1887

Language Contact, Inherited Similarity and Social Difference

The story of linguistic interaction in the Maya lowlands

image of Language Contact, Inherited Similarity and Social Difference

This book offers a study of long-term, intensive language contact between more than a dozen Mayan languages spoken in the lowlands of Guatemala, Southern Mexico and Belize. It details the massive restructuring of syntactic and semantic organization, the calquing of grammatical patterns, and the direct borrowing of inflectional morphology, including, in some of these languages, the direct borrowing of even entire morphological paradigms. The in-depth analysis of contact among the genetically related Lowland Mayan languages presented in this volume serves as a highly relevant case for theoretical, historical, contact, typological, socio- and anthropological linguistics. This linguistically complex situation involves serious engagement with issues of methods for distinguishing contact-induced similarity from inherited similarity, the role of social and ideological variables in conditioning the outcomes of language contact, cross-linguistic tendencies in language contact, as well as the effect that inherited similarity can have on the processes and outcomes of language contact.

References

  1. Adams, Richard E. W
    1973 “Maya Collapse: Transformation and termination in the ceramic sequence at Altar de Sacrificios”. The Classic Maya Collapse ed. by T. Patrick Culbert , 133–163. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y
    1996 “Areal Diffusion in North-West Amazonia: The case of Tariana”. Anthropological Linguistics 38.73–116.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. 2003 “Mechanisms of Change in Areal Diffusion: New morphology and language contact”. Linguistics 39.1–29. doi: 10.1017/S0022226702001937
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226702001937 [Google Scholar]
  4. Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & Robert M. W. Dixon
    2001 “Introduction”. Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics ed. by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & Robert M. W. Dixon , 1–25. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Anderson, Benedict
    1983 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism . New York: Verso.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Appel, Rene & Pieter Muysken
    1987 Language Contact and the Bilingual Mind . London: Edward Arnold.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Arcos López, Nicolás
    2009 Los clasificadores numerales y las clases nominales en Ch’ol . M.A,. thesis, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social, México.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Atkinson, Quentin D
    2006 From Species to Language: A phylogenetic approach to human prehistory . Doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Auer, Peter
    2005 “The Construction of Linguistic Borders and the Linguistic Construction of Borders”. Dialects Across Borders: Selected papers from the 11th International Conference on Methods in Dialectology , Joensuu, August 2002 ed. by Filipula, Markku , Juhani Klemola , Marjatta Palander & Esa Penttila , 3–30 . Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.273.03aue
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.273.03aue [Google Scholar]
  10. Ayres, Glenn
    1981 “On Ergativity and Aspect in Ixil”. Journal of Mayan Linguistics 2:2. 128–145.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. 1991 La gramática ixil . Guatemala: Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bakhtin, Mikhail
    1981 The Dialogic Imagination: Four essays . Transl. by Michael Holquist and ed. by Caryl Emerson & Michael Holquist . Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Barrera Vásquez, Alfredo
    1980 Diccionario Maya Cordemex: Maya–Español, Español–Maya . Mérida: Ediciones Cordemex.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Barrett, Rusty
    2002 “The Huehuetenango Sprachbund and Mayan Language Standardization in Guatemala”. Proceedings of the 38th Chicago Linguistics Society: The Panels ed. by Mary Andronis , Erin Debenport , Anne Pycha & Keiko Yoshimura , 309–318. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Barth, Frederick
    1969 “Introduction”. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The social organization of culture difference ed. by Frederick Barth , 9–38. Boston: Little & Brown.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Bauman, Richard
    1983 Let Your Words Be Few: Symbolism of speaking and silence among 17th century Quakers . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Bauman, Richard & Charles L. Briggs
    2003 Voices of Modernity: Language ideologies and the politics of inequality . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:  doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511486647
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486647 [Google Scholar]
  18. Beier, Christine , Lev Michael & Joel Sherzer
    2002 “Discourse Forms and Processes in Indigenous Lowland South America: An areal-typological perspective”. Annual Review of Anthropology 31.121–145. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.032902.105935
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.032902.105935 [Google Scholar]
  19. Beltran, Pedro.
    1746 [1859]. Arte de el Idioma Maya Reducido a Sucintas Reglas y Semiléxico Yucateco . 2nd ed. Merida, Yucatan: Imprenta de J. D. Espinosa.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Bergqvist, Jan Henrik Göran
    2008 Temporal Reference in Lakandon Maya: Speaker- and Event-perspectives . Doctoral dissertation, Endangered Languages Academic Programme, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Berlin, Brent
    1968 Tzeltal Numeral Classifiers: A study in ethnographic semantics . The Hague: Mouton.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Boas, Franz
    , ed. 1911 Handbook of American Indian Languages. Vol. I (= Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40.) Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 1920 “The Classification of American Languages”. American Anthropologist 22:4. 367–376. doi: 10.1525/aa.1920.22.4.02a00070
    https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1920.22.4.02a00070 [Google Scholar]
  24. Bolles, David
    1985 A Grammar of the Yucatecan Mayan Language . Lancaster, Calif.: Labyrinthos.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Boot, Eric
    1995 “Kan Ek’ at Chichen Itsa: A quest into a possible Itsa heartland in the central Peten, Guatemala”. Yumtzilob 8:1. 5–27.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Boremanse, Didier
    1974An Ethnographic Survey of the Modern Lacandón, with a Special Reference to their Neighbours in the Usumacinta and Pasion Drainage During the 16th and 17th Centuries . Doctoral dissertation, Oxford University.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Braswell, Geoffrey E
    2006 “A Forest of Trees: Postclassic K’iche’an identity and the anthropological problem of ethnicity”. Maya Ethnicity: The construction of ethnic identity from preclassic to modern times ed. by Frauke Sasche (= Acta Mesoamericana , 19), 125–140. Markt Schwaben: Anton Saurwein.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Briceño Chel, Fidencio
    1993 La Cuantificación en Maya: El uso de clasificadores numerales y mensurativos . MA thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Bricker, Victoria
    1977 Pronominal Inflection in the Mayan Languages . (= Middle American Research Institute Occasional Papers , 1.) New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. 1981 “The Source of the Ergative Split in Yucatec Maya”. Journal of Mayan Linguistics 2:2. 83–127.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 2000 “Aspect, Deixis, and Voice: Commentary on papers by Wald and Lacadena”. Written Language & Literacy 3:1. 181–188. doi: 10.1075/wll.3.1.09bri
    https://doi.org/10.1075/wll.3.1.09bri [Google Scholar]
  32. Bricker, Victoria , Eleuterio Po’ot Yah & Ofelia Dzul de Po’ot
    1998 A Dictionary of the Maya Language: As spoken in Hocaba, Yucatán . Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Brown, Cecil
