1887

Emotion, psychophysiology, and intersubjectivity

image of Emotion, psychophysiology, and intersubjectivity

Conversation analytical studies on emotion show how expression of emotion is part of the intersubjective experience. Emotions, however, are as much physiological as experiential events. Physiological processes pertaining to emotion involve changes in cardiovascular activity, in the activation of sweat glands, and in muscular activity. The dyadic systems theory by Beebe and Lachmann (2002) suggests that actions that regulate social interaction also serve in the regulation of internal emotional states of interacting subjects. Drawing from this theory, our overall research questions was: how is the expression of emotion in social interaction linked to physiological responses in the participants? Our main result was that thorough conversational affiliation, the participants share the emotional load in the interaction.

  • Affiliations: 1: University of Helsinki; 2: Tampere University; 3: Outward Psychiatric Clinic of Western Helsinki; 4: Aalto University

References

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    2015 “Sharing the Emotional Load: Recipient Affiliation Calms Down the Storyteller.” Social Psychology Quarterly78: 301–323. 10.1177/0190272515611054
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    [Google Scholar]
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    [Google Scholar]
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    [Google Scholar]
  35. 2012 “Complaint Stories and Subsequent Complaint Stories with Affect Displays.” Journal of Pragmatics44 (4): 387–415. 10.1016/j.pragma.2012.01.005
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    2019 “Physiological Responses to Affiliation during Conversation: Comparing Neurotypical Males and Males with Asperger Syndrome.” PLoS ONE14(9). e0222084. 10.1371/journal.pone.0222084
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222084 [Google Scholar]
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    2008 “Stance, Alignment, and Affiliation During Storytelling: When Nodding is a Token of Affiliation.” Research on Language and Social Interaction, 41 (1): 31–57.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Vehviläinen, SannA.
    2003 “Preparing and Delivering Interpretations in Psychoanalytic Interaction.” Text23: 573–606. 10.1515/text.2003.022
    https://doi.org/10.1515/text.2003.022 [Google Scholar]
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    2010 “Recognition and Interpretation: Responding to Emotional Experience in Psychotherapy.” Research on Language and Social Interaction43 (1): 85–107.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Voutilainen, Liisa , Pentti Henttonen , Mikko Kahri , Niklas Ravaja , Mikko Sams , and Anssi Peräkylä
    2018 “Empathy, Challenge, and Psychophysiological Activation in Therapist–Client Interaction.” Frontiers in Psychology9: 530. 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00530
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00530 [Google Scholar]
  42. Weiste, Elina and Anssi Peräkylä
    2013 “A Comparative Conversation Analytic Study of Formulations in Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Psychotherapy.” Research on Language and Social Interaction46: 299–321. 10.1080/08351813.2013.839093
    https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2013.839093 [Google Scholar]
  43. Weiste, Elina , and Anssi Peräkylä
    2014 “Prosody and Empathic Communication in Psychotherapy Interaction.” Psychotherapy Research24: 687–701. 10.1080/10503307.2013.879619
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.879619 [Google Scholar]

