trilupaityte
    2012 “The International Circulation of Attacks and the Reputational Consequences of Local Context: George Soros’s Difficult Reputation in Russia, Post-Soviet Lithuania and the United States.” Cultural Sociology7 (4): 431–446. 10.1177/1749975512457142
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1749975512457142 [Google Scholar]
  17. Oberhauser, Claus
    2020 “Freemasons, Illuminati and Jews: Conspiracy theories and the French revolution.” InRoutledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories, ed. by Michael Butter , and Peter Knight , 555–568. London and New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9780429452734‑5_3
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452734-5_3 [Google Scholar]
  18. Oppenheimer, Louis
    2006 “The Development of Enemy Images.” Peace & Conflict. J Peace Psychology12 (3): 269–292. 10.1207/s15327949pac1203_4
     https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac1203_4 [Google Scholar]
  19. Orbán, Viktor
    2018 “Viktor Orbáns Festrede zum 170. Jahrestag der Revolution und des Freiheitskampfes von 1848/49.” www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/theprime-minister-s-speeches/viktor-orbans-festrede-zum-170-jahrestag-der-revolutionund-des-freiheitskampfes-von-1848-49 [accessed11 May 2021]
  20. Peham, Andreas
    2021 Kritik des Antisemitismus. Stuttgart: Schmetterling Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Political Capital
    Political Capital 2012 “The Conspiracy Worldview.” www.politicalcapital.hu/library.php?article_read=1&article_id=130 [accessed11 May 2021]
  22. Pörksen, Bernhard
    2005 [2000] Die Konstruktion von Feindbildern. Zum Sprachgebrauch in neonazistischen Medien. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Pulzer, Peter
    1988 The Rise of Political Antisemitism in Germany and Austria, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Reisigl, Martin
    2018 “The Discourse-Historical Approach.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies, ed. by John Flowerdew , and John E. Richardson , 44–59. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Reisigl, Martin , and Ruth Wodak
    2001 Discourse and Discrimination. Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Reisigl, Martin & Wodak, Ruth
    2009 “The Discourse-Historical Approach”. InMethods of Critical Discourse Analysised. by Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer , 87–121. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Richardson, John E.
    2017 British Fascist Discourse: A Discourse Historic Analysis. Columbia University Press/ibidem-Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 2018 “The National Front, and the Search for a ‘Nationalist’ Economic Policy.” InTomorrow Belongs to Us: The British Far Right since 1967, ed. by Nigel Copsey , and Matthew Worley , 48–68. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Richardson, John E. , and Monica Colombo
    2013 “Continuity and Change in Populist Anti-immigrant Discourse in Italy: An Analysis of Lega Leaflets.” Journal of Language and Politics12 (2): 180–202. 10.1075/jlp.12.2.02ric
     https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.12.2.02ric [Google Scholar]
  30. 2014 “Race and Immigration in Far- and Extreme-Right European Political Leaflets.” InContemporary Critical Discourse Studies, ed. by Christopher Hart , and Piotr Cap , 521–542. London: Bloomsbury.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Rosensaft, Menachem Z.
    1976 “Jews and Antisemites in Austria at the End of the Nineteenth Century.” Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook21 (1): 57–86. 10.1093/leobaeck/21.1.57
     https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/21.1.57 [Google Scholar]
  32. Simonsen, Kjetil Braut
    2020 Antisemitism and Conspiracism. InRoutledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories, ed. by Michael Butter , and Peter Knight , 357–370. London and New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9780429452734‑3_8
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452734-3_8 [Google Scholar]
  33. Stögner, Karin , and Ruth Wodak
    2015 “‘The man who Hated Britain’ –The Discursive Construction of ‘National Unity’ in the Daily Mail .” Critical Discourse Studies13 (2): 193–209. 10.1080/17405904.2015.1103764
     https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2015.1103764 [Google Scholar]
  34. Szombati, Kristóf , and Anna Szilágyi
    2020 “Enemy in the Making: The Language of “Anti-Sorosism” in the US and Hungary.” Available athttps://www.politicalresearch.org/2020/07/09/enemy-making-language-anti-sorosism-us-anhungary?fbclid=IwAR0Qxde7yWh4ox46jUWBdXmBgYHPG8ge6vJ4HpL5k8KwNPTUoYrQ_lW_o8I [accessed16 July 2020].