    1987 “The Linguistic History of Mayan ‘Year’ (*ha’ab’)”. Anthropological Linguistics 29.362–388.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. 2010 “Development of Agriculture in Prehistoric Mesoamerica: The linguistic evidence”. Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary approaches to food, culture, and markets in ancient Mesoamerica ed. by John E. Staller & Michael Carrasco , 71–107 . New York: Springer.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Brown, Roger & Albert Gilman
    1968 “The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity”. Readings in the Sociology of Language ed. by Joshua Fishman , 99–138. The Hague: Mouton. doi:  doi: 10.1515/9783110805376.252
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110805376.252 [Google Scholar]
  36. Campbell, Lyle
    1977 Quichean Linguistic Prehistory . Berkeley: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 1979 Review of Pronominal Inflection in the Mayan Languages by Victoria Bricker (New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University 1977)  American Anthropologist 81:4. 976. doi: 10.1525/aa.1979.81.4.02a00770
    https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1979.81.4.02a00770 [Google Scholar]
  38. 1988 The Linguistics of Southeast Chiapas, Mexico . (= Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation , 50.) Provo, Utah: New World Archaeological Foundation.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 1993 “On Proposed Universals of Grammatical Borrowing”. Historical Linguistics 1989: Papers from the 9th International Conference on Historical Linguistics , New Brunswick , 14–18August 1989 ed. by Henk Aertsen & Robert J. Jeffers , 91–110. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.106.08cam
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.106.08cam [Google Scholar]
  40. 1994 “Putting Pronouns in Proper Perspective in Proposals of Remote Relationships among Native American Languages”. Proceedings of the Meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, July 2–4, 1993, and the Hokan-Penutian Workshop , July3 1993 ed. by Margaret Langdon & Leanne Hinton (= Survey of California and Other Indian Languages , Report 8), 1–20. Berkeley: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 1996 “Phonetics and Phonology”. Contact Linguistics ed. by Hans Goebl , Peter H. Nelde , Zdenek Stary & Wolfgang Wölck (= International Handbook of Contemporary Research , 14), 98–103. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 1997 “Amerindian Personal Pronouns: A second opinion”. Language 73.339–351. doi: 10.2307/416022
    https://doi.org/10.2307/416022 [Google Scholar]
  43. 2006 “Areal Linguistics: A closer scrutiny”. Linguistic Areas: Convergence in historical and typological perspective ed. by April McMahon , Nigel Vincent & Yaron Matras , 1–31. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Campbell, Lyle & Brant Gardner
    1988 “Coxoh”. The Linguistics of Southeast Chiapas, Mexico by Lyle Campbell (= Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, 50) , 315–338. Provo, Utah: New World Archaeological Foundation.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Campbell, Lyle & Terrence Kaufman
    1976 “A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs”. American Antiquity 41:1. 80–89. doi: 10.2307/279044
    https://doi.org/10.2307/279044 [Google Scholar]
  46. Campbell, Lyle , Terrence Kaufman & Thomas C. Smith-Stark
    1986 “Mesoamerica as a Linguistic Area”. Language 62.530–570. doi: 10.1353/lan.1986.0105
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1986.0105 [Google Scholar]
  47. Can Pixabaj, Telma
    2004 La Topicalización en K’iche’: Una perspectiva discursiva . Licenciatura thesis, Universidad Rafael Landívar, Guatemala.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 2007 Jkemiik Yoloj li Uspanteko: Gramática Uspanteka . Guatemala: OKMA & Cholsamaj.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Clark, John E
    1994 The Development of Early Formative Rank Societies in the Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico . Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Clark, John E. & Michael Blake
    1994 “The Power of Prestige: Competitive generosity and the emergence of rank societies in lowland Mesoamerica”. Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World ed. by Elizabeth Brumfiel & John Fox , 17–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511598401.003
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598401.003 [Google Scholar]
  51. Clifford, James
    1988 The Predicament of Culture . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Comunidad Lingüística Awakateka (CLA)
    2001 Xtxoolb’iliil Qayool: Gramática descriptiva Awakateka . Guatemala: Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Comunidad Lingüística Sipakapense (CLS)
    2005 Gramática Descriptiva del Idioma Sipakapense . Guatemala: Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Comunidad Lingüística Q’anjob’al
    2005 Gramática Descriptiva Q’anjob’al = Yaq’b’anil stxolilal ti’ q’anjob’al . Guatemala: Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Coronel, Juan
    1620 Arte en lengua de Maya recopilado y enmendado . México: La Imprenta de Diego Garrido.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Craig, Colette G
    1977 The Structure of Jacaltec . Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Croft, William
    2000 Explaining Language Change: An evolutionary approach . Harlow, Essex: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Cuc Caal, Alfonso
    1988 Gramática del idioma Q’eqchi’ . Guatemala: Programa para el Desarrollo Integral de la Población Maya, Proyecto Lingüístico Francisco Marroquín, Universidad Rafael Landívar.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Culbert, T. Patrick & Don S. Rice
    , eds. 1990 Precolumbian Population in the Maya Lowlands . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Curnow, Timothy James
    2001 “What Language Features Can Be ‘Borrowed’?”. Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics ed. by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & Robert M. W. Dixon , 412–436. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Cysouw, Michael
    2005 “Inclusive/Exclusive Forms for ‘We’”. The World Atlas of Language Structures ed. by Martin Haspelmath , Matthew S. Dryer , David Gil , & Bernard Comrie , 162–169. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Dakin, Karen
    1988 “Las Lenguas Kanjobalanas: Polémicas clasificatorias”. Studia Humanitatis: Homenaje a Rubén Bonifaz Nuño ed. by Aurora Ocampo , 111–133. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Dayley, Jon P
    1981 “Voice and Ergativity in Mayan Languages”. Journal of Mayan Linguistics 2:2. 3–82.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. De Ara, Domingo
    1571 Bocabulario de lengua tzeltal según el orden de Copanabastla . Ms. Newberry Library, Chicago.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. De Vos, Jan
    1988 La Paz de Dios y del Rey: La conquista de la Selva Lacandóna (1525–1821) . Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Demarest, Arthur
    2004 Ancient Maya: The rise and fall of a rainforest civilization . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Dimmendaal, Gerrit J
    2001 “Areal Diffusion versus Genetic Inheritance: An African perspective”. Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics ed. by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and Robert M. W. Dixon , 358–392. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Dixon, Robert M. W
    1979 “Ergativity”. Language 55.59–138. doi: 10.2307/412519
    https://doi.org/10.2307/412519 [Google Scholar]
  69. 1997 The Rise and Fall of Languages . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511612060
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612060 [Google Scholar]
  70. Durie, Mark
    1996 “Early Germanic Umlaut and Variable Rules”. The Comparative Method Reviewed: Regularity and irregularity in language change ed. by Mark Durie & Malcolm Ross , 112–134. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Eckert, Penelope , & John R. Rickford
    , eds 2001 Style and Sociolinguistic Variation . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Emeneau, M[urray] B[arnson
    1956 “India as a Linguistic Area”. Language 32.3–16. doi: 10.2307/410649
    https://doi.org/10.2307/410649 [Google Scholar]
  73. Enfield, Nicholas J
    2003 Linguistic Epidemiology . London & New York: Routledge Curzon.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 2008 “Tolerable Friends”. Berkeley Linguistics Society Proceedings .
