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Language Ideology and Semiotic Negotiation in Mongolian Use

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As Owen Lattimore points out, the right to move and the right to settle mark an ecological-cum-ideological division between nomadism and agriculturalism in Inner Asia. Though marketization has brought the Chinese Mongols and the Han ever closer, the need for ideological negotiation remains, which is best reflected in the discourse of Mongolian language use in Inner Mongolia and beyond. Language ideology is more about “reason” while semiotic negotiation takes place along the three dimensions of sign (representaman), object, and interpretant, a Peircean triadic division I adopt in this chapter. Language use involves reasoning as much as materiality.

References

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    2010  Fu meng xian mengguzu ren de yuyan taidu jiqi dui yuyan nengli he yuyan shiyong de yingxiang (“Attitudes of the Mongolians in Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County and Their Influence on Linguistic Competence and Language Use). Kaoshi Zhoukan39: 46–47.
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  4. Barfield, Thomas
    1989 The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
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  5. Basso, Keith H
    1996 Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
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  6. Bilik, Naran
    2010  Yuyan yishixingtai: yuyanrenleixue xinpian (“Language Ideology: A New Approach in Linguistic Anthropology”). Shijie Minzu4: 38–41.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. 2011  Minzu jiaoyuguan he yuyan yishixingtai (“Educational View of National Minorities and Language Ideology”). Hunan shifan daxue jiaoyukexue xuebao10 (4): 22–24.
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  8. Brent, Joseph
    1998 Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life. Revised and Enlarged Edition. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Bulag, Uradyn
    2003 “Mongolian Ethnicity and Linguistic Anxiety in China.” American Anthropologist105 (4): 753–763. doi: 10.1525/aa.2003.105.4.753
     https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2003.105.4.753 [Google Scholar]
  10. Di Cosmo, Nicola
    1994 “Ancient Inner Asian Nomads: Their Economic Basis and Its Significance in Chinese History.” Journal of Asian Studies53(4): 1092–1126. doi: 10.2307/2059235
     https://doi.org/10.2307/2059235 [Google Scholar]
  11. Dywer, Arienne M
    1998 “The Texture of Tongues: Languages and Power in China.” Nationalism & Ethnic Politics (Special Issue: Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China)4(1&2): 68–85. doi: 10.1080/13537119808428529
     https://doi.org/10.1080/13537119808428529 [Google Scholar]
  12. Hansen, Mette Halskov
    1999 “Teaching Backwardness or Equality: Chinese State Education Among the Tai in Sipsong Panna.” InChina’s National Minority Education: Culture, Schooling, and Development, ed. by Gerard A. Postiglione , 243–280. New York and London: Falmer Press.
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  13. Gal, Reg Suan , et al.
    2000 Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Politics, and Identities. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Harrell, Stevan and Ma Erzi
    1999 “Folk Theories of Success: Where Han Aren’t Always the Best.” InChina’s National Minority Education: Culture, Schooling, and Development, ed. by Gerard A. Postiglione , 213–241. New York and London: Falmer Press
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    2011 “Exploring a Pattern of Bilingual Education – Taking ‘Beijing Mongolian Language & Culture Class’ at Minzu University of China as an Example.” Journal of HUBEI Correspondence University. 24(5): 57–58.
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  16. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich and William Wallace
    2010 The Logic of Hegel, Charleston, South Carolina: Bibliolife.
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    2011 Paths to Post-Nationalism: A Critical Ethnography of Language and Identity, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746866.001.0001
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    2005 Cultural Intimacy: Social Poetics in the Nation-State. Second Edition. New York and London: Routledge.
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  19. Hoopes, James
    ed 1991 Peirce on Signs, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press.
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  20. Hu, Angang and Hu, Lianhe
    2011 Dier Dai Minzu Zhengce: Cujin Minzu Jiaorong Yiti he Fanrong Yiti (“The Second Generation of Minority Policies: Promoting Minzu Assimilaiton and Prosperity”). Xinjiang Shifan Daxue Xuebao5: 1–12.
