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Contrastive relations, evaluation, and generic structure in science news

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Assuming a close relation between generic structure and coherence structure, this paper attempts to classify the meanings linked by contrastive relations in the genre of science news. The analysis reveals five typical configurations recurrent in the genre which are characterized predominantly by linguistic evaluation and the entities or situations evaluated. The units observed are discussed from three different perspectives: first, from a narrowly semantic point of view; second, with regard to their strategic role in fulfilling the texts’ genre-specific purpose; and finally, with regard to their role in the evaluative coherence in the texts, using both a focus-based and a relational approach to coherence.

References

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    1991 The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell.
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    1994 Media Literacy. Sydney, Disadvantaged Schools Program, NSW Department of School Education.
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    2007 “Rhetorical Moves in Biochemistry Research Articles.”InDiscourse on the Move: Using Corpus Analysis to Describe Discourse Structure, ed. by Douglas Biber , Ulla Connor , and Thomas A. Upton , 73–119. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/scl.28.06kan
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    1971 “If’s, And’s, But’s about Conjunction.”InStudies in Linguistic Semantics, ed. by Charles J. Fillmore , and D. Terence Langendoen , 114–149. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
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    1998 “Resources for Attitudinal Meaning: Evaluative Orientations in Text Semantics.”Functions of Language5 (1): 33–56. doi: 10.1075/fol.5.1.03lem
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    1988 “Rhetorical Structure Theory: Toward a Functional Theory of Text Organization.”Text8 (3): 243–281.
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  31. Martin, James R. , and Peter R. R. White
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    2009 “Organização retórica do gênero notícia de popularização da ciencia: um estudo comparativo entre português e inglês [The rhetorical organization of the genre of popular-scientific reports: A comparative study of Portuguese and English].” Linguagem em (Dis)Curso9 (2): 233–271. doi: 10.1590/S1518‑76322009000200003
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    1990 Writing Biology: The Social Construction of Popular Science. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
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  34. 2003 “Discourse Studies of Scientific Popularization: Questioning the Boundaries.”Discourse Studies5 (2): 265–279. doi: 10.1177/1461445603005002006
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    1991 “The Structure of Science Popularizations: A Genre-analysis Approach to the Schema of Popularized Medical Texts.”English for Specific Purposes10: 111–123. doi: 10.1016/0889‑4906(91)90004‑G
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    2010 “Explicit Intertextuality in Science Popularization News.”Revista Ao pé da Letra12 (2): 25–49.
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    2008 “Discourse of ‘Distortion’ and Health and Medical News Reports: A Genre Analysis Perspective.” Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Edinburgh.
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    1990 Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Taboada, Maite
    2004 Building Coherence and Cohesion: Task-Oriented Dialogue in English and Spanish. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.129
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    2006 “Rhetorical Structure Theory: Looking Back and Moving Ahead.”Discourse Studies8 (3): 423–459. doi: 10.1177/1461445606061881
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  43. Taboada, Maite
    2009 “Implicit and Explicit Coherence Relations.”InDiscourse, of Course, ed. by Jan Renkema , 127–140. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/z.148.13tab
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  44. Taboada, Maite , Kimberly Voll , and Julian Brooke
    2008 “Extracting Sentiment as a Function of Discourse Structure and Topicality.” School of Computing Science Technical Report 2008-20 .