    [Google Scholar]
  75. England, Nora C
    1983 A Grammar of Mam, a Mayan Language . Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 1983 “Ergativity in Mamean (Mayan) Languages”. International Journal of American Linguistics 49.1–19. doi: 10.1086/465762
    https://doi.org/10.1086/465762 [Google Scholar]
  77. 1990 “El Mam: Semejanzas y diferencias regionales”. Lecturas sobre la Lingüística Maya ed. by Nora C. England & Stephen R. Elliot , 221–252. Antigua, Guatemala: CIRMA.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. 1991 “Changes in Basic Word Order in Mayan Languages”. International Journal of American Linguistics 57.446–486.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Epps, Patience
    2007 “The Vaupés Melting Pot: Tukanoan influence on Hup”. Grammars in Contact: A cross-linguistic typology ed. by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & Robert M. W. Dixon (= Explorations in Linguistic Typology , 4), 267–289. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 2009 “Language Classification, Language Contact, and Amazonian Prehistory”. Language and Linguistics Compass 3:2. 581–606. doi: 10.1111/j.1749‑818X.2009.00126.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2009.00126.x [Google Scholar]
  81. Errington, Joseph
    2001 “Colonial Linguistics”. Annual Review of Anthropology 30.19–39. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.19
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.19 [Google Scholar]
  82. 2008 Linguistics in a Colonial World: A story of language, meaning and power . Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Escobar, Alonso de
    1841 “Account of the Province of Vera Paz, in Guatemala, and of the Indian Settlements or Pueblos Established Therein”. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 11.89–97. doi: 10.2307/1797634
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1797634 [Google Scholar]
  84. Farriss, Nancy
    1984 Maya Society under Colonial Rule: The collective enterprise of survival . Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Feldman, Lawrence
    1998 Motagua Colonial: Conquest and colonization in the Motagua river valley of Guatemala . Raleigh, N.C.: Boson Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. French, Bridgittine
    1999 “Imagining the Nation: Language ideology and collective identity in Guatemala”. Language & Communication 19:4. 277–287. doi: 10.1016/S0271‑5309(99)00005‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(99)00005-1 [Google Scholar]
  87. French, Brigittine
    2010 Maya Ethnolinguistic Identity: Violence, cultural rights, and modernity in highland Guatemala . Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Furbee-Losee, Louanna
    1976 The Correct Language: Tojolabal . New York: Garland.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Garcia, Maria Luz
    2009 “Ergatividad Mixta en Ixhil”. Paper presented at theConference on Indigenous Languages of Latin America IV, Austin, Texas, Oct. 29 2013.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. García Ixmata, Pablo
    1997 Rukeemiik ja Tz’utujiil chii’: Gramática Tz’utujil . Guatemala: Cholsamaj.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Garrett, Andrew
    2006 “Convergence in the Formation of Indo-European Subgroups: Phylogeny and chronology”. Phylogenetic Methods and the Prehistory of Languages ed. by Peter Forster & Colin Renfrew , 139–151Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Gates, William
    1920 “The Distribution of the Several Branches of the Mayance Linguistic Stock”. The Inscriptions of Copan ed. by Sylvanus G. Morley , 605–615. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Gladwell, Malcolm
    2000 The Tipping Point: How little things can make a big difference . Boston: Little & Brown.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Gooskens, Charlotte
    2007 ”The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 28:6. 445–467 doi: 10.2167/jmmd511.0
    https://doi.org/10.2167/jmmd511.0 [Google Scholar]
  95. Greenberg, Joseph H. & Merritt Ruhlen
    1992 “Linguistic Origins of Native Americans”. Scientific American 267:5. 94–99. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican1192‑94
    https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1192-94 [Google Scholar]
  96. Grosjean, François
    1998 “Studying Bilinguals: Methodological and conceptual issues”. Bilingualism: Language & Cognition 1.131–149. doi: 10.1017/S136672899800025X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672899800025X [Google Scholar]
  97. 2001 “The Bilingual’s Language Modes”. One Mind, Two Languages: Bilingual language processing ed. by Janet L. Nicol , 1–22. Cornwall: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Grube, Nikolai
    2004 “The Orthographic Distinction between Velar and Glottal Spirants in Maya Hieroglyphic Writing”. The Linguistics of Maya Writing ed. by Søren Wichmann , 61–82. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Gumperz, John J. & Robert Wilson
    1971 “Convergence and Creolization: A case from the Indo-Aryan/Dravidian border”. Pidginization and Creolization of Languages ed. by Dell Hymes , 151–168. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Gupta, Akhil & James Ferguson
    1992 “Beyond ‘Culture’: Space, identity, and the politics of difference”. Cultural Anthropology 7.6–23. doi: 10.1525/can.1992.7.1.02a00020
    https://doi.org/10.1525/can.1992.7.1.02a00020 [Google Scholar]
  101. Gutiérrez Sánchez, Pedro
    2004 Las Clases de Verbos Intransitivos y el Alineamiento Agentivo en el Chol de Tila, Chiapas . M.A. thesis, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social, México.
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Haig, Geoffrey
    2001 “Linguistic Diffusion in Present-Day East Anatolia: From top to bottom”. Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics ed. by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & Robert M. W. Dixon , 195–224. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Hammond, Norman & Wendy Ashmore
    1981 “Lowland Maya Settlement: Geographical and chronological frameworks”. Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns ed. by Wendy Ashmore , 19–36. Santa Fe, N.M.: SAR Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Hanks, William
    1987 “Discourse Genres in a Theory of Practice”. American Ethnologist 14:4.668–692. doi: 10.1525/ae.1987.14.4.02a00050
    https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1987.14.4.02a00050 [Google Scholar]
  105. Harris, Alice C. & Lyle Campbell
    1995 Historical Syntax in a Cross-Linguistic Perspective (= Cambridge Studies in Linguistics , 74.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620553
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620553 [Google Scholar]
  106. Haspelmath, Martin
    2004 “How Hopeless Is Genealogical Linguistics, and How Advanced Is Areal Linguistics?”. Studies in Language 28.209–223. doi: 10.1075/sl.28.1.10has
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.28.1.10has [Google Scholar]
  107. Haspelmath, Martin , Matthew S. Dryer , David Gil & Bernard Comrie
    , eds 2005 The World Atlas of Language Structures . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Haugen, Einar
    1950 “The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing”. Language 26.210–231. doi: 10.2307/410058
    https://doi.org/10.2307/410058 [Google Scholar]
  109. 1966 “Semicommunication: The language gap in Scandinavia”. Sociological Inquiry 36. 280–297. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‑682X.1966.tb00630.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1966.tb00630.x [Google Scholar]
  110. Haviland, John B
    1981 Sk’op Sotz’leb: El Tzotzil de San Lorenzo Zinacantan . México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
    [Google Scholar]
  111. 1988 “It’s My Own Invention: A comparative grammatical sketch of Colonial Tzotzil”. The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantan ed. by Robert Laughlin (= Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology , 31), 79–121. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Heath, Jeffrey
    1978 Linguistic Diffusion in Arnhem Land (= Research and Regional Studies , 13). Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Heine, Bernd
    & Tania Kuteva 2003 “On Contact-Induced Grammaticalization”. Studies in Language 27:2. 529–572. doi: 10.1075/sl.27.3.04hei
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.27.3.04hei [Google Scholar]
  114. Heine, Bernd & Tania Kuteva
    2005 Language Contact and Grammatical Change . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511614132
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614132 [Google Scholar]
  115. Heine, Bernd & Derek Nurse
    , eds 2000 African Languages: An introduction . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Hellmuth, Nicholas M
    1970 Preliminary Bibliography of the Chol Lacandón, Yucatec Lacandón, Chol, Itza, Mopan, and Quejache of the Southern Maya Lowlands, 1524-1969 (= Katunob: Occasional Publications in Mesoamerican Anthropology , 4.) Greeley, Col.: Museum of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado.
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Hendrickson, Carol
    1995 Weaving Identities: Construction of dress and self in a highland Guatemala town . Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Hieda, Osamu , Christa König & Hirosi Nakagawa
    2011 Geographical Typology and Linguistic Areas: With special reference to Africa (= Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Studies in Linguistics , 2.) Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/tufs.2
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tufs.2 [Google Scholar]
  119. Hobsbawm, Eric J. E
    1990 Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Hofling, Charles A
    1991 Itzá Maya Texts: With a grammatical overview . Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  121. 1997 Itzaj-Maya-Spanish-English Dictionary . Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Hofling, Charles A.
    (with Félix Fernando Tesucún) 2000 Itzaj Maya Grammar . Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Hofling, Charles A
    2006 “A Sketch of the History of the Verbal Complex in Yukatekan Mayan Languages”. International Journal of American Linguistics 72:3. 367–396. doi: 10.1086/509490
    https://doi.org/10.1086/509490 [Google Scholar]
  124. Holman, Eric W. , Cecil H. Brown , Søren Wichmann , André Müller , Viveka Velupillai , Harald Hammarström , Sebastian Sauppe , Hagen Jung , Dik Bakker , Pamela Brown , Oleg Belyaev , Matthias Urban , Robert Mailhammer , Johann-Mattis List , & Dmitry Egorov
    2011 “Automated Dating of the World’s Language Families Based on Lexical Similarity”. Current Anthropology 52. 841–875. doi: 10.1086/662127
    https://doi.org/10.1086/662127 [Google Scholar]
  125. Hopkins, Nicholas
    1985 “On the History of the Chol Language”. Fifth Palenque Round Table , 1983 ed. by Merle Greene Robertson & Virginia M . Fields, 1–5. San Francisco: Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute.