  35. Trachtenberg, Joshua
    1943 The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and its Relation to Modern Antisemitism. New Haven: Yale University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Uscinski, Joseph E.
    2019 “Down the Rabbit Hole We Go!” InConspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them, ed. by Joseph E. Uscinski , 1–32. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Volkan, Vamik D.
    2013 “Large Group Identity, International Relations, and Psychoanalysis.” Internatiional Forum of Psychoanalysis18 (4): 206–213. 10.1080/08037060902727795
     https://doi.org/10.1080/08037060902727795 [Google Scholar]
  38. Wall, Derek
    2003 “Social Credit: The Ecosocialism of Fools.” Capitalism Nature Socialism14 (3): 99–122. 10.1080/10455750308565537
     https://doi.org/10.1080/10455750308565537 [Google Scholar]
  39. Wodak, Ruth
    1989 “Iudeus ex Machina.” Grazer Linguistische Studien32: 153–180.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. 2018 “Right-wing Populism and Antisemitism.” InThe Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, ed. by Jens Rydgren , 61–85. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. 2020 The Politics of Fear. The Shameless Normalization of Far-right Populist Discourses. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. 2022 “Re/inventing antisemitic Feindbilder .” InFestschrift for András Kovács, ed. by Michael Miller . Budapest: CEU Press (in press).
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Wodak, Ruth , Peter Nowak , Johanna Pelikan , Helmut Gruber , Rudolf de Cillia , and Richard Mitten
    1990 ‘“Wir sind alle unschuldige Täter!” Diskurshistorische Studien zum Nachkriegsantisemitismus’. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Wodak, Ruth and Richardson, John E.
    eds. 2013 Analysing Fascist Discourse: European fascism in talk and text. New York: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Zamperini, Adriano , Luca Andrighetto , and Marialuisa Menegatto
    2012 “The Deconstruction of Enemy Images for a Nonkilling Society.” InNonkilling Psychology, ed. by Daniel Christie , and Joám Evans Pim , 320–340. Honolulu: Creative Commons.
     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Adorno, Theodor W.
    1959 “Was bedeutet: Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit”. in T. W. Adorno Eingriffe. Neun kritische Modelle. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp. (English translation as “The Meaning of Working Through the Past” in his Critical Models , trans. by Henry Pickford . New York: Columbia Press, 89–103).
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Anthonissen, Christine
    2003 “Interaction between Visual and Verbal Communication: Changing Patterns in the Printed Media.” InCritical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity, ed. by Gilbert Weiss , and Ruth Wodak , 297–311. Houndmills: Palgrave
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Billig, Michael
    1978 Fascists: A Social Psychology of the National Front. London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Byford, Jovan
    2011 Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave. 10.1057/9780230349216
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230349216 [Google Scholar]
  5. Cairns, James
    2009 “Politics? Fear not! The rise of the Average Superhero in the visual rhetoric of Bill Davis’ 1971 election pamphlet.” InCommunicating Canada’s Past: Approaches to the History of Print and Broadcast Media, ed. by Gene Allen , and Daniel J. Robinson , 194–230. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 10.3138/9781442697355‑010
     https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442697355-010 [Google Scholar]
  6. Evans, Richard J.
    2020 The Hitler Conspiracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Feldner, Gloria
    2019 Die Konstruktion des Feindbildes George Soros in Ungarn. Diplomarbeit, Universität Graz.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Freyenhagen, Fabian
    2020 “Adorno (and Horkheimer) on Anti-Semitism.” InBlackwell Companion to Adorno, ed. by Peter E. Gordon , Espen Hammer , and Max Pensky , 103–122. Oxford: Blackwell. 10.1002/9781119146940.ch7
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119146940.ch7 [Google Scholar]
  9. Heil, Johannes
    2012 “Thomas Monmouth and the Protocols of the Sages of Narbonne.” InThe Paranoid Apocalypse: a Hundred-year Retrospective on ‘The Protocols of the Elders of Zion’, ed. by Richard Landes , and Steven T. Katz , 56–76. New York: New York University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Horkheimer, Max , and Theodor W. Adorno
    1947 “Elemente des Antisemitismus”. InDialektik der Aufklärung, ed. by Max Horkheimer , and Theodor W. Adorno , Amsterdam: Querido. (English translation as Dialectic of Enlightenment by Edmund Jephcott . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Hyman, Paula
    1989 “The Dreyfus Affair: The Visual and the Historical.” The Journal of Modern History61 (1): 88–109. 10.1086/468192
     https://doi.org/10.1086/468192 [Google Scholar]
