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The analysis of constructions denoting possession (particularly but not exclusively in English) has long presented a challenge to morpho-syntactic theory and has been a topic of debate for some time. The papers presented here afford thought-provoking insights into the morphosyntactic nature of possessive markers under a variety of theoretical frameworks. The distribution of phrases expressing possession is explored in a range of languages (including English Swedish Urdu and West Flemish) with rigorous exploitation of corpus data and careful statistical analysis. Descriptions and analyses represent the state of the art in research into possessive constructions. Particular attention is paid to the English possessive ’s both synchronically and diachronically. This volume is essential for scholars interested in theoretical and corpus-based linguistics morphosyntactic constructions and the expression of possession.

Mongolian is the principal language spoken by some five million ethnic Mongols living in Outer and Inner Mongolia as well as in adjacent parts of Russia and China. The spoken language is divided into a number of mutually intelligible dialects while for writing two separate written languages are used: Cyrillic Khalkha in Outer Mongolia (the Republic of Mongolia) and Written Mongol in Inner Mongolia (P. R. China). In this grammatical description the focus is on the standard varieties of the spoken language as used in broadcasting education and everyday casual speech. The dialectology of the language and its background as a member of the Mongolic language family are also discussed. Mongolian is an agglutinating language with a well-developed suffixal morphology. In the areal framework the language is a typical member of the trans-Eurasian Ural-Altaic complex with features such as vowel harmony verb-final sentence structure and complex chains of non-finite verbal phrases.

Metaphor is a fascinating phenomenon but it is also complex and multi-faceted varying in how it is manifested in different modes of expression languages cultures or time-scales. How then can we reliably identify metaphors in different contexts? How does the language or culture of speakers and hearers affect the way metaphors are produced or interpreted? Are the methods employed to explore metaphors in one context applicable in others? The sixteen chapters that make up this volume offer not only detailed studies of the situated use of metaphor in language gesture and visuals around the world – providing important insights into the different factors that produce variation – but also careful explication and discussion of the methodological issues that arise when researchers approach metaphor in diverse ‘real world’ contexts. The book constitutes an important contribution to applied metaphor studies and will prove an invaluable resource for the novice and experienced metaphor researcher alike.

This is a new contribution to a theory of reiteration in natural languages with a special focus on creoles. Reiteration is meant to denote any situation where the same form occurs (at least) twice within the boundaries of some linguistic domain. By including two case studies bearing on Hebrew and Breton alongside five chapters on creole languages (Surinam creole Haitian Mauritian São Tomé and Pitchi) this volume brings counter-evidence to the claim that reiteration phenomena are particularly typical of creoles. And by exploring the syntax of reiteration alongside its morphology the authors are led to challenge the 'iconic' theory of 'reduplication' proposed in several other studies of similar phenomena. This volume will be relevant for creole studies but also for readers more generally interested in language universals and the architecture of grammars.

This collection of critical essays originally published in Pragmatics and Society 1:2 (2010) discusses how normative biases that shape our relation to the world are constructed through discursive practice in media discourse. The intertextual perspective it adopts is crucial for our understanding of how media representations of speakers and languages shape many of our preconceptions of others. Mediatization is inherently intertextual; the very nature of this process involves extracting the speech behavior of particular speakers or groups from a highly specific context and refracting and reshaping it to be inserted in another stream of representation. The notion of intertextuality becomes a useful concept for the linguistic anthropological study of media discourse in the context of modernity as it provides us with a tool for exploring the semiotic processes that underlie the way in which the media negotiate and reinscribe the complex relationships of identity that characterize late modern subjecthood.

This book brings together a variety of approaches to English corpus linguistics and shows how corpus methodologies can contribute to the linking of diachronic and synchronic studies. The articles in this volume investigate historical changes in the English language as well as specific aspects of Middle and Modern English and moreover of English dialects. The contributions also discuss the development of English corpus linguistics generally and its potential in the future. Special focus is given to the continuity between Middle and Modern English – much in line with the linking in previous studies of Middle English and Old English under the generic term “medievalism”. This volume highlights the continual development of English from the medieval to modern period.

This book is an authoritative account of multilingualism in the present era a phenomenon affecting a vast number of communities thousands of languages and millions of language users. The book’s focus is specifically on the knowledge and use of multiple languages but its treatment of the topic is very wide-ranging. It deals with both bilingualism and polyglottism at the level of the individual speaker as well as at the societal level. The volume addresses not only linguistic facets of multilingualism but also multilingualism’s cultural sociological educational and psychological dimensions moving from classic perspectives to recent and emerging directions of interest. The book’s extensive coverage takes in topics ranging from the ‘new linguistic dispensation’ in our globalized world to child development in multilingual environments from the classification of multilingual groupings to characteristics of the multilingual mind. This breadth makes Multilingualism an ideal advanced textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the areas of linguistics education and the social sciences.