    [Google Scholar]
  126. 2012 “The Noun Classifiers of Cuchumatan Mayan Languages: A case of difusion from Otomanguean”. International Journal of American Linguistics 78:3. 411–427. doi: 10.1086/665919
    https://doi.org/10.1086/665919 [Google Scholar]
  127. Hopper, Paul J. & Elizabeth C
    Traugott 2003 Grammaticalization . 2nd ed.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139165525
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165525 [Google Scholar]
  128. Houston, Stephen
    1997 “The Shifting Now: Aspect, deixis and narrative in Classic Maya texts”. American Anthropologist 99:2. 291–305. doi: 10.1525/aa.1997.99.2.291
    https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1997.99.2.291 [Google Scholar]
  129. Houston, Stephen , David Stuart & John Robertson
    1998 “Disharmony in Maya Hieroglyphic Writing: Linguistic change and continuity in Classic society”. Anatomía de una Civilización: Aproximaciones interdisciplinarias a la cultura Maya ed. by Andrés Ciudad Ruiz , Maria Yolanda Fernández Marquínez , José Miguel García Campillo , Maria Josefa Iglesias Ponce de León , Alfonso Lacadena García-Gallo , & Luís Tomás Saenz Castro (= Publicaciones de la S.E.E.M ., 4), 275–296. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas.
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Houston, Stephen , John Robertson & David Stuart
    2000 “The Language of Classic Maya Inscriptions”. Current Anthropology 41:3. 321–356. doi: 10.1086/300142
    https://doi.org/10.1086/300142 [Google Scholar]
  131. Hruby, Zachary X. & Mark B
    . Child 2004 “Chontal Linguistic Influence in Ancient Maya Writing: Intransitive positional verbal affixation”. The Linguistics of Maya Writing ed. by Søren Wichmann , 27–61. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Hull, Kerry
    2005 An Abbreviated Dictionary of Ch’orti’ Maya . A final report for the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies. Available at < www.famsi.org/reports/03031/index.html >. Last accessed3June 2013.
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Irvine, Judith
    2008 “Subjected Words: African linguistics and the colonial encounter”. Language & Communication 28. 323–343. doi: 10.1016/j.langcom.2008.02.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2008.02.001 [Google Scholar]
  134. Jacobsen, William H., Jr
    1980 “Inclusive/Exclusive: A diffused pronominal category in native western North America”. Chicago Linguistic Society 16:2. 204–227.
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Jake, Janice L
    1994 “Intrasentential Code Switching and Pronouns: On the categorical status of functional elements”. Linguistics 32. 271–298. doi: 10.1515/ling.1994.32.2.271
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1994.32.2.271 [Google Scholar]
  136. Jones, Grant D
    1998 The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Joseph, Brian D
    1992 “The Balkan Languages”. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics ed. by William Bright , 154–155. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Josserand, J. Kathryn
    1975 “Archaeological and Linguistic Correlations for Mayan Prehistory”. Actas del XLI Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, México, 2 al 7 de Septiembre de 1974 , vol. I, 501–510. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
    [Google Scholar]
  139. 2011 “Languages of the Preclassic Period along the Pacific Coastal Plains of Southeastern Mesoamerica”. The Southern Maya in the Late Preclassic: The rise and fall of an early Mesoamerican civilization ed. by Michael Love & Jonathan Kaplan , 141–174. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Justeson, John S. , William M. Norman , Lyle Campbell & Terrence Kaufman
    1985 The Foreign Impact on Lowland Mayan Language and Script . New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University.
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Kaufman, Terrence
    1971 Tzeltal Phonology and Morphology . Berkeley: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  142. 1972 El Proto-Tzeltal-Tzotzil: Fonología comparada y diccionario reconstruido (= Centro de Estudios Mayas, Cuaderno 5). México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
    [Google Scholar]
  143. 1976 “Archaeological and Linguistic Correlations in Mayaland and Associated Areas of Meso-America”. World Archaeology , 8:1. 101–118.
    [Google Scholar]
  144. 1980 “Pre-Columbian Borrowing Involving Huastec”. American Indian and Indo-European Studies: Papers in Honor of Madison S. Beeler ed. by Kathryn Klar , Margaret Langdon & Shirley Silver (= Trends in Linguistics , Studies and Monographs, 16), 101–112. The Hague: Mouton.
    [Google Scholar]
  145. 1990 “Algunos Rasgos Estructurales de los Idiomas Mayances con Referencia Especial al K’iche’”. Lecturas sobre la Lingüística Maya ed. by Nora C. England & Stephen R. Elliott , 59–114. Antigua Guatemala: CIRMA.
    [Google Scholar]
  146. (with John Justeson ) 2003 A Preliminary Mayan EtymologicalDictionary . Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies. Available at www.famsi.org/reports/01050/index.html. Last accessed3June 2013.
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Kaufman, Terrence & John Justeston
    2009 “Historical Linguistics and Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica”. Ancient Mesoamerica 20:2. 221–231. doi: 10.1017/S0956536109990113
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536109990113 [Google Scholar]
  148. Kaufman, Terrence & William M. Norman.
    1984 “An Outline of Proto-Cholan Phonology, Morphology and Vocabulary”. Phoneticism in Mayan Hieroglyphic Writing ed. by John S. Justeson & Lyle Campbell (= Institute for Mesoamerican Studies , 9), 77–166. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York.
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Keeler, Lauren
    2008 “Linguistic Reconstruction and the Construction of Nationalist-era Chinese Linguistics”. Language & Communication 28, 344–362. doi: 10.1016/j.langcom.2008.01.007
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2008.01.007 [Google Scholar]
  150. Keller, Kathryn C
    1955 “The Chontal (Mayan) Numeral System”. International Journal of American Linguistics 21:3. 258–275. doi: 10.1086/464339
    https://doi.org/10.1086/464339 [Google Scholar]
  151. Kendon, Adam
    1980 “Gesticulation and Speech: Two aspects of the process of utterance”. The Relationship of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication ed. by Mary R. Key , 207–227. The Hague: Mouton.
    [Google Scholar]
  152. 1997 “Gesture”. Annual Review of Anthropology 26. 109–128. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.109
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.109 [Google Scholar]
  153. Kerswill, Paul
    2002 “Koineization and Accomodation”. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change ed. by J[ohn] K. Chambers , Peter Trudgill & Natalie Schilling-Estes , 669–702. Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  154. King, Ruth
    2000 The Lexical Basis of Grammatical Borrowing: A Prince Edward Island case study . Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.209
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.209 [Google Scholar]
  155. Koptejevskaja-Tamm, Maria
    2002 “The Circum-Baltic Languages: A coastal contact-superposition zone in the European periphery”. Mediterranean Languages: Papers from the MEDTYP workshop, Tirrenia, June 2000 ed. by Paolo Ramat & Thomas Stolz , 209–222 . Bochum: N. Brockmeyer.
    [Google Scholar]
  156. 2006 “The Circle that Won’t Come Full: Two potential isoglosses in the Circum-Baltic area”. Linguistic Areas ed. by Yaron Matras , Andrea McMahon & Nigel Vincent , 182–226. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Labov, William
    1981 “Resolving the Neogrammarian Controversy”. Language 57. 267–308. doi: 10.2307/413692
    https://doi.org/10.2307/413692 [Google Scholar]
  158. Lacadena, Alfonso
    2002 “Nuevas Evidencias para la Lectura de T158”. Mayab 15. 41–47.
    [Google Scholar]
  159. & Søren Wichmann 2002 “The Distribution of Lowland Mayan Languages in the Classic Period”. La Organización Social entre los Mayas: Memoria de la Tercera Mesa Redonda de Palenque , vol. IIed. by Vera Tiesler , René Cobos & Merle Greene Robertson , 275–314. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia & Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán.
    [Google Scholar]
  160. LaPolla, Randy
    1994 “Parallel Grammaticalization in Tibeto-Burman Languages: Evidence of Sapir’s ‘drift’”. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 17. 61–80.
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Larsen, Thomas W
    1988 Manifestations of Ergativity in Quiché Grammar . Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Larsen, Thomas W. & William M. Norman
    1979 “Correlates of Ergativity in Mayan Grammar” . Ergativity: Toward a theory of grammatical relations ed. by Frans Plank , 347–70. London: Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Law, Danny
    2007 “En Búsqueda de Cognados: El caso de -oom en los escritos jeroglíficos mayas”. Presented atCILLA, Austin, Texas, 28October 2007.
