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Chapter 13. Ethnic variation in real time

Change in Australian English diphthongs

image of Chapter 13. Ethnic variation in real time

Ethnic and ethnolectal variation in migrant communities have received much attention, but the manifestation and longevity of this variation is not yet well understood. Capitalising on Barbara Horvath’s foundational study of social variation in Australian English, and a comparable, recent corpus of sociolinguistic interviews (Sydney Speaks 2010s), we present a real-time test of ethnic variation in the speech of approximately 170 Australians over a 40-year period. We examine the speech of Anglo-, Italian- and Chinese-Australians, focusing on five diphthongs considered to be characteristic of Australian English. Analyses of over 20,000 tokens reveal no wholesale differences among ethnic groups, but they do reveal some differences in the progression and social conditioning of changes over time, which we argue are best understood in relation to the social nature of the changes undergone.

  • Affiliations: 1: University of Duisburg-Essen; 2: Australian National University

References

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  4. Australian Bureau of Statistics
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     https://doi.org/10.1159/000028438 [Google Scholar]
  21. Cox, Felicity & Sallyanne Palethorpe
    2006 A preliminary acoustic phonetic examination of Lebanese Australian English. Australian Journal of Psychology58 (Suppl. 1). 5. [Abstract]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 2007 Illustrations of the IPA: Australian English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association37(3). 341–350. 10.1017/S0025100307003192
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  25. Eckert, Penelope
    2008 Where do ethnolects stop?International Journal of Bilingualism12(1–2). 25–42. 10.1177/13670069080120010301
     https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069080120010301 [Google Scholar]
  26. Fromont, Robert & Jennifer Hay
    2012 LaBB-CAT: An annotation store. Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop, 113–117.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Grama, James , Catherine E. Travis , & Simon Gonzalez
    2020 Ethnolectal and community change ov(er) time: Word-final (er) in Australian English. Australian Journal of Linguistics40(3). 346–368. 10.1080/07268602.2020.1823818
     https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1823818 [Google Scholar]
  28. Gross, Johan , Sally Boyd , Therese Leinonen , & James A. Walker
    2016 A tale of two cities (and one vowel): Sociolinguistic variation in Swedish. Language Variation and Change28(2). 225–247. 10.1017/S0954394516000065
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    2010 Ethnolects and the city: Ethnic orientation and linguistic variation in Toronto English. Language Variation and Change22(1). 37–67. 10.1017/S0954394509990238
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  33. 1991 Finding a place in Sydney: Migrants and language change. In Suzanne Romaine (ed.), Language in Australia, 304–317. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511620881.023
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     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500012252 [Google Scholar]
  35. Jupp, James
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     [Google Scholar]
  36. Kerswill, Paul , Eivind Torgersen , & Susan Fox
    2008 Reversing “drift”: Innovation and diffusion in the London diphthong system. Language Variation and Change20(3). 451–491. 10.1017/S0954394508000148
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394508000148 [Google Scholar]
  37. Khoo, Siew-Ean
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     [Google Scholar]
  38. Kiesling, Scott Fabius
    2001 Australian English and recent migrant groups. In David Blair & Peter Collins (eds.), English in Australia, 239–257. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/veaw.g26.22kie
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  45. Lee, Esther
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References