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association
    American Psychiatric Association 2013Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Antaki, Charles
    2008 “Formulations in Psychotherapy.” InConversation Analysis and Psychotherapy, ed. by Anssi Peräkylä , Charles Antaki , Sanna Vehiläinen , and Ivan Leudar , 26–42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511490002.003
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  3. Beebe, Beatrice , and Frank Lachmann
    2002Infant Research and Adult Treatment. Co-Constructing Interactions. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bradley, Margaret , and Peter Lang
    2007 “Emotion and Motivation.” InHandbook of Psychophysiology, ed. by John Cacioppo , Louis Tassinary , and Gary Brentson , 581–607. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 10.1017/CBO9780511546396.025
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546396.025 [Google Scholar]
  5. Butler, Emily , Boris Egloff , Frank Wilhelm , Nancy Smith , Elizabeth A. Erickson , and James Gross
    2003 “The Social Consequences of Expressive Suppression.” Emotion3 (1): 48–67.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bänninger-Huber, Eva , and Christine Widmer
    1999 “Affective Relationship Patterns and Psychotherapeutic Change.” Psychotherapy Research9: 74–87. 10.1037/a0022187
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022187 [Google Scholar]
  7. Cacioppo, John , Louis Tassinary , and Gary Berntson
    (eds.) 2007Handbook of Psychophysiology. Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth
    2012 “Exploring Affiliation in the Reception of Conversational Complaint Stories.” InEmotion in Interaction, ed. by Anssi Peräkylä , and Marja-Leena Sorjonen , 113–46. New York: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730735.003.0006
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    1994Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Dawson, Michael , Anne Schell , and Diane Filion
    2007 “The Electrodermal System.” In Handbook of Psychophysiology (3rd edition.), ed. by John Cacioppo , Louis Tassinary , and Gary Berntson , 159–81. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511546396.007
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546396.007 [Google Scholar]
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    2011 “The Study of Formulations as a Key to an Interactional Semantics.” Human Studies34: 115–128. 10.1007/s10746‑011‑9187‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-011-9187-8 [Google Scholar]
  12. Goffman, Erwing
    1956 “Embarrassment and Social Organization.” American Journal of Sociology62 (3): 264–271. 10.1086/222003
    https://doi.org/10.1086/222003 [Google Scholar]
  13. Hatfield, Elaine , John Cacioppo , and Richard L. Rapson
    1994Emotional Contagion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Heritage, John. C. , and Rod D. Watson
    1980 “Aspects of the Properties of Formulations in Natural Conversations: Some Instances Analysed.” Semiotica30 (3–4): 245–262. 10.1515/semi.1980.30.3‑4.245
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  15. Hochschild, Arlie Russell
    (1979) Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure. American Journal of Sociology85(3):551-575.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. James, William
    1884 “What is an Emotion?” Mind9: 188–205.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Kleinbub, Johan R.
    2017 “State of the Art of Interpersonal Physiology in Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review.” Frontiers in Psychology8: 2053. 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02053
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02053 [Google Scholar]
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    2010 “Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Emotion: A Review.” Biological psychology84 (3): 394–421.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Labov, William , and Joshua Waletzky
    1967 “Narrative Analysis: Oral Versions of Personal Experience.” InEssays on the Verbal and Visual Arts: Proceedings of the 1966 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, ed. by June Helm , 12–44. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
    [Google Scholar]
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    1885Om Sindsbevaegelser: Et Psyko-Fysiologisk Studie. Copenhagen: Jacob Lunds Forlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Leary, Timothy
    1957Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality. New York: Ronald Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Lizdek, Ivana , Pamela Sadler , Erik Woody , Nicole Ethier , and Giles Malet
    2012 “Capturing the Stream of Behavior: A Computer-Joystick Method for Coding Interpersonal Behavior Continuously Over Time.” Social Science Computer Review30: 513–521. 10.1177/0894439312436487
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439312436487 [Google Scholar]
  23. Markram, Henry , Tania Rinaldi , and Kamila Markram
    2007 “The Intense World Syndrome – An Alternative Hypothesis for Autism.” Frontiers in Neuroscience1 (1): 77–96. http://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.01.1.1.006.2007
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Markram, Kamila , and Henry Markram
    2010 “The Intense World Theory – A Unifying Theory of the Neurobiology of Autism.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience4: 224. 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00224
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00224 [Google Scholar]
  25. Palumbo, Richard V. , Marisa E. Marraccini , Lisa Weyandt , Oliver Wilder-Smith , Heather McGee , Siwei Liu , and Matthew Goodwin