  45. Thetela, Puleng
    1997 “Evaluated Entities and Parameters of Value in Academic Research Articles.”English for Specific Purposes16 (2): 101–118. doi: 10.1016/S0889‑4906(96)00022‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(96)00022-1 [Google Scholar]
  46. Thompson, Geoff , and Susan Hunston
    2000 “Evaluation: An Introduction.”InEvaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse, ed. by Susan Hunston , and Geoff Thompson , 1–27. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Thompson, Geoff
    1998 “Resonance in Text.”InLinguistic Choice across Genres: Variation in Spoken and Written English, ed. by Antonia Sanchez-Macarro , and Ronald Carter , 29–63. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.158.05tho
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.158.05tho [Google Scholar]
  48. Thompson, Geoff , and Jianglin Zhou
    2000 “Evaluation and Organization in Text: The Structuring Role of Evaluative Disjuncts.”InEvaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse, ed. by Susan Hunston , and Geoff Thompson , 122–141. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
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    2013 “The Hard News Report: The Beginning, Middle and End.”InSilesian Studies 2012: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of English and American Studies, ed. by Markéta Johnová , and Michaela Weiss , 137–154. Opava: Silesian University in Opava.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. van Dijk, Teun A
    1988 News as Discourse. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. 1998 Ideology. A Multidisciplinary Introduction. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. White, Peter R. R
    1997 “Death, Disruption and the Moral Order: The Narrative Impulse in Mass-Media Hard News Reporting.”InGenres and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School, ed. by Francis Christie , and James R. Martin , 101–133. London: Cassell.
     [Google Scholar]
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     [Google Scholar]
  54. Winter, Eugene O
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     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Asher, Nicholas , Farah Benamara , and Yvette Yannick Mathieu
    2009 “Appraisal of Opinion Expressions in Discourse.”Linguisticae Investigationes32 (2): 279–292. doi: 10.1075/li.32.2.10ash
     https://doi.org/10.1075/li.32.2.10ash [Google Scholar]
  2. Asher, Nicolas , and Alex Lascarides
    2003 Logics of Conversation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Bednarek, Monika
    2006 Evaluation in Media Discourse. London/New York: Continuum.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. 2008 “‘An Increasingly Familiar Tragedy’: Evaluative Collocation and Conflation.”Functions of Language15 (1): 7–34. doi: 10.1075/fol.15.1.03bed
     https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.15.1.03bed [Google Scholar]
  5. 2009a “Dimensions of Evaluation: Cognitive and Linguistic Perspectives.”Pragmatics & Cognition17 (1): 146–175. doi: 10.1075/pc.17.1.05bed
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pc.17.1.05bed [Google Scholar]
  6. 2009b “Polyphony in Appraisal: Typological and Topological Perspectives.”Linguistics and the Human Sciences3 (2): 107–136.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Bell, Allan
    1991 The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Berger, Jonah , and Katherine L. Milkman
    2010 Social Transmission, Emotion, and the Virality of Online Content. Accessed January 11, 2012. opim.wharton.upenn.edu/~kmilkman/Virality.pdf
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Biber, Douglas , and Budsaba Kanoksilaptham
    2007 “Introduction to Move Analysis.”InDiscourse on the Move: Using Corpus Analysis to Describe Discourse Structure, ed. by Douglas Biber , Ulla Connor , and Thomas A. Upton , 23–41. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/scl.28
     https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.28 [Google Scholar]
  10. Bondi, Marina
    2004 “The Discourse Function of Contrastive Connectors in Academic Abstracts.”InDiscourse Patterns in Spoken and Written Corpora, ed. by Karin Aijmer , and Anna-Brita Stenström , 139–156. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.120.10bon
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.120.10bon [Google Scholar]
  11. Fahnestock, Jeanne
    1986 “Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical Life of Scientific Facts.”Written Communication3 (3): 275–296. doi: 10.1177/0741088386003003001
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088386003003001 [Google Scholar]
  12. 2004 “Preserving the Figure: Consistency in the Presentation of Scientific Arguments.”Written Communication21 (1): 6–31. doi: 10.1177/0741088303261034