This volume presents discourse production in multilingual contexts as a specific type of language contact situation. Translation may be seen as the prototypical type of multilingual discourse production other types would include parallel text production in different languages (e.g. for websites) or the production of versions more loosely connected with the source text. When divergent communicative norms and conventions come into contact in any of these types of text production one may find that such conventions transcend established language boundaries potentially leading to the emergence of new genres. This volume represents the first collection of papers that focus on the specific properties of language contact through multilingual discourse production. It brings together approaches by historical linguists language contact researchers and translation scholars thus presenting the topic in its full variety and providing valuable suggestions for further research in this emerging field of study.

One of the most striking trends across linguistic research in recent years has been the examination of the interfaces between the various subcomponents of the language faculty. Yet approaches to these interfaces across different theoretical frameworks differ substantially. This volume pulls together research into Morphology and its interfaces from researchers employing a variety of different theoretical and methodological perspectives: Morphology is a diverse field and rather than aiming to collect works sharing a particular approach or framework of assumptions this collection instead captures the diversity and provides an overview of the state of the research field while also addressing particular empirical phenomena with up-to-date analyses. The articles collected provide case studies from a diverse variety of languages revealing properties of the interfaces that morphology shares with syntax semantics phonology and the lexicon while the volume's inclusive cross-theoretical approach will serve to introduce readers to the findings of alternative frameworks and methodologies.

Language structure and use are largely shaped by cognitive processes such as categorizing framing inferencing associative (metonymic) and analogical (metaphorical) thinking and – mediated through cognition – by bodily experience emotion perception action social/communicative interaction culture and the internal ecology of the linguistic system itself. The contributors to the present volume demonstrate how these language-independent factors motivate grammar and the lexicon in a variety of languages such as English German French Italian Hungarian Russian Croatian Japanese and Korean. The volume will be of great interest to students and scholars in cognitive and functional linguistics.

This volume presents an overview of changes in paradigms perspectives and contexts of research into bilingual development over the past two decades. During this time the focus of perspective has changed. In the early 1990s most investigations still proceeded from models that assumed modular components hierarchical relationships and linear processes and investigated what were perceived to be the ‘typical’ contexts of bilingual development (sequential usually instructed bilingualism where the second language would remain the weaker one and the speakers investigated were typically young adults). More recently it has been proposed that such models may not be complex enough to accommodate bilingual development in all its facets and settings (bimodal bilingualism attrition aging). This change has recently culminated in applications of chaos theory to Applied Linguistics and in the widening range of situations of language acquisition learning and deterioration which have been investigated.

This book presents an innovative analysis that relates informational structure syntax and morphology in Quechua. It provides a minimalist account of the relationship between focus topic evidentiality and other left-peripheral features and sentence-internal constituents marked with suffixes that have been previously considered of a pragmatic nature. Intervention effects show that these relationships are also of a syntactic nature. The analysis is extended to morphological markers that appear on polarity sensitive items and wh-words. The book also provides a brief overview of the main characteristics of Quechua syntax as well as additional bibliographical information.

This volume focuses on work situations in Europe North America and South-Africa such as academic medical and public sector or business settings in which participants have to make constant use of more than one language to cooperate with partners clients or colleagues. Central questions are how the social and linguistic organization of work is adapted to the necessity of using different languages and how multilingualism impinges on the communicative outcome of different types of discourse or genres. Thus the authors are all interested in multilingual practices 'at work' which is to say how different forms of multilingual communication are managed flexibly adjusted to acquired and/or improved in a given workplace setting that often calls for particular implicit or explicit language policies. Thus this volume contributes to the study of workplace communication in a globalized world by drawing on different types of authentic data.

This monograph explores the interface between syntax and its related components through in-depth investigation of a sizable portion of the grammar of Indonesian and Javanese. It can be read on two levels. Theoretically it proposes the minimalist interface thesis that syntax-external linguistic interfaces are endowed with domain-specific operations (insertion deletion and type shifting) to legitimize an otherwise non-convergent result of the syntactic derivation for phonological and semantic interpretation. Empirically the monograph substantiates this thesis from detailed analyses of four phenomena (reduplication active voice morphology P-stranding under sluicing and nominal denotation). The study not only contains a wealth of new insights into comparative syntax from the perspective of Indonesian and Javanese but also necessitates serious reconsideration of the common view of the interfaces as merely ornamental components of natural language grammar. The monograph should appeal to syntacticians linguists interested in linguistic interfaces and the organization of grammar and researchers on Austronesian languages.

This book connects two linguistic phenomena modality and subordinators so that both are seen in a new light each adding to the understanding of the other. It argues that general subordinators (or complementizers) denote propositional modality (otherwise expressed by moods such as the indicative-subjunctive and epistemic-evidential modal markers). The book explores the hypothesis both on a cross-linguistic and on a language-branch specific level (the Germanic languages). One obvious connection between the indicative-subjunctive distinction and subordinators is that the former is typically manifested in subordinate clauses. Furthermore both the indicative-subjunctive and subordinators determine clause types. More importantly however it is shown through data from various languages that subordinators themselves often denote the indicative-subjunctive distinction. In the Germanic languages there is variation in many clause types between both the indicative and the subjunctive and that and if depending on the speaker’s and/or the subject’s certainty of the truth of the proposition.