  164. 2009 “Pronominal Borrowing Among the Maya”. Diachronica 26:2. 214–252. doi: 10.1075/dia.26.2.03law
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.26.2.03law [Google Scholar]
  165. . Forthcoming. “Language Mixing and the Case of Tojol-b’al”. Ms., University of Texas at Austin.
  166. Law, Danny , John Robertson & Stephen Houston
    2006 “Split Ergativity in the History of the Cholan Branch of the Mayan Language Family”. International Journal of American Linguistics 72:4. 415–450. doi: 10.1086/513056
    https://doi.org/10.1086/513056 [Google Scholar]
  167. Law, Danny , John Robertson , Stephen Houston & Robbie Haertel
    2009 “Most Maya Glyphs are Written in Ch’olti’an”. The Ch’orti’ Maya Area: Past and Present ed. by Brent E. Metz , Cameron L. McNeil & Kerry M. Hull , 29–42. Gainsville: University Press of Florida.
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Lehmann, Winfred Philipp
    1993 Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics . New York: Taylor & Francis.
    [Google Scholar]
  169. Lengyel, Thomas E
    1978 “Ergativity, Aspect, and Related Perplexities of Ixil-Maya”. Papers in Mayan Linguistics ed. by Nora C. England , 78–91. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri.
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Lenkersdorf, Gudrun
    1986 “Contribuciones a la Historia Colonial de los Tojolabales”. Los Legítimos Hombres: Aproximación antropológica al grupo tojolabal , vol. IVed. by Mario Humberto Ruz , 13–102. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
    [Google Scholar]
  171. Le Page, R[obert] B
    . & Andrée Tabouret-Keller 1985 Acts of Identity: Creole-based approaches to language and ethnicity . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  172. MacLeod, Barbara
    2004 “A World in a Grain of Sand: ‘Secondary verbs’ in the classic Maya script”. The Linguistics of Maya Writing ed. by Søren Wichmann , 291–325. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  173. Macleod, Barbara & Andrea Stone
    1995 “The Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Naj Tunich”. Images from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the tradition of Maya cave painting ed. by Andrea Stone , 155–184. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  174. Malchic Nicolás , Manuel , Romelia Mó Isem & Augusto Tul Rax
    2000 Variación Dialectal en Poqom . Guatemala: Cholsamaj.
    [Google Scholar]
  175. Manrique Castañeda , Leonardo
    1989 “La Posición de la Lengua Huasteca”. Huaxtecos y Totonacos ed. by Lorenzo Ochoa , 206–224. México: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.
    [Google Scholar]
  176. Martin, Simon & Nikolai Grube
    2008 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens . 2nd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson.
    [Google Scholar]
  177. Masica, Colin P
    1976 Defining a Linguistic Area: South Asia . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  178. Mateo Toledo, Eladio
    2008 The Family of Complex Predicates in Q’anjob’al (Maya); their syntax and meaning . Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
    [Google Scholar]
  179. Matisoff, James A
    2001 “Genetic versus Contact Relationship: Prosodic diffusibility in South-East Asian languages”. Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance ed. by Alexandra Aikhenvald & Robert M. W. Dixon , 291–327. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  180. Matras, Yaron
    1998 “Utterance Modifiers and Universals of Grammatical Borrowing”. Linguistics 36. 281–331. doi: 10.1515/ling.1998.36.2.281
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1998.36.2.281 [Google Scholar]
  181. 2007 “The Borrowability of Grammatical Categories”. Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-linguistic Perspective ed. by Yaron Matras & Jeannette Sakel , 31–74. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  182. 2009 Language Contact . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511809873
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809873 [Google Scholar]
  183. 2011 “Explaining Convergence and the Formation of Linguistic Areas”. Geographical Typology and Linguistic Areas: With special reference to Africa ed. by Osamu Hieda , Christa König & Hirosi Nakagawa , 143–160. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/tufs.2.11mat
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tufs.2.11mat [Google Scholar]
  184. Matras, Yaron & Jeanette Sakel
    , eds 2007a Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective . Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  185. 2007b “Investigating the Mechanisms of Pattern Replication in Language Convergence”. Studies in Language 31:4. 829–865. doi: 10.1075/sl.31.4.05mat
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.31.4.05mat [Google Scholar]
  186. Matras, Yaron , April McMahon & Nigel Vincent
    , eds 2006 Linguistic Areas: Convergence in historical and typological perspective . Houndmills: Palgrave-Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  187. Maurer Avalos, Eugenio & Abelino Guzmán Jiménez
    2001 Gramática Tseltal . México: Tlacopac San Ángel, Álvaro Obregón, Centro de Estudios Educativos.
    [Google Scholar]
  188. Maxwell, Judith
    1982 How to Talk to People Who Talk Funny: The Chuj (Maya) solution . Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.
    [Google Scholar]
  189. McKillop, Heather
    2004 The Ancient Maya: New perspectives . Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
    [Google Scholar]
  190. Mead, George Herbert
    1913 “The Social Self”. Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods 10. 374–380. doi: 10.2307/2012910
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2012910 [Google Scholar]
  191. Meillet, Antoine
    1914 “Le problème de la parenté des langues”. Scientia 15. 403–425.
    [Google Scholar]
  192. 1958 [1921] Linguistique historique et linguistique générale . Vol. I (= Societé de Linguistique de Paris ; Collection linguistique, 8.) Paris: Honoré Champion.
    [Google Scholar]
  193. Metz, Brent
    2006 Ch’orti’-Maya Survival in Eastern Guatemala: Indigeneity in transition . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  194. Milroy, James
    1992 “Social Network and Prestige Arguments in Sociolinguistics”. Sociolinguistics Today: International perspectives ed. by Kingsley Bolton & Helen Kwok , 146–162. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  195. Milroy, Leslie
    1987 Language and Social Networks . 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  196. Mó Isém , Romelia
    2006 Fonología y Morfología del Poqomchi’ Occidental . Licenciatura thesis, Universidad Rafael Landívar, Guatemala.
    [Google Scholar]
  197. Mondloch, James L
    1978 Basic Quiché Grammar . Albany: Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York.
    [Google Scholar]
  198. Mora-Marín, David F
    2009 “A Test and Falsification of the ‘Classic Ch’olti’an’ Hypothesis: A study of three proto-Ch’olan markers”. International Journal of American Linguistics 75:2. 115–157. doi: 10.1086/596592
    https://doi.org/10.1086/596592 [Google Scholar]
  199. Morán, Fray Francisco de
    1695 Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Cholti que Quiere Decir la Lengua de Milperos . Ms. Collection 497.4/M79, American Philosophical Society Library, Philadelphia.
    [Google Scholar]
  200. Moravcsik, Edith
    1978 “Universals of Language Contact”. Universals of Human Language ed. by Joseph Greenberg , 94–122. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  201. Morton, Michael M
    1989 Herder and the Poetics of Thought: Unity and diversity in “On diligence in several learned languages” . State College, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University.
    [Google Scholar]
  202. Mufwene, Salikoko S
    2008 Language Evolution: Contact, competition and change . London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
    [Google Scholar]
  203. Muysken, Pieter
    1981 “Halfway between Quechua and Spanish: The case for relexification”. Historicity and Variation in Creole Studies ed. by Arnold Highfield & Albert Valdman , 52–78. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Karoma.
    [Google Scholar]
  204. , ed 2008 From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics . Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/slcs.90
    https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.90 [Google Scholar]
  205. Myers-Scotton, Carol
    1993 Dueling Languages: Grammatical structure in codeswitching . Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  206. Nichols, Johanna
    1992 Linguistic Diversity in Time and Space . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226580593.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226580593.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  207. Nichols, Johanna , & David A. Peterson
    1996 “The Amerind Personal Pronouns”. Language 72.336–371. doi: 10.2307/416653
    https://doi.org/10.2307/416653 [Google Scholar]
  208. Norcliffe, Elisabeth
    2009 Head Marking in Usage and Grammar: A study of variation and change in Yucatec Maya . Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University.