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088303261034 [Google Scholar]
  13. Ford, Cecilia E
    2000 “The Treatment of Contrasts in Interaction.”InCause–Condition–Concession–Contrast: Cognitive and Discourse Perspectives, ed. by Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen , and Bernd Kortmann , 283–312. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110219043.3.283
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.3.283 [Google Scholar]
  14. Gruber, Helmut , and Peter Muntigl
    2005 “Generic and Rhetorical Structures of Texts: Two Sides of the Same Coin?” Folia Linguistica39 (1/2): 75–113. doi: 10.1515/flin.2005.39.1‑2.75
     https://doi.org/10.1515/flin.2005.39.1-2.75 [Google Scholar]
  15. Haupt, Jaromír
    2010 “Palpated, Phonendoscoped, X-rayed and Tomographed: The Structure of Science News in Good Shape.”InInterpretation of Meaning across Discourses, ed. by Renata Jančaříková , 161–174. Brno: Masaryk University.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. 2014 “Generic and Evaluative Patterns in Science News.” Unpublished PhD thesis. Masaryk University.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Heuboeck, Alois
    2009 “Some Aspects of Coherence, Genre, and Rhetorical Structure – And Their Integration in a Generic Model of Text.” Language Studies Working Papers (1): 35–45.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Hilgartner, Stephen
    1990 “The Dominant View of Popularization: Conceptual Problems, Political Uses.”Social Studies of Science20 (3): 519–539. doi: 10.1177/030631290020003006
     https://doi.org/10.1177/030631290020003006 [Google Scholar]
  19. Hoey, Michael
    1983 On the Surface of Discourse. London: Allen & Unwin.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. 2001 Textual Interaction: An Introduction to Written Discourse Analysis. London/New York: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. 2005 Lexical Priming: A New Theory of Words and Language. London/New York: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Hyland, Ken
    2000 Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic Writing. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Iedema, Rick , Susan Feez , and Peter R. R. White
    1994 Media Literacy. Sydney, Disadvantaged Schools Program, NSW Department of School Education.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Jordan, Michael P
    1985 Rhetoric of Everyday English Texts. London: George Allen & Unwin.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. 1985 “Some Relations of Surprise and Expectation.”InThe 11th LACUS Forum 1984, ed. by Robert A. Hall Jr ., 263–273. Columbia, SC: Hornbeam.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Kanoksilapatham, Budsaba
    2007 “Rhetorical Moves in Biochemistry Research Articles.”InDiscourse on the Move: Using Corpus Analysis to Describe Discourse Structure, ed. by Douglas Biber , Ulla Connor , and Thomas A. Upton , 73–119. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/scl.28.06kan
     https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.28.06kan [Google Scholar]
  27. Kortmann, Bernd
    1991 Absolute Adjuncts and Absolutes in English: Problems of Control and Interpretation. London/New York: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Lakoff, Robin T
    1971 “If’s, And’s, But’s about Conjunction.”InStudies in Linguistic Semantics, ed. by Charles J. Fillmore , and D. Terence Langendoen , 114–149. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Lemke, Jay L
    1998 “Resources for Attitudinal Meaning: Evaluative Orientations in Text Semantics.”Functions of Language5 (1): 33–56. doi: 10.1075/fol.5.1.03lem
     https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.5.1.03lem [Google Scholar]
  30. Mann, William C. , and Sandra A. Thompson
    1988 “Rhetorical Structure Theory: Toward a Functional Theory of Text Organization.”Text8 (3): 243–281.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Martin, James R. , and Peter R. R. White
    2005 Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. London/New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230511910
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230511910 [Google Scholar]
  32. Motta-Roth, Désirée , and Cristina dos Santos Lovato
    2009 “Organização retórica do gênero notícia de popularização da ciencia: um estudo comparativo entre português e inglês [The rhetorical organization of the genre of popular-scientific reports: A comparative study of Portuguese and English].” Linguagem em (Dis)Curso9 (2): 233–271. doi: 10.1590/S1518‑76322009000200003
     https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-76322009000200003 [Google Scholar]
  33. Myers, Greg
    1990 Writing Biology: The Social Construction of Popular Science. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. 2003 “Discourse Studies of Scientific Popularization: Questioning the Boundaries.”Discourse Studies5 (2): 265–279. doi: 10.1177/1461445603005002006