  12. Hyman, Paula E.
    2005 “New Perspectives on the Dreyfus affair.” Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques31 (3): 335–349.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Klymenko, Lina
    2018 “The Language of Party Programmes and Billboards: the Example of the 2014 Parliamentary Election Campaign in Ukraine.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Language and Politics, ed. by Ruth Wodak , and Bernhard Forchtner , 440–453. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Langer, Jacob
    2007 “Corruption and the Counterrevolution: the Rise and Fall of the Black Hundred History.” Phd Thesis, Durham, NC: Duke University. Available at: https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/438/D_Langer_Jacob_a_200712.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed3 February 2021)
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Lockwood, Erin
    2020 “The Antisemitic Backlash to Financial Power: Conspiracy Theory as a Response to Financial Complexity and Crisis.” New Political Economy26 (2): 261–270. 10.1080/13563467.2020.1841141
     https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2020.1841141 [Google Scholar]
  16. McLaughlin, Neil , and Skaidra Trilupaityte
    2012 “The International Circulation of Attacks and the Reputational Consequences of Local Context: George Soros’s Difficult Reputation in Russia, Post-Soviet Lithuania and the United States.” Cultural Sociology7 (4): 431–446. 10.1177/1749975512457142
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1749975512457142 [Google Scholar]
  17. Oberhauser, Claus
    2020 “Freemasons, Illuminati and Jews: Conspiracy theories and the French revolution.” InRoutledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories, ed. by Michael Butter , and Peter Knight , 555–568. London and New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9780429452734‑5_3
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452734-5_3 [Google Scholar]
  18. Oppenheimer, Louis
    2006 “The Development of Enemy Images.” Peace & Conflict. J Peace Psychology12 (3): 269–292. 10.1207/s15327949pac1203_4
     https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac1203_4 [Google Scholar]
  19. Orbán, Viktor
    2018 “Viktor Orbáns Festrede zum 170. Jahrestag der Revolution und des Freiheitskampfes von 1848/49.” www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/theprime-minister-s-speeches/viktor-orbans-festrede-zum-170-jahrestag-der-revolutionund-des-freiheitskampfes-von-1848-49 [accessed11 May 2021]
  20. Peham, Andreas
    2021 Kritik des Antisemitismus. Stuttgart: Schmetterling Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Political Capital
    Political Capital 2012 “The Conspiracy Worldview.” www.politicalcapital.hu/library.php?article_read=1&article_id=130 [accessed11 May 2021]
  22. Pörksen, Bernhard
    2005 [2000] Die Konstruktion von Feindbildern. Zum Sprachgebrauch in neonazistischen Medien. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Pulzer, Peter
    1988 The Rise of Political Antisemitism in Germany and Austria, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Reisigl, Martin
    2018 “The Discourse-Historical Approach.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies, ed. by John Flowerdew , and John E. Richardson , 44–59. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Reisigl, Martin , and Ruth Wodak
    2001 Discourse and Discrimination. Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Reisigl, Martin & Wodak, Ruth
    2009 “The Discourse-Historical Approach”. InMethods of Critical Discourse Analysised. by Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer , 87–121. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Richardson, John E.
