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Eun-Ju Noh’s book provides a close look at linguistic metarepresentation showing how beliefs utterances and propositions are represented and how they are inferred. The author explains how metarepresentation works in various types of uses: quotations negation echo questions and conditionals in terms of truth conditions and pragmatic enrichment. Ample examples are provided from the English language.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The relevance-theory approach gives room for extralinguistic parameters to be considered and suggestions are made for further research in cross-linguistic studies and metarepresentation.

The aim of this book is to present significant aspects of cognitive grammar by adopting an interdisciplinary approach. The book provides an interplay of contributions by some exponents of cognitive grammar (Langacker Croft Wood Geeraerts Kövecses Wildgen) and philosophers of language (Albertazzi Marconi Peruzzi Violi) who in most cases share a phenomenological and Gestalt approach to the problem of semantics.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The topics covered include themes that are central to the debate in cognitive grammar such as metaphor construal operations prototypicality Gestalt schemes and field semantics. The book offers evidence to support the cognitive hypothesis in semantics and the existence of a close connection between the structures of perception and the categories of natural language.<br/>Because of the approach employed with its consideration of borderline aspects among semantics linguistics theoretical reflection and historical analysis the book marks out a route for a philosophical inquiry complementary to a cognitive approach to the semantics of natural language.<br/>

The idea that reading literature changes the reader seems as old as literature itself. Through the ages philosophers writers and literary scholars have suggested it affects norms empathic ability self-concept beliefs etc. This book examines what we actually know about these effects. And it finds strong evidence for the old claims. However it remains unclear what aspects of the reading experience are responsible for these effects. Applying methods of the social sciences to this particular problem of literary theory this book presents a psychological explanation based upon the conception of literature as a moral laboratory. A series of experiments examines whether imagining oneself in the shoes of characters affects beliefs about what it must be like to be someone else and whether it affects beliefs about consequences of behavior. The results have implications for the role literature could play in society for instance in an alternative for traditional moral education.

Metonymy in Language and Thought gives a state-of-the-art account of metonymic research. The contributions have different disciplinary and theoretical backgrounds in linguistics psycholinguistics psychology and literary studies. However they share the assumption that metonymy is a cognitive phenomenon a “figure of thought” underlying much of our ordinary conceptualization that may be even more fundamental than metaphor. The use of metonymy in language is a reflection of this conceptual status. The framework within which metonymy is understood in this volume is that of scenes frames scenarios domains or idealized cognitive models.

The chapters are revised papers given at the Metonymy Workshop held in Hamburg 1996.

This book contains a selection of refereed and revised papers originally presented at the 5th ICLC. After an introduction by the editors the book opens with a long-needed chapter on historical precedents for the Cognitive Linguistic theory of metaphor. Two chapters demonstrate the method of lexical analysis of linguistic metaphors and how it can be fruitfully applied to a characterization of the conceptual domains of smell and economics. Three chapters deal with theoretical aspects of conceptual metaphor one of which is a commissioned chapter on the relation between conceptual metaphor theory and conceptual blending. Finally there are five chapters presenting novel theoretical issues and empirical findings about the relation between conceptual metaphor and culture. This book is hence a wide-ranging sample of current approaches to metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics with some chapters breaking new grounds for future research.

In the last decade computational linguistics has produced a revival of the interest in the mathematical study of the various levels of human language. This volume contains a selection of recent research papers approaching mathematical and computational topics in natural languages with a special attention being paid to syntax and semantics. According with their main focus the papers are distributed into four parts: Syntax Semantics Natural language processing and Varia which cover a vast range of problems. The book may be of interest to all those who intend to know which kind of mathematics is used when giving account of natural language as well as to people working on computational issues involving human-machine interaction.