Marathi an Indo-Aryan language is the official language of Maharashtra including Mumbai. Father Thomas Stephens the first English traveler to Goa a pioneer linguist wrote Christa Puran in Marathi (1616) and Arte da Lingoa Canarim in Portuguese printed in (1640). The latter is a grammar of Konkani a language closely related to Marathi. It is the first grammar of its kind marking a new grammatical tradition for modern Indo-Aryan languages. The present volume contains an extensive account of Marathi phonology morphology word formation and syntax. It succinctly describes the accentual system special compound verb forms unique pronominal anaphors complex agreement due to split ergative system and special pronominal marking. The book also contains a case study of a child’s acquisition of Marathi and an essay on Women’s Language the two topics that are increasingly becoming relevant to the grammar.

Metalanguage in Interaction is about the crystallization of metalanguage employed throughout interaction into the discourse markers which permeate talk. Based on close analysis of naturally-occurring Hebrew conversation it is a synchronic study of the grammaticization of discourse markers a phenomenon until now mostly studied from a diachronic perspective. It constitutes the first monograph in the fields of Hebrew interactional linguistics and Hebrew discourse markers. The book first presents what is unique to the present approach to discourse markers and gives them an operational definition. Discourse markers are explored as a system illuminating their patterning in terms of function structure and the moments in interaction at which they are employed. Next detailed analysis of four Hebrew discourse markers illuminates not only the functions and grammaticization patterns of these markers but also what they reveal about quintessential aspects of Israeli society identity and culture. The conclusion discusses commonalities and differences in the grammaticization patterns of the four markers and relates the grammaticization of discourse markers from interaction to projectability in discourse.

This detailed study challenges the claim that syntax is arbitrary and autonomous as well as the assumption that Spanish clitic clusters constitute grammaticalized units. Diverse--apparently unrelated--restrictions on clitic clustering in both simplex VP's and Accusative cum Infinitive structures are shown to be cognitively motivated given the meaning of the individual clitics and the compositional/interpretative routines those meanings motivate. The analysis accounts in coherent and principled fashion for the absolute non-occurrence of some clusters and the interpretation-dependent acceptability of all remaining clitic combinations: cluster acceptability depends on the ease with which the given clitic combination can be processed to yield a congruent message; there is no point in combining clitics whose meanings preclude speedy processing of the cluster. The monograph goes beyond previous work on Spanish clitics in its wealth of data the range of syntactic phenomena discussed and its analytic scope.

The volume presents a selection of contributions by leading scholars in the field of code-switching. In the past the phenomenon of code-switching was studied within different subfields of linguistics and they all took their own perspectives on code-switching without taking into account findings from other subdisciplines. This book raises a question of a much broader multidisciplinary approach to studying the phenomenon of code-switching; calls for integration of disciplines; and illustrates how frameworks from one subfield can be applied to models in another. The volume includes survey chapters empirical studies contributions that use empirical data to test new hypotheses about code-switching or suggest new approaches and models for the study of code-switching and chapters that discuss principles and constraints of code-switching and code-switching vs. transfer. The book is easily accessible to anyone who is interested in the phenomenon of code-switching in bilinguals.

This collection of papers discusses some of the major syntactic properties of Brazilian Portuguese from a minimalist perspective. The volume focuses on movement and empty category issues and brings new empirical material on a variety of topics (null subjects and finite control possessive and existential constructions factive constructions relative clauses null objects and stress shift preposition duplication VP topicalization and ellipsis). The book is of interest to a wide spectrum of linguists working on theoretical and comparative syntax.

Hierarchical clause structure is an important feature of most theories of grammar. While it has been an indispensable part of formal syntactic theories functional theories have more recently discovered for themselves a ‘layered structure of the clause’. A major focus of the current discussion on semanto-syntactic clause structure is the hierarchical ordering of grammatical categories such as tense aspect and modality. However there are very few empirical studies yet to provide systematic evidence for presumably universal hierarchical structures. This book presents a systematic corpus-based study of the semantic and morphosyntactic interaction of modality with tense aspect negation and modal markers embedded in subordinate clauses. The results are critically compared with extant theories of hierarchies of grammatical categories including those in Functional Grammar Role and Reference Grammar and the Cartography of Syntactic Structures. Also provided is an extensive description of the expression of modality and related categories in Modern Japanese.