  1. Albin, Aaron
    2014 PraatR: An architecture for controlling the phonetics software “Praat” with the R programming language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America135(4). 2198. 10.1121/1.4877175
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4877175 [Google Scholar]
  2. Australian Bureau of Statistics
    Australian Bureau of Statistics 1981 Census of Population and Housing. www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/2103.01981?OpenDocument. (25September 2015).
  3. Australian Bureau of Statistics
    Australian Bureau of Statistics 1991 Census of Population and Housing. https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/2101.01991. (25September 2015).
  4. Australian Bureau of Statistics
    Australian Bureau of Statistics 2016 2016 Census QuickStats. quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/036?opendocument. (12March 2019).
  5. Bates, Douglas , Martin Mächler , Ben Bolker , Steve Walker , Rune Haubo Bojesen Christensen , Henrik Singmann , Bin Dai , Fabian Scheipl , Gabor Grothendieck , Peter Green , & John Fox
    2019 lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using ‘Eigen’ and S4. R package, version1.1–121.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Becker, Kara
    2014 (r) we there yet? The change to rhoticity in New York City English. Language Variation and Change26. 141–168. 10.1017/S0954394514000064
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394514000064 [Google Scholar]
  7. Benson, Phil & Anikó Hatoss
    2019 Multingual Sydney: A city report. In Alice Chik , Phil Benson & Robin Moloney (eds.), Multilingual Sydney, 13–25. London/New York: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bořil, Tomáš & Radek Skarnitzl
    2016 Tools rPraat and mPraat. In Petr Sojka , Aleš Horák , Ivan Kopeček & Karel Pala (eds.), Text, speech, and dialogue, 367–374. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑45510‑5_42
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45510-5_42 [Google Scholar]
  9. Bradley, David & Maya Bradley
    2001 Changing attitudes to Australian English. In David Blair & Peter Collins (eds.) English in Australia, 271–286. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Bejnamins. 10.1075/veaw.g26.25bra
     https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g26.25bra [Google Scholar]
  10. Butcher, Andrew
    2012 Changes in the formant frequencies of vowels in the speech of South Australian females 1945–2010. In Felicity Cox , Katherine Demuth , Susan Lin , Kelly Miles , Sallyanne Palethorpe , Jason Shaw & Ivan Yuen (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 69–72. Sydney.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Callan, Victor J. , Cynthia Gallois , & Paula A. Forbes
    1983 Evaluative reactions to accented English: Ethnicity, sex role and context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology14(4). 407–426. 10.1177/0022002183014004002
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002183014004002 [Google Scholar]
  12. Cheshire, Jenny , Nortier Jacomine , & David Adger
    2015 Emerging multiethnolects in Europe. Queen Mary’s OPAL [Occasional Papers Advancing Linguistics]33.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Cheshire, Jenny , Paul Kerswill , Sue Fox , & Eivind Torgersen
    2011 Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics15(2). 151–196. 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2011.00478.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2011.00478.x [Google Scholar]
  14. Clothier, Josh
    2019 A sociophonetic analysis of /l/ darkness and Lebanese Australian ethnic identity in Australian English. In Sasha Calhoun , Paola Escudero , Marija Tabain & Paul Warren (eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS), 1888–1892. Melbourne, Australia: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Clothier, Josh & Debbie Loakes
    2018 Coronal stop VOT in Australian English: Lebanese Australians and mainstream Australian English speakers. In Julien Epps , Joe Wolfe , John Smith & Caroline Jones (eds.), Proceedings of the 17th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 13–16. Sydney: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Clyne, Michael
    1991 Community languages: The Australian experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511597084
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597084 [Google Scholar]
  17. 2000 Lingua franca and ethnolects in Europe and beyond. Sociolinguistica14. 83–89. 10.1515/9783110245196.83
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110245196.83 [Google Scholar]
  18. Clyne, Michael , Edina Eisikovits , & Laura Tollfree
    2001 Ethnic varieties of Australian English. In David Blair & Peter Collins (eds.), English in Australia, 223–238. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/veaw.g26.21cly
     https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g26.21cly [Google Scholar]
  19. 2002 Ethnolects as in-group varieties. In Anna Duszak (ed.), Us and others: Social identities across languages, discourses and cultures, 133–157. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.98.09cly
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.98.09cly [Google Scholar]
  20. Cox, Felicity
    1999 Vowel change in Australian English. Phonetica56(1–2). 1–27. 10.1159/000028438
     https://doi.org/10.1159/000028438 [Google Scholar]
  21. Cox, Felicity & Sallyanne Palethorpe
    2006 A preliminary acoustic phonetic examination of Lebanese Australian English. Australian Journal of Psychology58 (Suppl. 1). 5. [Abstract]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 2007 Illustrations of the IPA: Australian English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association37(3). 341–350. 10.1017/S0025100307003192
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100307003192 [Google Scholar]