    2017 British Fascist Discourse: A Discourse Historic Analysis. Columbia University Press/ibidem-Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 2018 “The National Front, and the Search for a ‘Nationalist’ Economic Policy.” InTomorrow Belongs to Us: The British Far Right since 1967, ed. by Nigel Copsey , and Matthew Worley , 48–68. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Richardson, John E. , and Monica Colombo
    2013 “Continuity and Change in Populist Anti-immigrant Discourse in Italy: An Analysis of Lega Leaflets.” Journal of Language and Politics12 (2): 180–202. 10.1075/jlp.12.2.02ric
     https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.12.2.02ric [Google Scholar]
  30. 2014 “Race and Immigration in Far- and Extreme-Right European Political Leaflets.” InContemporary Critical Discourse Studies, ed. by Christopher Hart , and Piotr Cap , 521–542. London: Bloomsbury.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Rosensaft, Menachem Z.
    1976 “Jews and Antisemites in Austria at the End of the Nineteenth Century.” Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook21 (1): 57–86. 10.1093/leobaeck/21.1.57
     https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/21.1.57 [Google Scholar]
  32. Simonsen, Kjetil Braut
    2020 Antisemitism and Conspiracism. InRoutledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories, ed. by Michael Butter , and Peter Knight , 357–370. London and New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9780429452734‑3_8
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452734-3_8 [Google Scholar]
  33. Stögner, Karin , and Ruth Wodak
    2015 “‘The man who Hated Britain’ –The Discursive Construction of ‘National Unity’ in the Daily Mail .” Critical Discourse Studies13 (2): 193–209. 10.1080/17405904.2015.1103764
     https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2015.1103764 [Google Scholar]
  34. Szombati, Kristóf , and Anna Szilágyi
    2020 “Enemy in the Making: The Language of “Anti-Sorosism” in the US and Hungary.” Available athttps://www.politicalresearch.org/2020/07/09/enemy-making-language-anti-sorosism-us-anhungary?fbclid=IwAR0Qxde7yWh4ox46jUWBdXmBgYHPG8ge6vJ4HpL5k8KwNPTUoYrQ_lW_o8I [accessed16 July 2020].
  35. Trachtenberg, Joshua
    1943 The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and its Relation to Modern Antisemitism. New Haven: Yale University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Uscinski, Joseph E.
    2019 “Down the Rabbit Hole We Go!” InConspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them, ed. by Joseph E. Uscinski , 1–32. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Volkan, Vamik D.
    2013 “Large Group Identity, International Relations, and Psychoanalysis.” Internatiional Forum of Psychoanalysis18 (4): 206–213. 10.1080/08037060902727795
     https://doi.org/10.1080/08037060902727795 [Google Scholar]
  38. Wall, Derek
    2003 “Social Credit: The Ecosocialism of Fools.” Capitalism Nature Socialism14 (3): 99–122. 10.1080/10455750308565537
     https://doi.org/10.1080/10455750308565537 [Google Scholar]
  39. Wodak, Ruth
    1989 “Iudeus ex Machina.” Grazer Linguistische Studien32: 153–180.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. 2018 “Right-wing Populism and Antisemitism.” InThe Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, ed. by Jens Rydgren , 61–85. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. 2020 The Politics of Fear. The Shameless Normalization of Far-right Populist Discourses. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. 2022 “Re/inventing antisemitic Feindbilder .” InFestschrift for András Kovács, ed. by Michael Miller . Budapest: CEU Press (in press).
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Wodak, Ruth , Peter Nowak , Johanna Pelikan , Helmut Gruber , Rudolf de Cillia , and Richard Mitten
    1990 ‘“Wir sind alle unschuldige Täter!” Diskurshistorische Studien zum Nachkriegsantisemitismus’. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Wodak, Ruth and Richardson, John E.
    eds. 2013 Analysing Fascist Discourse: European fascism in talk and text. New York: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Zamperini, Adriano , Luca Andrighetto , and Marialuisa Menegatto
    2012 “The Deconstruction of Enemy Images for a Nonkilling Society.” InNonkilling Psychology, ed. by Daniel Christie , and Joám Evans Pim , 320–340. Honolulu: Creative Commons.
     [Google Scholar]

  • From This Site

    /content/books/9789027256959-dapsac.98.17ric
    dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal
    10
    5
/content/books/9789027256959-dapsac.98.17ric
dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Journal
10
5
Chapter
content/books/9789027256959
Book
false
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error