This monograph presents a morpho-syntactic investigation on modality aspect and negation by concentrating on Persian and is designed to contribute to theoretical linguistics and the study of Iranian languages. The analysis is based on the Minimalist program. This research challenges the idea that the syntactic structure maps on the semantic interpretation or vice versa. The discussion presented in this monograph shows that the syntactic structure of Persian modals is uniform no matter if the modals are interpreted as having root or epistemic readings. Although it is claimed that modals are raising constructions in different languages modals in Persian which does not have subject-raising constructions show a different syntactic behavior. Furthermore the structural analysis of the interaction of Persian modals and negation shows that because of the scope interaction of negation and modals the syntactic structure of modals with respect to negation mostly corresponds to the semantic interpretation of modals.

This volume aims to make a contribution to codifying the methods and practices linguists use to recover language history focussing predominantly on historical morphology. The volume includes studies on a wide range of languages: not only Indo-European but also Austronesian Sinitic Mon-Khmer Basque one Papuan language family as well as a number of Australian families. Few collections are as cross-linguistic as this reflecting the new challenges which have emerged from the study of languages outside those best known from historical linguistics. The contributors illustrate shared methodological and theoretical issues concerning genetic relatedness (that is the use of morphological evidence for classification and subgrouping) reconstruction and processes of change with a diverse range of data. The volume is in honour of Harold Koch who has long combined innovative research on understudied languages with methodological rigour and codification of practices within the discipline.

Information and communication technology is transforming our notion of literacy. In the study of second language learning there is an acute need to understand how learners collaborate in mediating discourse online. This edited volume offers essays and research studies that lead us to question the borders between speech and writing to redefine narrative to speculate on the consequences of many-to-many communication and to ponder the ethics of researching online interaction. Using diverse technologies (bulletin boards course management systems chats instant messaging online gaming) and situated in different cultural environments the studies explore intercultural notions of identity voice and collaboration. Although the studies come from varying theoretical perspectives they point as a whole to insights to be gained from an ecological approach to studying how people make discourse online. The volume will especially benefit researchers in the digital arena and instructors who must consider how online interaction affects language learning and use.

The cognitive theory of mental spaces and conceptual integration (MSCI) is a twenty-year-old cross-disciplinary enterprise that presently unfolds in academic circles on many levels of reflection and research. One important area of inquiry where MSCI can be of immediate use is in the pragmatics of written and spoken discourse and interaction. At the same time empirical insights from the fields of interaction and discourse provide a necessary fundament for the development of the cognitive theories of discourse. This collection of seven chapters and three commentaries aims at evaluating and developing MSCI as a theory of meaning construction in discourse and interaction. MSCI will benefit greatly not only from empirical support but also from clearer refinement of its methodology and philosophical foundations. This volume presents the latest work on discourse and interaction from a mental spaces perspective surely to be of interest to a broad range of researchers in discourse analysis.

The contributions to this volume focus on what language and language use reveals about cognitive structure and underlying cognitive categories. Wide-ranging and thought-provoking essays from linguists and psychologists within this volume investigate the insights conceptual categorization can give into the organization and structure of the mind and specific mental states. Topics and linguistic phenomena discussed include narratives and story telling language development figurative language linguistic categorization linguistic relativity and the linguistic coding of mental states such as perceptions and beliefs. With contributions at the forefront of current debate this book will appeal to anyone with an interest in language and the cognitive structures that support it.

This collection of papers fills a gap in current research on both metapragmatics and pragmatics in that it combines data-based pragmatic analysis with metapragmatic theory and focuses on the ways in which metadiscourse is actually used. The 12 contributions investigate speech acts and verbal (as well as non-verbal) expressions which highlight (meta-)linguistic aspects of ongoing discourse and thus provoke a deviation from the latter’s original direction and purpose. All case studies discuss ways and means which interactants employ to resolve diverging pragmatic expectations in communication. The papers analyze authentic examples from English and other languages (and cultures) including Thai Chinese and Japanese and center around three principal domains of communication: ordinary everyday interaction interaction in educational contexts and in specialized discourse. The introductory chapter locates the various contributions within a systematically broader theoretical framework. The wide scope of the collection its empirical orientation and the reader-friendly form of presentation should appeal to anyone interested in pragmatics whether scholar or student.

Typologies are critical tools for linguists but typologies like grammars are known to leak. This book addresses the question of typological overlap from the perspective of a single language. In Lowland Chontal of Oaxaca a language of southern Mexico change events are expressed with three types of predicates and each predicate type corresponds to a different language type in the well-known typology of lexicalization patterns established by Talmy and elaborated by others. O’Connor evaluates the predictive powers of the typology by examining the consequences of each predicate type in a variety of contexts using data from narrative discourse stimulus response and elicitation. This is the first de­tailed look at the lexical and grammatical resources of the verbal system in Chontal and their relation to semantics of change. The analysis of how and why Chontal speakers choose among these verbal resources to achieve particular communicative and social goals serves both as a documentation of an endangered language and a theoretical contribution towards a typology of language use.