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445603005002006 [Google Scholar]
  35. Nwogu, Kevin N
    1991 “The Structure of Science Popularizations: A Genre-analysis Approach to the Schema of Popularized Medical Texts.”English for Specific Purposes10: 111–123. doi: 10.1016/0889‑4906(91)90004‑G
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906(91)90004-G [Google Scholar]
  36. O’Halloran, Kieran
    2009 “Implicit Dialogical Premises, Explanation as Argument: A Corpus-based Reconstruction.”Informal Logic29 (1): 15–53.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Scherer, Anelise S
    2010 “Explicit Intertextuality in Science Popularization News.”Revista Ao pé da Letra12 (2): 25–49.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Spenader, Jennifer , and Gert Stulp
    2007 “Antonymy and Contrast Relations.” In Seventh International Workshop on Computational Semantics , Tilburg, 10–11 January.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Suhardja, Imelda
    2008 “Discourse of ‘Distortion’ and Health and Medical News Reports: A Genre Analysis Perspective.” Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Edinburgh.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Swales, John
    1990 Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Taboada, Maite
    2004 Building Coherence and Cohesion: Task-Oriented Dialogue in English and Spanish. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.129
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.129 [Google Scholar]
  42. Taboada, Maite , and William C. Mann
    2006 “Rhetorical Structure Theory: Looking Back and Moving Ahead.”Discourse Studies8 (3): 423–459. doi: 10.1177/1461445606061881
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445606061881 [Google Scholar]
  43. Taboada, Maite
    2009 “Implicit and Explicit Coherence Relations.”InDiscourse, of Course, ed. by Jan Renkema , 127–140. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/z.148.13tab
     https://doi.org/10.1075/z.148.13tab [Google Scholar]
  44. Taboada, Maite , Kimberly Voll , and Julian Brooke
    2008 “Extracting Sentiment as a Function of Discourse Structure and Topicality.” School of Computing Science Technical Report 2008-20 .
  45. Thetela, Puleng
    1997 “Evaluated Entities and Parameters of Value in Academic Research Articles.”English for Specific Purposes16 (2): 101–118. doi: 10.1016/S0889‑4906(96)00022‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(96)00022-1 [Google Scholar]
  46. Thompson, Geoff , and Susan Hunston
    2000 “Evaluation: An Introduction.”InEvaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse, ed. by Susan Hunston , and Geoff Thompson , 1–27. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Thompson, Geoff
    1998 “Resonance in Text.”InLinguistic Choice across Genres: Variation in Spoken and Written English, ed. by Antonia Sanchez-Macarro , and Ronald Carter , 29–63. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.158.05tho
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.158.05tho [Google Scholar]
  48. Thompson, Geoff , and Jianglin Zhou
    2000 “Evaluation and Organization in Text: The Structuring Role of Evaluative Disjuncts.”InEvaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse, ed. by Susan Hunston , and Geoff Thompson , 122–141. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Urbanová, Zuzana
    2013 “The Hard News Report: The Beginning, Middle and End.”InSilesian Studies 2012: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of English and American Studies, ed. by Markéta Johnová , and Michaela Weiss , 137–154. Opava: Silesian University in Opava.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. van Dijk, Teun A
    1988 News as Discourse. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. 1998 Ideology. A Multidisciplinary Introduction. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. White, Peter R. R
    1997 “Death, Disruption and the Moral Order: The Narrative Impulse in Mass-Media Hard News Reporting.”InGenres and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School, ed. by Francis Christie , and James R. Martin , 101–133. London: Cassell.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. 2000 “Media Objectivity and the Rhetoric of News Story Structure.”InDiscourse and Community. Doing Functional Linguistics Language in Performance 21, ed. by Eija Ventola , 379–397. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Winter, Eugene O
    1974 “Replacement as a Function of Repetition: A Study of Some of Its Principal Features in the Clause Relations of Contemporary English.” Unpublished PhD thesis, University of London.
     [Google Scholar]

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