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  21. Iredale, Robyn , Naran Bilik , Wang Su , Fei Guo , and Caroline Hoy
    2001 Contemporary Minority Migration, Education and Ethnicity in China. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Irvine, Judith T
    1989 “Talk Isn’t Cheap: Language and Political Economy.” American Ethnologist16: 248–67. doi: 10.1525/ae.1989.16.2.02a00040
     https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1989.16.2.02a00040 [Google Scholar]
  23. Jagchid, Sechin
    1989 Peace, War, and Trade Along the Great Wall: Nomadic-Chinese Interaction Through Two Millennia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Jogsenbai
    2011 Yingxiang Mengguyu Shouke Biyesheng Jiuye de Zhuyao Yinsu ji Jiejue Celue (“Major Factors that Influence Employment of Graduates Taught in Mongolian and Solutions”). Neimenggu Daxue Xuebao3: 49–52.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Jü, Jing
    2013  Meiguo minzu yuyan yishixingtai zhongzu tezheng tanxi (“Analysis of Racist Characteristics of National Language Ideology in the United States”). Yuwen Xuekan: 15–16.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Lattimore, Owen
    1951 Inner Asian Frontiers of China. New York: Capitol Publishing Co., Inc. Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y. and American Geographical Society.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. 1962 Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers 1928–1958, London: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Luo, Liangqing
    2004  Baoluo·de·man de yuyan yishixingtailun (“Paul de Man’s Allegory of Ideology”). Journal of Xinjiang University32(4): 38–41.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Qi, Xiaobin
    2002  Bei yiwang de yuyan: yishixingtai – Bahejin yishixingtai fuhaoxue chutan (“The Forgotten Language: Ideology – The Study On Ideological Semeiology of Bahtin”). Journal of School of Chinese Language and Culture Nanjing Normal University3: 158–163.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Schieffelin, Bambi B. and Kathryn A. Woolard
    eds. 1998 Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory, Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Sinha, Chris
    2010 Languages, Culture and Mind: Ten Lectures on Development, Evolution and Cognitive Linguistics. Beijing; Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Vygotsky, Lev S
    . Mind in Society. M. Cole , V. John-Steiner , S. Scribner & E. Souberman eds. 1978 Boston: Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Williams, Dee Mack
    2002 Beyond Great Walls: Environment, Identity, and Development on the Chinese Grassland of Inner Mongolia. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Ying, Jun
    2011 Menggu Zu Qingnian de Yuyan Taidu Yanjiu (“A Research on Language Attitude of Mongolian Youths”). Qianyan19: 154–156.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Zhang, Xiuge
    2013  Riben jindai guoyu gaige zhong de yishixingtai kaocha zhiyi—yi zhihe zhizai de guoyu gaige zhuzhang wei zhongxin (“The Linguistic Ideology in the Reform of Japanese National Language—Focusing on the Opinion Advocated by Shiga Naoya”). Journal of Jiaying University (Philosophy & Social Sciences)31(3): 83–86.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Zhou, Minglang
    2009  Yuyan yishixingtai he yuyan zhixu: quanqiuhua yu meizhong liangguo de duoyu (jiaoyu) zhanlue (“Language ideology and Linguistic Order: Globalization and Multilingual Strategy in the United States and China”). Journal of Jinan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)138(1): 45–56.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Zhu, Yongzhong , and Kevin Stuart
    1999 “Education among the Minhe Monguor. China’s National Minority Education: Culture, Schooling, and Development .” InChina’s National Minority Education: Culture, Schooling, and Development, ed. by Gerard A. Postiglione , 341–384. New York and London: Falmer Press.
     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Altancholoo
    2008a  Surgan humujil-iin hugjuulsugei (“On Promoting Education”). Inner Mongolia Education3: 2–10.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. 2008b  Surgan humujil-yien hugjuulsugei (On Promoting Education, continued). Inner Mongolia Education7–11.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Bao, Guihua
    2010  Fu meng xian mengguzu ren de yuyan taidu jiqi dui yuyan nengli he yuyan shiyong de yingxiang (“Attitudes of the Mongolians in Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County and Their Influence on Linguistic Competence and Language Use). Kaoshi Zhoukan39: 46–47.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Barfield, Thomas
    1989 The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Basso, Keith H
    1996 Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bilik, Naran
    2010  Yuyan yishixingtai: yuyanrenleixue xinpian (“Language Ideology: A New Approach in Linguistic Anthropology”). Shijie Minzu4: 38–41.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. 2011  Minzu jiaoyuguan he yuyan yishixingtai (“Educational View of National Minorities and Language Ideology”). Hunan shifan daxue jiaoyukexue xuebao10 (4): 22–24.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Brent, Joseph
    1998 Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life. Revised and Enlarged Edition. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Bulag, Uradyn
    2003 “Mongolian Ethnicity and Linguistic Anxiety in China.” American Anthropologist105 (4): 753–763. doi: 10.1525/aa.2003.105.4.753
     https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2003.105.4.753 [Google Scholar]
  10. Di Cosmo, Nicola
    1994 “Ancient Inner Asian Nomads: Their Economic Basis and Its Significance in Chinese History.” Journal of Asian Studies53(4): 1092–1126. doi: 10.2307/2059235
     https://doi.org/10.2307/2059235 [Google Scholar]
  11. Dywer, Arienne M
    1998 “The Texture of Tongues: Languages and Power in China.” Nationalism & Ethnic Politics (Special Issue: Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China)4(1&2): 68–85. doi: 10.1080/13537119808428529
     https://doi.org/10.1080/13537119808428529 [Google Scholar]
  12. Hansen, Mette Halskov
    1999 “Teaching Backwardness or Equality: Chinese State Education Among the Tai in Sipsong Panna.” InChina’s National Minority Education: Culture, Schooling, and Development, ed. by Gerard A. Postiglione , 243–280. New York and London: Falmer Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Gal, Reg Suan , et al.