This book explores the contributions that cognitive linguistics and psychology including neuropsychology have made to the understanding of the way that second languages are processed and learnt. It examines areas of phonology word recognition and semantics examining ‘bottom-up’ decoding processes as compared with ‘top-down’ processes as they affect memory. It also discusses second language learning from the acquisition/learning and nativist/connectionist perspectives. These ideas are then related to the methods that are used to teach second languages primarily English in formal classroom situations. This examination involves both ‘mainstream’ communicative approaches and more traditional methods widely used to teach EFL throughout the world. The book is intended to act both as a textbook for students who are studying second language teaching and as an exploration of issues for the interested teacher who would like to further extend their understanding of the cognitive processes underlying their teaching.Mick Randall is currently Senior Lecturer in TESOL and Head of the Institute of Education at the British University in Dubai. He has taught courses in second language learning and teaching applied linguistics and psychology in a number of different contexts. He has a special interest in the cognitive processing of language and in the psycholinguistics of word recognition spelling and reading.

Social stimuli are important proximate determinants of human thought action and behaviour. But does the social environment also have deeper profounder and possibly more distal impact on more lasting psychological structures and forms generalizing across time and domains such as traits self-consciousness abilities and talents? This volume takes an interdisciplinary approach to the question of if how and how far the mind is socially fabricated: Philosophical contributions address conceptual tools for analyses of how person perceivers shape the psychological structures of the person perceived. Social psychologists consider some of the more local mechanisms of “mind making” including self fulfilling prophecies attributions and self-verification. Moreover they address the dramatic consequences of being ostracised. From a clinical perspective it is investigated how patients’ immediate social environment (e.g. the family) impacts on schizophrenic relapse. In addition developmental psychologists report on investigations of the role of social factors e.g. imitative learning for the development of the social self. Finally an ethological perspective demonstrates the susceptibility of animals to social stimuli. These papers were previously published as Interaction Studies 6:1 and 6:3 (2005).

The pervasive phenomenon of metadiscourse – commentary on the ongoing discourse – is beginning to take its rightful place among the major topics of discourse studies. This book makes simultaneous contributions to the theory of metadiscourse corpus-based methods of studying such phenomena and our knowledge of metadiscourse use in written English. After comprehensively reviewing previous research it introduces a more rigorous and empirical approach to metadiscourse studies. Ädel presents a new model of metadiscourse based on Jakobson’s functions of language and other conceptual tools including explicit features for defining metadiscourse a taxonomy of the functions it serves and maps of the boundaries between it and related phenomena. A large-scale study of writing by L1 and L2 university students is presented in which the L2 speakers’ overuse of metadiscourse strongly marks them as lacking in communicative competence. This work is of interest both to linguists and to educators concerned with writing in English.

The Minimalism Program is many things to many researchers and there are by now many alternative versions of it. Central to all is the fundamental question: to what extent is the human language faculty an optimal solution to minimal design specifications. Taken as a whole the volume outlines the main features of Minimalism its historical and conceptual sources and provides an illustration of minimalist theorizing by looking at several properties of the syntactic component of grammar. Some contributions concentrate on what kind of computational tools are made available in a minimalist syntactic component and how the computational system interacts with external and interface domains of the mind/brain. Other contributions specifically focus on direct empirical gains that emerge from adopting minimalist guidelines.

This book is a collection of 12 papers dealing with manipulation and ideology in the 20th century mostly with reference to political speeches by the leaders of major totalitarian regimes but also addressing propaganda within contemporary right-wing populism and western ideological rhetoric. This book aims at bringing together researchers in the field of ideology reproduction in order to better understand the underlying mechanisms of speaker-favourable belief inculcation through language use. The book covers a wide range of theoretical perspectives from psychosocial approaches and discourse analysis to semantics and cognitive linguistics and pragmatics. The book’s central concern is to provide not only a reference work with up-to-date information on the analysis of manipulation in discourse but also a number of tools for the scholar some of them being developed within theories originally not designed to address belief-change through language interpretation. Foreword by Frans van Eemeren.

This book introduces a methodology for the construction of a comprehensive narrative description and narrative-based theory from the study of multiple populations. The book has two parallel foci. On the one hand it is a conceptual treatise focusing on the principles of the Multiple Case Narrative. On the other hand it also has a practical “how-to” focus with a step-by-step guide to conducting a Multiple Case Narrative. The book is accessible and comprehensive and addresses both those in the field as well as those with little background in the methodologies of narrative study and qualitative research.This book is also relevant to those who are interested in other qualitative varieties like single and collective narrative inquiry single and collective case study as well as ethnography because each of the procedures and techniques described here can be easily utilized for conducting other types of qualitative research.

Metaphor is a topical issue across a number of disciplines wherever researchers are concerned with how speakers and writers package and process messages. This book is addressed at readers from diverse academic backgrounds who are interested in ways of researching metaphor from different perspectives and especially through corpus linguistics. A number of approaches to and exploitations of metaphor including conceptual metaphor theory and cognitive approaches more generally text and spoken discourse analysis and CDA are discussed explored and critiqued using corpus data. The book also includes corpus linguistic studies of different aspects of metaphor which investigate its linguistic and semantic properties and relate them to current theoretical views. The book demonstrates the need for naturally-occurring language data to be used in the development of metaphor theory and shows the value of corpus data and techniques in this work.