    [Google Scholar]
  209. Norman, William M. & Lyle Campbell
    1978 “Toward a Proto-Mayan Syntax: A comparative perspective on grammar”. Papers in Mayan Linguistics ed. by Nora C . England, 136–156. Columbia, Miss.: University of Missouri.
    [Google Scholar]
  210. Ola Orie, Olanike & Victoria R. Bricker
    2000 “Placeless and Historical Laryngeals in Yucatec Maya”. International Journal of American Linguistics 66:3.283–317. doi: 10.1086/466427
    https://doi.org/10.1086/466427 [Google Scholar]
  211. Osorio May, José Del Carmen
    2005 Análisis de la Morfología Verbal del Yokot’an, “Chontal” del Poblado de Tecoluta, Nacajuca, Tabasco . M.A. thesis, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social.
    [Google Scholar]
  212. Palka, Joel W
    2005 “Postcolonial Conquest of the Southern Maya Lowlands: Cross-cultural interaction, and Lacandon Maya culture change”. The Postclassic to Spanish-Era Transition in Mesoamerica: Archaeological perspectives ed. by Susan Kepecs & Rani T. Alexander , 183–201. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  213. Paradis, Michel
    1977 “Bilingualism and Aphasia”. Studies in Neurolinguistics , vol.IIIed. by Haiganoosh Whitaker & Harry A. Whitaker , 65–121. New York: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/B978‑0‑12‑746303‑2.50008‑7
    https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-746303-2.50008-7 [Google Scholar]
  214. 2004 Neurolinguistic Theory of Bilingualism . Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sibil.18
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.18 [Google Scholar]
  215. Patal Majtzul, Filiberto , Pedro García Matzar
    & Carmelina Espantzay Serech 2000 Variación Dialectal en Kaqchikel . Guatemala: Cholsamaj.
    [Google Scholar]
  216. Paul, Hermann
    1920 [11880]   Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte . 5thed. Halle a.S.: Max Niemeyer.
    [Google Scholar]
  217. Peirce, Charles S
    1958 [1860] Charles S. Peirce: Selected Writings ed. by Philip P. Wiener . New York: Dover.
    [Google Scholar]
  218. Pérez, Eduardo , Zoila García Jiménez & Odilio Jiménez
    2000 Variación Dialectal en Mam . Guatemala: Cholsamaj.
    [Google Scholar]
  219. Pérez Vail & José Reginaldo
    2007 Xtxolil Yool B’a’aj: Gramática Tektiteka . Guatemala: OKMA & Cholsamaj.
    [Google Scholar]
  220. Polian, Gilles
    2004 Éléments de Grammaire du Tseltal . Doctoral dissertation, Université Paris III – Sorbonne Nouvelle.
    [Google Scholar]
  221. Quizar, Robin & Susan Knowles-Berry
    1988 “Ergativity in the Cholan Languages”. International Journal of American Linguistics 54.73–95. doi: 10.1086/466075
    https://doi.org/10.1086/466075 [Google Scholar]
  222. Raymundo González , Sonia, Adán Francisco Pascual, Pedro Mateo Pedro & Eladio Mateo Toledo
    2000 Variación Dialectal en Q’anjob’al . Guatemala: Cholsamaj.
    [Google Scholar]
  223. Rice, Don. S. & Prudence M. Rice
    2005 “16th and 17th Century Maya Political Geography in Central Peten, Guatemala”. The Postclassic to Spanish-Era Transition in Mesoamerica: Archaeological perspectives ed. by Susan Kepecs & Rani T. Alexander , 139–160. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  224. Richards, Michael
    2003 Atlas Lingüístico de Guatemala . Guatemala: SEPAZ, UVG, URL, USAID.
    [Google Scholar]
  225. Robertson, John S
    1977 “A Proposed Revision in Mayan Subgrouping”. International Journal of American Linguistics 43:2.105–120. doi: 10.1086/465466
    https://doi.org/10.1086/465466 [Google Scholar]
  226. 1980 The Structure of Pronoun Incorporation in the Mayan Verbal Complex . New York: Garland.
    [Google Scholar]
  227. 1982 “The History of the Absolutive Second Person Pronoun from Common Mayan to Modern Tzotzil”. International Journal of American Linguistics 48:4.436–433. doi: 10.1086/465752
    https://doi.org/10.1086/465752 [Google Scholar]
  228. 1983 “From Symbol to Icon: The evolution of the pronominal system of Common Mayan to Modern Yukatekan”. Language 59:3.529–540. doi: 10.2307/413902
    https://doi.org/10.2307/413902 [Google Scholar]
  229. 1985 “A Re-reconstruction of the Ergative 1 SG for Common Tzeltal-Tzotzil based on Colonial Documents”. International Journal of American Linguistics 51:4.555–561. doi: 10.1086/465971
    https://doi.org/10.1086/465971 [Google Scholar]
  230. 1987 “The Origins of the Mamean Pronominals: A Mayan/Indo-European typological comparison”. International Journal of American Linguistics 53.74–85. doi: 10.1086/466045
    https://doi.org/10.1086/466045 [Google Scholar]
  231. 1992 The History of Tense/Aspect/Mood/Voice in the Mayan Verbal Complex . Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  232. 1993 “The Origins and Development of the Huastec Pronouns”. International Journal of American Linguistics 59:3.294–314. doi: 10.1086/466200
    https://doi.org/10.1086/466200 [Google Scholar]
  233. 1998 “A Ch’olti’an Explanation for Ch’orti’an Grammar: A postlude to the language of the Classic Maya”. Mayab 11.5–11.
    [Google Scholar]
  234. 2010 “From Common Cholan-Tzeltalan to Classical Ch’olti’: The identification of the language of Mayan hieroglyphs  Mesoweb Articles : www.mesoweb.com/articles/robertson/Robertson-2010.pdf. Last accessed3June 2013.
    [Google Scholar]
  235. Robertson, John S. & Danny Law
    2009 “From Valency to Aspect in the Cholan-Tzeltalan Family of Mayan”. International Journal of American Linguistics 75:3.293–316. doi: 10.1086/604702
    https://doi.org/10.1086/604702 [Google Scholar]
  236. Robertson, John , Danny Law & Robbie Haertel
    2010 Colonial Cholti: The 17th Century ‘Moran Manuscript’ . Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  237. Robertson, John
    & Stephen Houston 2003 “El problema del Wasteko: Una perspectiva lingüística y arqueológica”. XVI simposio de investigaciones arqueológicas en Guatemala , ed. by Juan Pedro Laporte , Bárbara Arroyo , Héctor Escobedo , & Héctor Mejía , 723–733. Guatemala: Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes.
    [Google Scholar]
  238. Robertson, John S , Stephen Houston & David Stuart
    2004 “Tense and Aspect in Mayan Hieroglyphic Script”. Linguistics of Maya Writing ed. by Søren Wichmann , 259–289. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  239. Robertson, John & Stephen Houston
    . In press. “The Wastek Problem: A linguistic and archaeological perspective”. Heartland in the Hinterlands: New perspectives on the Huastec Maya of the northeastern gulf coast of Mexico ed. by Kata Faust & Kim Richter . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  240. Robertson, John S. & Søren Wichmann
    2004 “A Brief Reply to Wichmann’s ‘Hieroglyphic Evidence for the Historical Configuration of Eastern Cholan’ with A Reply to Robertson by Søren Wichmann and Final Response by John S. Robertson”. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 51a. Barnardsville, N.C.: Center for Maya Research.
    [Google Scholar]
  241. Ross Malcolm D
    1996 “Contact-Induced Change and the Comparative Method: Cases from Papua New Guinea”. The Comparative Method Reviewed: Regularitv and irregularity in language change ed. by Mark Durie & Malcolm Ross , 180–217. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  242. Ross, Malcolm
    1999 “Exploring Metatypy: How does contact-induced typological change come about?”. Keynote talk given at the Australian Linguistic Society’s annual Meeting, Perth 1999 Available at chl.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/mdr/Metatypy.pdf. Last accessed3June 2013.