    2000 Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Politics, and Identities. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Harrell, Stevan and Ma Erzi
    1999 “Folk Theories of Success: Where Han Aren’t Always the Best.” InChina’s National Minority Education: Culture, Schooling, and Development, ed. by Gerard A. Postiglione , 213–241. New York and London: Falmer Press
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Hasmuchir
    2011 “Exploring a Pattern of Bilingual Education – Taking ‘Beijing Mongolian Language & Culture Class’ at Minzu University of China as an Example.” Journal of HUBEI Correspondence University. 24(5): 57–58.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich and William Wallace
    2010 The Logic of Hegel, Charleston, South Carolina: Bibliolife.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Heller, Monica
    2011 Paths to Post-Nationalism: A Critical Ethnography of Language and Identity, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746866.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746866.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  18. Herzfeld, Michael
    2005 Cultural Intimacy: Social Poetics in the Nation-State. Second Edition. New York and London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Hoopes, James
    ed 1991 Peirce on Signs, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Hu, Angang and Hu, Lianhe
    2011 Dier Dai Minzu Zhengce: Cujin Minzu Jiaorong Yiti he Fanrong Yiti (“The Second Generation of Minority Policies: Promoting Minzu Assimilaiton and Prosperity”). Xinjiang Shifan Daxue Xuebao5: 1–12.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Iredale, Robyn , Naran Bilik , Wang Su , Fei Guo , and Caroline Hoy
    2001 Contemporary Minority Migration, Education and Ethnicity in China. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Irvine, Judith T
    1989 “Talk Isn’t Cheap: Language and Political Economy.” American Ethnologist16: 248–67. doi: 10.1525/ae.1989.16.2.02a00040
     https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1989.16.2.02a00040 [Google Scholar]
  23. Jagchid, Sechin
    1989 Peace, War, and Trade Along the Great Wall: Nomadic-Chinese Interaction Through Two Millennia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Jogsenbai
    2011 Yingxiang Mengguyu Shouke Biyesheng Jiuye de Zhuyao Yinsu ji Jiejue Celue (“Major Factors that Influence Employment of Graduates Taught in Mongolian and Solutions”). Neimenggu Daxue Xuebao3: 49–52.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Jü, Jing
    2013  Meiguo minzu yuyan yishixingtai zhongzu tezheng tanxi (“Analysis of Racist Characteristics of National Language Ideology in the United States”). Yuwen Xuekan: 15–16.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Lattimore, Owen
    1951 Inner Asian Frontiers of China. New York: Capitol Publishing Co., Inc. Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y. and American Geographical Society.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. 1962 Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers 1928–1958, London: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Luo, Liangqing
    2004  Baoluo·de·man de yuyan yishixingtailun (“Paul de Man’s Allegory of Ideology”). Journal of Xinjiang University32(4): 38–41.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Qi, Xiaobin
    2002  Bei yiwang de yuyan: yishixingtai – Bahejin yishixingtai fuhaoxue chutan (“The Forgotten Language: Ideology – The Study On Ideological Semeiology of Bahtin”). Journal of School of Chinese Language and Culture Nanjing Normal University3: 158–163.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Schieffelin, Bambi B. and Kathryn A. Woolard
    eds. 1998 Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory, Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Sinha, Chris
    2010 Languages, Culture and Mind: Ten Lectures on Development, Evolution and Cognitive Linguistics. Beijing; Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Vygotsky, Lev S
    . Mind in Society. M. Cole , V. John-Steiner , S. Scribner & E. Souberman eds. 1978 Boston: Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Williams, Dee Mack
    2002 Beyond Great Walls: Environment, Identity, and Development on the Chinese Grassland of Inner Mongolia. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Ying, Jun
    2011 Menggu Zu Qingnian de Yuyan Taidu Yanjiu (“A Research on Language Attitude of Mongolian Youths”). Qianyan19: 154–156.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Zhang, Xiuge
    2013  Riben jindai guoyu gaige zhong de yishixingtai kaocha zhiyi—yi zhihe zhizai de guoyu gaige zhuzhang wei zhongxin (“The Linguistic Ideology in the Reform of Japanese National Language—Focusing on the Opinion Advocated by Shiga Naoya”). Journal of Jiaying University (Philosophy & Social Sciences)31(3): 83–86.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Zhou, Minglang
    2009  Yuyan yishixingtai he yuyan zhixu: quanqiuhua yu meizhong liangguo de duoyu (jiaoyu) zhanlue (“Language ideology and Linguistic Order: Globalization and Multilingual Strategy in the United States and China”). Journal of Jinan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)138(1): 45–56.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Zhu, Yongzhong , and Kevin Stuart
    1999 “Education among the Minhe Monguor. China’s National Minority Education: Culture, Schooling, and Development .” InChina’s National Minority Education: Culture, Schooling, and Development, ed. by Gerard A. Postiglione , 341–384. New York and London: Falmer Press.
     [Google Scholar]

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