This book aims to contribute to a growing interest amongst psycholinguists and morphologists in the mechanisms of meaning predictability. It presents a brand-new model of the meaning-prediction of novel context-free naming units relating the wordformation and wordinterpretation processes. Unlike previous studies mostly focussed on N+N compounds the scope of this book is much wider. It not only covers all types of complex words but also discusses a whole range of predictability-boosting and -reducing conditions. Two measures are introduced the Predictability Rate and the Objectified Predictability Rate in order to compare the strength of predictable readings both within a word and relative to the most predictable readings of other coinages. Four extensive experiments indicate inter alia the equal predicting capacity of native and non-native speakers the close interconnection between linguistic and extra-linguistic factors the important role of prototypical semes and the usual dominance of a single central reading.

Memory-Based Learning (MBL) one of the most influential machine learning paradigms has been applied with great success to a variety of NLP tasks. This monograph describes the application of MBL to robust parsing. Robust parsing using MBL can provide added functionality for key NLP applications such as Information Retrieval Information Extraction and Question Answering by facilitating more complex syntactic analysis than is currently available. The text presupposes no prior knowledge of MBL. It provides a comprehensive introduction to the framework and goes on to describe and compare applications of MBL to parsing. Since parsing is not easily characterizable as a classification task adaptations of standard MBL are necessary. These adaptations can either take the form of a cascade of local classifiers or of a holistic approach for selecting a complete tree.The text provides excellent course material on MBL. It is equally relevant for any researcher concerned with symbolic machine learning Information Retrieval Information Extraction and Question Answering.

The main aim of this book is to provide teaching ideas that can be adapted to different learning environments and that can be used with different language combinations. The pedagogical approach and the activities tasks and projects are based on Communicative Humanistic and Socioconstructivist principles: the students are actively involved in their learning process by making decisions and interacting with each other in a classroom setting that is a discussion forum and hands-on workshop.Clear aims are specified for the activities which move from the most rudimentary level of the word to the more complicated issues of syntax and finally to those of cultural difference. Moreover they attempt to synthesize various translation theories not only those based on linguistics but those derived from cultural studies as well. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This volume will be of interest to translation teachers to foreign language teachers who wish to include translation in their classes to graduates and professional translators interested in becoming teachers and also to administrators exploring the possibility of starting a new translation programme.

Which causal patterns are involved in mental processes?<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>On what mechanisms does the self-organisation of cognitive structure rest?<br/>Can a naturalistic view account for the basic resources of intentionality while avoiding the objections to reductive materialism?<br/>By considering the developmental phenomenological and biological aspects linking mind and causality this volume offers a state-of-the art theoretical proposal emphasising the fine-tuning of cognition with the complexity of bodily dynamics. In contrast to the de-coupling of mind from the physical environment in classical information-processing models growth of brain’s architecture and stabilisation of perception­–action cycles are considered decisive with no need for an eliminative approach to representations pursued by neural network models. The tools provided by physics and biology for the description of massive causal interactions on top of which ‘qualitative’ changes occur are exploited to suggest a model of the mind as a many-layered co-evolving system. (Series A)

The Mbugu (or Ma'á) language (Tanzania) is one of the few genuine mixed languages reputedly combining Bantu grammar with Cushitic vocabulary. In fact the people speak two languages: one mixed and one closely related to the Bantu language Pare. This book is the first comprehensive description of these languages. It shows that these two languages share one grammar while their lexicon is parallel. In the distant past the people shifted from a Cushitic to a Bantu language and in the process rebuilt a language of their own that expresses their separate ethnic identity in a Bantu environment. This linguistic history is explained in the context of the intricate history of the people. The discussion of the processes that were involved in the formation of Ma'a/Mbugu is extremely relevant for both creole studies and for contact linguistics in general.

Typological differences in the formation of multiple Wh-questions are well-known. One option is fronting all Wh-phrases to the sentence periphery. The contributions to this volume all explore this option from a number of perspectives. Topics covered include finer investigations of the “classic” multiple Wh-fronting languages (such as the South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian) extensions to less well studied languages (Basque Malagasy Persian Yiddish) explorations for languages that don’t obviously fall into this category (German Hungarian) peripheral effects (optionality of fronting Superiority vs. Anti-Superiority etc.) interface issues (with semantics pragmatics and phonology) and simply theoretical approaches aiming to capture the mechanisms involved in multiple Wh-fronting strategies. The theoretical framework adopted throughout is the Minimalist Program viewed from different angles. This volume brings together some of the leading experts on the syntax of Wh-questions and offers up-to-date analyses of the topic. It will be indispensable for scholars investigating multiple Wh-questions and will find an appropriate audience in advanced students and faculty alike.