  23. 2012 Standard Australian English: The sociostylistic broadness continuum. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), Standards of English: Codified varieties around the world, 294–317. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139023832.016
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139023832.016 [Google Scholar]
  24. Dodsworth, Robin & Richard A. Benton
    2017 Social network cohesion and the retreat from Southern vowels in Raleigh. Language in Society46. 371–405. 10.1017/S0047404517000185
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404517000185 [Google Scholar]
  25. Eckert, Penelope
    2008 Where do ethnolects stop?International Journal of Bilingualism12(1–2). 25–42. 10.1177/13670069080120010301
     https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069080120010301 [Google Scholar]
  26. Fromont, Robert & Jennifer Hay
    2012 LaBB-CAT: An annotation store. Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop, 113–117.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Grama, James , Catherine E. Travis , & Simon Gonzalez
    2020 Ethnolectal and community change ov(er) time: Word-final (er) in Australian English. Australian Journal of Linguistics40(3). 346–368. 10.1080/07268602.2020.1823818
     https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1823818 [Google Scholar]
  28. Gross, Johan , Sally Boyd , Therese Leinonen , & James A. Walker
    2016 A tale of two cities (and one vowel): Sociolinguistic variation in Swedish. Language Variation and Change28(2). 225–247. 10.1017/S0954394516000065
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394516000065 [Google Scholar]
  29. Guy, Gregory R. , Barbara M. Horvath , Julia Vonwiller , Elaine Daisley , & Inge Rogers
    1986 An intonational change in progress in Australian English. Language in Society15(1).23–52. 10.1017/S0047404500011635
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500011635 [Google Scholar]
  30. Hoffman, Michol F.
    2010 The role of social factors in the Canadian Vowel Shift: Evidence from Toronto. American Speech85(2). 121–140. 10.1215/00031283‑2010‑007
     https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2010-007 [Google Scholar]
  31. Hoffman, Michol F. & James A. Walker
    2010 Ethnolects and the city: Ethnic orientation and linguistic variation in Toronto English. Language Variation and Change22(1). 37–67. 10.1017/S0954394509990238
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394509990238 [Google Scholar]
  32. Horvath, Barbara
    1985 Variation in Australian English: The sociolects of Sydney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. 1991 Finding a place in Sydney: Migrants and language change. In Suzanne Romaine (ed.), Language in Australia, 304–317. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511620881.023
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620881.023 [Google Scholar]
  34. Horvath, Barbara & David Sankoff
    1987 Delimiting the Sydney speech community. Language in Society16(2). 179–204. 10.1017/S0047404500012252
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500012252 [Google Scholar]
  35. Jupp, James
    2001 The Australian people: An encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Kerswill, Paul , Eivind Torgersen , & Susan Fox
    2008 Reversing “drift”: Innovation and diffusion in the London diphthong system. Language Variation and Change20(3). 451–491. 10.1017/S0954394508000148
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394508000148 [Google Scholar]
  37. Khoo, Siew-Ean
    2003 A greater diversity of origins. In Siew-Ean Khoo & Peter McDonald (eds.), The transformation of Australia’s population: 1970–2030, 158–184. Sydney: UNSW Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Kiesling, Scott Fabius
    2001 Australian English and recent migrant groups. In David Blair & Peter Collins (eds.), English in Australia, 239–257. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/veaw.g26.22kie
     https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g26.22kie [Google Scholar]
  39. 2005 Variation, stance and style: Word-final -er, high rising tone, and ethnicity in Australian English. English World-Wide26(1). 1–42. 10.1075/eww.26.1.02kie
     https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.26.1.02kie [Google Scholar]
  40. Labov, William
    1966 The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. 1972 Sociolinguistic patterns. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. 1984 Field methods of the project on linguistic change and variation. In John Baugh & Joel Sherzer (eds.), Language in use: Readings in sociolinguistics, 28–53. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. 2008 Mysteries of the substrate. In Miriam Meyerhoff & Naomi Nagy (eds.), Social lives in language: Sociolinguistics and multilingual speech communities, 315–326. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/impact.24.19lab
     https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.24.19lab [Google Scholar]
  44. Lausberg, Hedda & Han Sloetjes
    2009 Coding gestural behavior with the NEUROGES-ELAN system. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers41(3). 841–849. tla.mpi.nl/tools/tla-tools/elan/
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Lee, Esther
    2020 Quotatives over time: A study in ethnic variation. Honours thesis, Australian National University.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Lobanov, Boris M.
    1971 Classification of Russian vowels spoken by different speaker”. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America49. 606–608. 10.1121/1.1912396
     https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1912396 [Google Scholar]
  47. Lüdecke, Daniel & Carsten Schwemmer
    2018 sjPLot: Data visualization for statistics in social science. R package version 2.6.1. https://strengejacke.github.io/sjPlot/
  48. Mitchell, A. G. & Arthur Delbridge
    1965 The speech of Australian adolescents: A survey. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. R Development Core Team
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