    [Google Scholar]
  243. Ross Montejo, Antonio Benicio & Edna Patricia Delgado Rojas
    2000 Slahb’ab’anil kotzotelb’al yul Popti’: Variación dialectal en Popti’ . Guatemala: Cholsamaj.
    [Google Scholar]
  244. Ross, Malcolm & Mark Durie
    1996 “Introduction”. The Comparative Method Reviewed: Regularity and irregularity in language change ed. by Mark Durie & Malcolm Ross , 3–38. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  245. Roys, Ralph
    1962 “Literary Sources for the History of Mayapan”. Mayapan, Yucatán, Mexico ed. by Harry E. D. Pollock , Ralph L. Roys , Tatiana Proskouriakoff & A. L. Smith (= Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication, 619), 25–86. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington.
    [Google Scholar]
  246. San Buenaventura, Gabriel de
    1996[1684] Arte de la lengva maya, compuesto por el R. P. Fr. Gabriel de San Buenaventura Predicador, y difinidor habitual de la Provincial de San Joseph de Yucathan del Orden de N. P. S. Francisco ed. by René Acuña . Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
    [Google Scholar]
  247. Sanders, William T
    1973 “The Cultural Ecology of the Lowland Maya: A reevaluation”. The Classic Maya Collapse ed. by T. Patrick Culbert , 325–365. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  248. Santos Nicolás , José Francisco & José Gonzalo Benito Pérez
    1998 Rukorb’aal Poqom Q’orb’al: Gramática Poqom (Poqomam) . Guatemala: Cholsamaj.
    [Google Scholar]
  249. Sapir, Edward
    1921 Language: An introduction to the study of speech . New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.
    [Google Scholar]
  250. 1926 “A Chinookan phonetic law”. International Journal of American Linguistics 4: 105–110. doi: 10.1086/463761
    https://doi.org/10.1086/463761 [Google Scholar]
  251. Schegloff, Emanuel A
    1984 “On Some Gestures’ Relation to Talk”. Structures of Social Action ed. by J. Maxwell Atkinson & John Heritage , 266–298. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  252. Schmidt, Johannes
    1872 Die Verwandtschaftverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen . Weimar: Hermann Böhlau.
    [Google Scholar]
  253. Scholes, Francis V. & Ralph L. Roys
    1948 Maya Chontal Indians of Acalan-Tixchel: Contributions to the history and ethnography of the Yucatan peninsula (= Carnegie Institution Publication , 560.) Washington, D.C: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
    [Google Scholar]
  254. Schumann, Otto G
    1981 “La Relación Lingüística Chuj-Tojolabal”. Los Legítimos Hombres: Aproximación antropológica al grupo Tojolabal ed. by Mario Humberto Ruz , 129–169. Mexico: Centro de Estudios Mayas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
    [Google Scholar]
  255. 1983 “Algunos Aspectos de la Relación Chuj-Tojolabal”. Antropología e Historia de los Mixe-Zoques y Mayas: Homenaje a Frans Blom ed. by Lorenzo Ochoa & Thomas A. Lee Jr. , 355–363. Mexico: Universidad Autónoma de México; Brigham Young University.
    [Google Scholar]
  256. Schüppert, Anja , Nanna Haug Hilton & Charlotte Gooskens
    . In press. “Swedish is beautiful, Danish is ugly: Investigating the link between language attitudes and intelligibility”. Linguistics 53.2.
    [Google Scholar]
  257. Sharer, Robert J. & Loa P. Traxler
    2006 “The Foundations of Ethnic Diversity in the Southeastern Maya Area”. Maya Ethnicity: The construction of ethnic identity from preclassic to modern times ed. by Frauke Sachse (= Acta Mesoamericana, 19), 31–43. Markt Schwaben: Anton Saurwein.
    [Google Scholar]
  258. Sheveroshkin, Vitaly
    1989 “A Symposium on the Deep Reconstruction of Languages and Cultures”. Reconstructing Languages and Cultures: Materials from the first international interdisciplinary symposium on language and prehistory ed. by Vitaly Sheveroshkin , 6–8. Bochum: Nobert Brockmeyer.
    [Google Scholar]
  259. Siegel, Jeff
    1985 “Koines and Koineization”. Language in Society 14.357–378. doi: 10.1017/S0047404500011313
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500011313 [Google Scholar]
  260. 2001 “Koine Formation and Creole Genesis”. Language Contact and Creolization ed. by Norval Smith & Tonjes Veenstra , 175–197. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.23.08sie
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.23.08sie [Google Scholar]
  261. Silva-Corvalán, Carmen
    1994 Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles . Oxford: Clarendon.
    [Google Scholar]
  262. Silverstein, Michael
    1976 “Hierarchy of Features and Ergativity”. Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages ed. by Robert M. W. Dixon (= Linguistic Series, 22), 112–171. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
    [Google Scholar]
  263. 1981 The Limits of Awareness. (= Sociolinguistic Working Paper , 84.) Austin: Southwest Educational Development Library.
    [Google Scholar]
  264. Sis Iboy, Nikte
    ’ Maria Juliana 2002 Ri K’ichee’ Jay Ri Achi La E Ka’iib’ Chi Ch’ab’al? K’ichee’ y Achi dos idiomas diferentes? Licenciatura thesis, Universidad Rafael Landívar, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
    [Google Scholar]
  265. Smailus, Ortwin
    1975 El Maya-Chontal de Acalan: Análisis lingüístico de un documento de los años 1610–12. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
    [Google Scholar]
  266. Smith-Stark, Thomas
    1983 Jilotepeque Pocomam Phonology and Morphology . Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.
    [Google Scholar]
  267. Stiebels, Barbara
    2006 “Agent Focus in Mayan Languages”. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 24.501–570. doi: 10.1007/s11049‑005‑0539‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-005-0539-9 [Google Scholar]
  268. Stuart, David
    1998 “The Arrival of Strangers: Teotihuacan and Tollan in Classic Maya History”. PARI Newsletter no. 25, July 1998.
    [Google Scholar]
  269. 2005 Sourcebook for the 29th Maya Hieroglyph Forum , March11–16 2005 Austin: Department of Art and Art History, University of Texas at Austin.
    [Google Scholar]
  270. Suleiman, Yasir
    2003 The Arabic Language and National Identity: A study in ideology . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  271. Swadesh, Maurice
    1961 “Interrelaciones de las Lenguas Mayas”. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 13.231–267. Mexico.
    [Google Scholar]
  272. Tax, Sol
    1937 “The Municipios of the Midwestern Highlands of Guatemala”. American Anthropologist 39.423–444. doi: 10.1525/aa.1937.39.3.02a00060
    https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1937.39.3.02a00060 [Google Scholar]
  273. Thomason, Sarah
    2001 Language Contact: An introduction . Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  274. 2003 “Social Factors and Linguistic Processes in the Emergence of Stable Mixed Languages”. The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and empirical advances ed. by Yaron Matras & Peter Bakker, 21–40. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  275. Thomason, Sarah Grey & Daniel Everett
    2005 “Pronoun Borrowing”. Berkeley Linguistics Society 27.301–315.
    [Google Scholar]
  276. Thomason, Sarah Grey & Terrence Kaufman
    1988 Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics . Berkeley: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  277. Thompson, J.