A multiple analogy is a structured comparison in which several sources are likened to a target. In Multiple analogies in science and philosophy Shelley provides a thorough account of the cognitive representations and processes that participate in multiple analogy formation. Through analysis of real examples taken from the fields of evolutionary biology archaeology and Plato's Republic Shelley argues that multiple analogies are not simply concatenated single analogies but are instead the general form of analogical inference of which single analogies are a special case. The result is a truly general cognitive model of analogical inference.Shelley also shows how a cognitive account of multiple analogies addresses important philosophical issues such as the confidence that one may have in an analogical explanation and the role of analogy in science and philosophy.

This book lucidly demonstrates that important questions regarding analogical inference cannot be answered adequately by consideration of single analogies alone.

These volumes contain selected papers from the Second International Conference on Contrastive Semantics and Pragmatics that was held at Newnham College University of Cambridge in September 2000. They include papers on negation temporality modality evidentiality eventualities grammar and conceptualization grammaticalization metaphor cross-cultural pragmatics and speech acts and the semantics-pragmatics boundary. There are contributions by amongst many others Les Bruce Ilinca Crainiceanu Thorstein Fretheim Saeko Fukushima Ronald Geluykens Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach Klaus von Heusinger K. M. Jaszczolt Susumu Kubo Akiko Kurosawa Eva Lavric Didier Maillat Márta Maleczki Steve Nicolle Sergei Tatevosov L. M. Tovena Jacqueline Visconti and Krista Vogelberg. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

The emergence of language social intelligence and tool development are what made homo sapiens sapiens differentiate itself from all other biological species in the world. The use of language and the management of social and instrumental skills imply an awareness of intention and the consideration that one faces another individual with an attitude analogical to that of one’s own. The metaphor of ‘mirror’ aptly comes to mind.Recent investigations have shown that the human ability to ‘mirror’ other’s actions originates in the brain at a much deeper level than phenomenal awareness. A new class of neurons has been discovered in the premotor area of the monkey brain: ‘mirror neurons’. Quite remarkably they are tuned to fire to the enaction as well as observation of specific classes of behavior: fine manual actions and actions performed by mouth. They become activated independent of the agent be it the self or a third person whose action is observed. The activation in mirror neurons is automatic and binds the observation and enaction of some behavior by the self or by the observed other. The peculiar first-to-third-person ‘intersubjectivity’ of the performance of mirror neurons and their surprising complementarity to the functioning of strategic communicative face-to-face (first-to-second person) interaction may shed new light on the functional architecture of conscious vs. unconscious mental processes and the relationship between behavioral and communicative action in monkeys primates and humans.

The present volume discusses the nature of mirror neurons as presented by the research team of Prof. Giacomo Rizzolatti (University of Parma) who originally discovered them and the implications to our understanding of the evolution of brain mind and communicative interaction in non-human primates and man.(Series B)

Paradox — the simultaneous existence of two inconsistent states — has become orthodox. The orthodox is now the paradox. The orthodox world of ordering controlling and organizing is increasingly opposed to a normalizing world of disordering disrupting and disorganizing. And organization studies cannot avoid changing its conceptions of reality as that reality changes. In the future organization studies will be the study of paradox how to understand it how to use it.

In this book of original contributions addressed to management and organization paradoxes the authors address the new state of the field in terms of representations — representing paradoxes — and materialisations — materialising paradoxes. The themes — although varied ranging from dialectics to internal tensions; from collaborations to ethics and value conflicts; from resistant labourers and wharfies to cartoon characters such as The Simpsons; from the irrationalities of finance to the psychoanalytic rationalities of auditing and from issues of governance in Asian and international business to the composition of the new knowledge work force in the business professions — cohere around core aspects of paradoxicality.

Overall the contributions to Management and Organization Paradoxes are diverse and challenging. Each contribution takes a different angle on the central theme. All of the chapters illuminate diverse aspects of contemporary paradoxes in management and organization theory. The book provides in each of its chapters a challenge to the still overwhelmingly rationalist views of theory and practice that dominate the field and provides new directions for understanding organizations and management.The contributors are drawn from leading European Australian and Latin American contributors.

Much is known about the grammar of the modistae and about its eclipse; this book sets out to trace its rise. In the late eleventh century grammar became an analytical rather than an exegetical discipline under the impetus of the new theology. Under the impetus of Arab learning the ancient sciences were reshaped according to the norms of Aristotle’s Analytics and developed within a structure of speculative sciences beginning with grammar and culminating in theology. Though the modistae acknowledge Aristotle Donatus Priscian and the Arab commentators their roots also lie in Augustine and Boethius and they took as much from their scholastic contemporaries as they gave them. This book traces the genesis of a grammar which communicated freely with other speculative sciences shared their structures and methods and affirmed its own individuality by defining its object as the causes of language.