    2017 “Interpersonal Autonomic Physiology: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Personality and Social Psychology Review21: 99–141. 10.1177/1088868316628405
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316628405 [Google Scholar]
  26. Peräkylä, Anssi
    2011 “After Interpretation: Third Position Utterances in Psychoanalysis.” Research on Language and Social Interaction44: 288–316. 10.1080/08351813.2011.591968
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 2012 “Conversation Analysis in Psychotherapy.” InHandbook of Conversation Analysis, ed. by Tanya Stivers , and Jack Sidnell , 551–574. Oxford: Blackwell. 10.1002/9781118325001.ch27
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118325001.ch27 [Google Scholar]
  28. Peräkylä, Anssi , Pentti Henttonen , Liisa Voutilainen , Mikko Kahri , Melisa Stevanovic , Mikko Sams , and Niklas RavajA.
    2015 “Sharing the Emotional Load: Recipient Affiliation Calms Down the Storyteller.” Social Psychology Quarterly78: 301–323. 10.1177/0190272515611054
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272515611054 [Google Scholar]
  29. Peräkylä, Anssi , and Johanna Ruusuvuori
    2012 “Facial Expression and Interactional Regulation of Emotion.” In Emotion in Interaction, ed. by Anssi Peräkylä & Marja-Leena Sorjonen , 64–91. New York: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730735.003.0004
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730735.003.0004 [Google Scholar]
  30. Peräkylä, Anssi , and Marja-Leena Sorjonen
    2012Emotion in Interaction. New York: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730735.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730735.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  31. Ribeiro, António P. , Cátia Braga , William B. Stiles , Poliane Teixeira , Miguel M. Gonc¸alves , and Eugenia Ribeiro
    2016 “Therapist Interventions and Client Ambivalence in Two Cases of Narrative Therapy for Depression.” Psychotherapy Research26: 681–693. 10.1080/10503307.2016.1197439
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1197439 [Google Scholar]
  32. Sacks, Harvey
    1974 “An Analysis of the Course of a Joke’s Telling in Conversation.” InExplorations in the Ethnography of Speaking, ed. by Richard Bauman , and Joel Sherz , 337–353. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Sadler, Pamela , Nicole Ethier , Gregory R. Gunn , David Duong , and Erik Woody
    2009 “Are We on the Same Wavelength? Complementarity as Shared Cyclical Patterns within an Interaction.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology97: 1005–1020.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Selting, Margret
    2010 “Affectivity in Conversational Storytelling: An Analysis of Displays of Anger or Indignation in Complaint Stories.” Pragmatics20 (2): 229–277.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 2012 “Complaint Stories and Subsequent Complaint Stories with Affect Displays.” Journal of Pragmatics44 (4): 387–415. 10.1016/j.pragma.2012.01.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2012.01.005 [Google Scholar]
  36. Stevanovic, Melisa , Pentti Henttonen , Sonja Koski , Mikko Kahri , Liisa Voutilainen , Emmi Koskinen , Taina Nieminen-von Wendt , Elina Sihvola , Pekka Tani , and Anssi Peräkylä
    2017 “On the Asperger Experience of Interaction: Interpersonal Dynamics in Dyadic Conversations.” Journal of Autism4 (2). 10.7243/2054‑992X‑4‑2
    https://doi.org/10.7243/2054-992X-4-2 [Google Scholar]
  37. Stevanovic, Melisa , Pentti Henttonen , Emmi Koskinen , Anssi Peräkylä , Taina Nieminen von-Wendt , Elina Sihvola , Pekka Tani , Niklas Ravaja , and Mikko Sams
    2019 “Physiological Responses to Affiliation during Conversation: Comparing Neurotypical Males and Males with Asperger Syndrome.” PLoS ONE14(9). e0222084. 10.1371/journal.pone.0222084
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222084 [Google Scholar]
  38. Stivers, TanyA.
    2008 “Stance, Alignment, and Affiliation During Storytelling: When Nodding is a Token of Affiliation.” Research on Language and Social Interaction, 41 (1): 31–57.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Vehviläinen, SannA.
    2003 “Preparing and Delivering Interpretations in Psychoanalytic Interaction.” Text23: 573–606. 10.1515/text.2003.022
    https://doi.org/10.1515/text.2003.022 [Google Scholar]
  40. Voutilainen, Liisa , Anssi Peräkylä , and Johanna Ruusuvuori
    2010 “Recognition and Interpretation: Responding to Emotional Experience in Psychotherapy.” Research on Language and Social Interaction43 (1): 85–107.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Voutilainen, Liisa , Pentti Henttonen , Mikko Kahri , Niklas Ravaja , Mikko Sams , and Anssi Peräkylä
    2018 “Empathy, Challenge, and Psychophysiological Activation in Therapist–Client Interaction.” Frontiers in Psychology9: 530. 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00530
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00530 [Google Scholar]
  42. Weiste, Elina and Anssi Peräkylä
    2013 “A Comparative Conversation Analytic Study of Formulations in Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Psychotherapy.” Research on Language and Social Interaction46: 299–321. 10.1080/08351813.2013.839093
    https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2013.839093 [Google Scholar]
  43. Weiste, Elina , and Anssi Peräkylä
    2014 “Prosody and Empathic Communication in Psychotherapy Interaction.” Psychotherapy Research24: 687–701. 10.1080/10503307.2013.879619
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.879619 [Google Scholar]
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