    Eric 1938 “16th and 17th Century Reports on the Chol Mayas”. American Anthropologist 40:4.584–604. doi: 10.1525/aa.1938.40.4.02a00040
    https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1938.40.4.02a00040 [Google Scholar]
  278. Eric 1945 “A Survey of the Northern Maya Area”. American Antiquity 11.2–24. doi: 10.2307/275524
    https://doi.org/10.2307/275524 [Google Scholar]
  279. Thompson, J.Eric
    1950 Maya Hieroglyphic Writing: Introduction. (= Carnegie Institution of Washington , 589.) Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
    [Google Scholar]
  280. Thompson, J. Eric
    1966 The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization . Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  281. 1970 Maya History and Religion . Norman, Okla.: Oklahoma University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  282. Tozzer, Alfred
    1921 A Maya Grammar. With bibliography of the works noted . Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum.
    [Google Scholar]
  283. Trubetzkoy, Nikolaj
    Sergeevi? 1928 “[Proposition 16]”. Actes du Premier Congrès International des Linguistes , 17–18. Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff.
    [Google Scholar]
  284. Trudgill, Peter
    1974 “Linguistic Change and Diffusion: Description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect”. Language in Society 3:2.215–246. doi: 10.1017/S0047404500004358
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500004358 [Google Scholar]
  285. 1985 Dialects in Contact . Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  286. 2006 New-Dialect Formation: The inevitability of colonial Englishes . 2nded. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  287. 2010 Investigations in Sociohistorical Linguistics: Stories of colonisation and contact . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511760501
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760501 [Google Scholar]
  288. Turner, B. L., II
    1976 “Population Densities in the Classic Maya Lowlands: New evidence for old approaches”. Geographical Review 66.73–82. doi: 10.2307/213316
    https://doi.org/10.2307/213316 [Google Scholar]
  289. Van Coetsem, Frans
    1988 Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact . Dordrecht: Foris.
    [Google Scholar]
  290. 2000 A General and Unified Theory of the Transmission Process in Language Contact . Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
    [Google Scholar]
  291. van der Auwera, Johan
    1998 “Revisiting the Balkan and Mesoamerican Linguistic Areas”. Language Sciences 20:3.259–270. doi: 10.1016/S0388‑0001(98)00003‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0388-0001(98)00003-5 [Google Scholar]
  292. Vázquez Álvarez , Juan Jesus
    2002 Morfología del Verbo de la Lengua Chol de Tila, Chiapas . M.A. thesis, CIESAS, Mexico.
    [Google Scholar]
  293. Va?zquez A?lvarez, Juan Jesus
    2010 “Los Depictivos Anali?ticos y Sinte?ticos en la Lengua Chol de Tila, Chiapas”. La Predicacio?n Secundaria en Lenguas de Mesoame?rica ed. by Judith Aissen & Roberto Zavala , 61–85. Me?xico: CIESAS.
    [Google Scholar]
  294. Wald, Robert F
    2000 “Temporal Deixis in Colonial Chontal and Maya Hieroglyphic Narrative”. Written Language & Literacy 3.123–154. doi: 10.1075/wll.3.1.07wal
    https://doi.org/10.1075/wll.3.1.07wal [Google Scholar]
  295. 2007 The Verbal Complex in Classic-Period Maya Hieroglyphic Inscription: Its implications for language identification and change . Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
    [Google Scholar]
  296. Wallace, Stephen
    1983 “Pronouns in Contact”. Essays in honor of Charles F. Hockett ed. by Frederic B. Agard , Gerald Kelley , Adam Makkai & Valerie Becker Makkai , 573–589. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  297. Warren, Kay
    1978 The Symbolism of Subordination: Indian identity in a Guatemalan town . Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  298. Watanabe, John M
    1992 Maya Saints and Souls in a Changing World . Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  299. Weinreich, Uriel
    1953 Languages in Contact: Findings and problems . New York: Linguistic Circle of New York. (Repr., The Hague: Mouton 1968.)
    [Google Scholar]
  300. Whitney, William D
    1881 “On Mixture in Language”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Association 12.5–26.
    [Google Scholar]
  301. Whittaker, Arabelle A.
    & Viola M Warkentin 1965 Chol Texts on the Supernatural . (= Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications , 13.) Norman, Okla.: Summer Institute of Linguistics & University of Oklahoma.
    [Google Scholar]
  302. Wichmann, Søren
    2002 Hieroglyphic Evidence for the Historical Configuration of Eastern Cholan . ( = Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing , 51.) Washington, D.C.: Center for Maya Research.
    [Google Scholar]
  303. 2006a “A New Look at Linguistic Interaction in the Lowlands as a Background for the Study of Maya Codices”. Sacred Books, Sacred Languages: Two thousand years of ritual and religious Maya literature ed. by Rogelio Valencia Rivera & Geneviève Le Fort (= Acta Mesoamericana , 18), 45–64. Markt Schwaben: Anton Saurwein.
    [Google Scholar]
  304. 2006b “Mayan Historical Linguistics and Epigraphy: A new synthesis”. Annual Review of Anthropology 35.279–294. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123257
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123257 [Google Scholar]
  305. Wichmann, Søren & Cecil H. Brown
    2003 “Contact among some Mayan Languages: Inferences from loanwords”. Anthropological Linguistics 45:1.57–93.
    [Google Scholar]
  306. Wichmann, Søren & Albert Davletshin
    2006 “Writing with an Accent: Phonology as a marker of ethnic identity”. Maya Ethnicity: The construction of ethnic identity from preclassic to modern times ed. by Frauke Sachse (= Acta Mesoamericana , 19), 99–106. Markt Schwaben: Anton Saurwein.
    [Google Scholar]
  307. Wichmann, Søren & Kerry Hull
    2009 “Loanwords in Q’eqchi’, a Mayan Language of Guatemala”. Loanwords in the World’s Languages: A comparative handbook ed. by Martin Haspelmath & Uri Tadmor , 873–896. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110218442.873
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110218442.873 [Google Scholar]
  308. Wichmann, Søren & JanWohlgemuth
    2008 “Loan Verbs in a Typological Perspective”. Aspects of Language Contact: New theoretical, methodological and empirical findings with special focus on romancisation processes ed. by Thomas Stolz , Dik Bakker & Rosa Salas Palomo , 89–121. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  309. Willey, G. R
    1982 “Maya Archaeology”. Science 215.260–267. doi: 10.1126/science.215.4530.260
    https://doi.org/10.1126/science.215.4530.260 [Google Scholar]
  310. Wilson, Richard
    1995 Maya Resurgence in Guatemala: Q’eqchi’ experiences . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  311. Winford, Donald
    2003 An Introduction to Contact Linguistics . Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  312. 2005 “Contact-Induced Language Change: Classification and processes”. Diachronica 22:2.373–427. doi: 10.1075/dia.22.2.05win
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.22.2.05win [Google Scholar]
  313. Witschey, Walter R. T. & Clifford T. Brown
    2008 The Electronic Atlas of Ancient Maya Sites . mayagis.smv.org/maps_of_the_maya_area.htm [accessed19Nov. 2013]
    [Google Scholar]
  314. Wolff, Hans
    1959 “Intelligibility and Inter-Ethnic Attitudes”. Anthropological Linguistics 1.34–41.
    [Google Scholar]
  315. Woolard, Kathryn & Bambi Shieffelin
    1994 “Language Ideology”. Annual Review of Anthropology 23.55–82. doi: 10.1146/annurev.an.23.100194.000415
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.23.100194.000415 [Google Scholar]
  316. Wortman, Miles L
    1982 Government and Society in Central America , 1680–1840. New York: Columbia University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  317. Yasugi, Yoshiho
    2005 “Fronting of Nondirect Arguments and Adverbial Focus Marking on the Verb in Classical Yucatec”. International Journal of American Linguistics 71:1.56–86. doi: 10.1086/430578
    https://doi.org/10.1086/430578 [Google Scholar]
  318. Zavala Maldonado, Roberto
    1992 El Kanjobal de San Miguel Acatán . México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
    [Google Scholar]
  319. 1994 “Inverse Alignment in Huastec”. Función 15/16.27–81.
    [Google Scholar]
  320. 2000 “Multiple Classifier Systems in Akatek (Mayan)”. Systems of Nominal Classification ed. by Gunter Senft , 114–146. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/books/9789027270474
Loading
/content/books/9789027270474
dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Journal -contentType:Chapter
10
5
Chapter
content/books/9789027270474
Book
false
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error