This book provides a broad overview of the issues relevant for the study of syntax of modals and their interaction with the verbal system. A large number of novel observations are offered from a variety of languages including Dutch (Modern and Middle) English German Lele Macedonian Middle Dutch and Slovene. The wealth of data the critical evaluation of existing syntactic analyses of modality and the alternative analyses proposed make the book interesting for both for descriptively and for theoretically oriented syntacticians. Major concerns addressed are: the distinction between epistemic and root modality (where the arguments pro and contra the assumption of a corresponding difference in syntactic structure are evaluated refined and supplemented by arguments for syntactic distinction between necessity and possibility modals and by consideration of the influence of the modal’s complement on the interpretation) the interaction between modality and clausal phenomena (in particular negation but also imperatives aspect and Aktionsart) and the acquisition of modality (addressing cross-linguistic differences in the possibility for root infinitives to express modal interpretations and the late acquisition of epistemic interpretations as compared with non-epistemic interpretations).<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

In the twentieth century literature was under threat. Not only was there the challenge of new forms of oral and visual culture. Even literary education and literary criticism could sometimes actually distance novels poems and plays from their potential audience. This is the trend which Roger D. Sell now seeks to reverse. Arguing that literature can still be a significant and democratic channel of human interactivity he sees the most helpful role of teachers and critics as one of mediation. Through their own example they can encourage readers to empathize with otherness to recognize the historical achievement of significant acts of writing and to respond to literary authors’ own faith in communication itself. By way of illustration he offers major re-assessments of five canonical figures (Vaughan Fielding Dickens T.S. Eliot and Frost) and of two fascinating twentieth-century writers who were somewhat misunderstood (the novelist William Gerhardie and the poet Andrew Young).

The thought of Meister Eckhart — the Dominican theologian the preacher the master of language the mystic — exudes a remarkable fascination on the modern mind not the least due to its characteristic interplay of scholastic-academic and vernacular terminology. This volume presents the only book-length study in English of Meister Eckhart the philosopher within the tradition in which his thought is embedded and from which it draws its authority. It shows that even as Eckhart may be justly regarded as a medieval precursor of a modern philosophy of subjectivity the novelty and continuity of his thought can only be understood in its relation to that of Albert the Great Aristotle Dionysius Pseudo-Areopagita the Liber de causis and the Neoplatonic heritage Theodoric of Freiberg and Thomas Aquinas as well as Eckhart of Gründig Jakob of Metz and Johannes Picardi of Lichtenberg. At its center lies the return of the soul through its detachment from everything corporeal manifold and temporal into its ground or spark — into that “something” in the soul where according to Eckhart “the ground of God is my ground and my ground is God’s ground”. The present translation not only revises the German-language original to take account of recent debates in Eckhart-scholarship it moreover makes accessible to the non-specialist all Latin and Middle High German material much of it previously not available in any translation at all. Meister Eckhart: Dominikanischer Theologe Prediger Sprachgenie Mystiker — sein Denken fasziniert den modernen Menschen nicht zuletzt wegen der einprägsamen Wechselwirkung von scholastisch-akademischer Terminologie und deutscher Mundart. Der vorliegende Band ist die einzige englischsprachige Monographie über Meister Eckhart als Philosophen die ihn im Zusammenhang der ihn maîgeblich bedingenden philosophischen Tradition interpretiert. Auch wenn Eckhart zurecht als Vordenker der modernen Subjektivität gilt kann man ihn nur im bezug auf Albert den Groîen Aristoteles Dionysius Pseudo-Areopagita den Liber de causis und die neuplatonische Tradition Dietrich von Freiberg und Thomas von Aquin sowie Eckhart von Gründig Jakob von Metz und Johannes Picardi von Lichtenberg adäquat verstehen. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Studie steht die Rückkehr der Seele — durch ihre Abgeschiedenheit vom Körperlichen vom Mannigfaltigen und vom Zeitlichen — in ihren Grund bzw. in den Funken der Seele wo nach Eckhart “gotes grunt mîn grunt und mîn grunt gotes grunt” ist. Der vorliegende Band revidiert nicht nur die deutschsprachige Original-Studie im Hinblick auf Debatten in der neueren Eckhart-Forschung: Auch dem Nicht-Spezialisten werden sämtliche lateinische und mittelhochdeutsche Quellen durch die Übersetzung ins Englische zugänglich gemacht.

In view of its exploratory nature Chomsky's 'minimalist' model has undergone multiple changes triggering in response numerous proposals that are consistent with the tendencies that it follows or anticipates and numerous proposals that offer alternatives to it. A good illustration of the variety of 'parallel' proposals is provided in the present volume. The articles derive from papers read at the “Challenges of Minimalism” session of the Open Linguistics Forum held in Ottawa in March 1997. This OLF meeting started as a graduate student initiative but because of the topic chosen attracted a wide and international audience. The twenty contributions are grouped in five sections: I. Syntactic Structure Relations Operations; II. Syntactic Movement: Cyclicity Optionality (Non)overtness; III.Case Topic Focus Interrogativity; IV. Ellipsis Reconstruction and Related Phenomena; V. DPs: Features and Syntactic Relations.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>