The book attempts to answer the question: what do managers in multinational companies really do during meetings? Following fieldwork in three corporations in Britain and Italy the picture that emerges is one that challenges the widespread understanding of meetings as boring routine events in the life of an organisation. As the recordings analysed in the book show organisational meanings and relations come into existence through verbal interaction; these are challenged and manipulated in a constant process of sense-making in search of coherence which engages managers in their daily work life. The pragmatics of pronominalisation metaphors and discourse markers as well as thematic development reveal the dynamics of sense-making in both English and Italian. The ‘native’ perspective adopted in Part One of the book is complemented in Part Two by a contrastive study of the structural and pragmatic properties of meetings in the corporate and cultural contexts of the British and Italian multinationals respectively. Finally the intercultural dimension of corporate communication is vividly portrayed in the experience of managers of an Anglo-Italian joint venture examined in the concluding chapter.

“The long history of censorship is a parallel and equally powerful history of literature. Censors bear witness to the power of the word even more forcefully than the writers and the readers they consider dangerous.” (Index on Censorship 6/1996)

A critical assessment of literature produced under censorship needs to take into account that the stategies of the censors are answered by strategies of the writers and the readers. To recognize self-censoring strategies in writing it is necessary to know the specific restrictions of the censorship regime in question. In South Africa under apartheid all writers were confronted with the question of how to respond to the pressure of censorship. This confrontation took a different form however depending on what group the writer belonged to and what language he/she used. By looking at white writers writing in Afrikaans and white and black writers writing in English this book gives the impact of censorship on South African literature a comparative examination which it has not received before. The book considers works by J.M. Coetzee Nadine Gordimer André Brink and others less known to readers outside South Africa like Karel Schoeman Louis Krüger Christopher Hope Miriam Tlali and Mtutuzeli Matshoba. It treats the censorship laws of the apartheid regime as well as in the final chapter the new law of the Mandela government which shows some surprising similarities to its predecessor.

Margreet de Lange teaches Comparative Literature at Utrecht University and coordinates the University’s interdisciplinary program of South African Studies. She received her Ph.D. from the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.

“De Lange expertly sketches in the historical and literary backgrounds as she goes taking us right up to the recent (unsatisfactory) revision of the censorship laws making The Muzzled Muse a vitally important summary of literary censorship in South Africa and a handbook of what to guard against in the future.”

Shaun de Waal Mail & Guardian Sept. 26 to October 1 1997

Richard Kayne’s introduction to this volume stresses that comparative work on the syntax of very closely related languages and dialects is a research tool promising to provide both a broad understanding of parameters at their finest-grained and an approach to the question of the minimal units of syntactic variation. The 11 articles in this collection demonstrate the use of this tool in analyzing microparametric variation principally with reference to Chomsky’s Minimalist program in a variety of languages. Topics include se/si constructions hypothetical infinitives and adverbial quantifiers in French and other Romance languages; that-trace variation Scandinavian possessive constructions reflexives and subject-verb agreement in Icelandic & Faroese and verb clusters in continental West Germanic dialects; anaphoric agreement in Labrador Inuttut; negative particle questions in Chinese; imperative inversion in Belfast English; and the second person singular interrogative in the traditional vernacular of Bolton.

This collection of eight papers is a continuation of Manfred Görlach’s previous collection “Englishes” with the author’s most influential writings in the field of varieties of English<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

From 1990–1994 the Danish Research Council for the Humanities granted a research project entitled “translation of LSP texts” which was initially split up into five part-projects one of which has been concerned with LSP lexicography.

The Manual of Specialised Lexicography is one of the results of the research undertaken by this project. The primary purpose of the Manual is to contribute towards an improved basis for practical specialised lexicography which has so far had but a small share in the explosive development that has taken place in general-language lexicography since the early 1970s. One implication of this is that only to a limited extent has it been possible to build upon existing findings.

The Manual thus has the twofold aim of offering guidance and direction to authors of specialised dictionaries as well as contributing towards the further development of lexicographical theories.

The papers in this volume describe a wide variety of language contact settings in which one or more languages are in a process of shift. In the first part of the book theoretical perspectives are presented followed by linguistic sociological and descriptive studies of languages and countries that have attracted the interest of researchers before as well as less well known examples. Data are presented from: the Philippines Korea Japan Israel The Netherlands Belgium Canada Sweden Spain Denmark Morocco Finland Malaysia Germany USA Ireland India Tanzania and Australia.

Establishing the notion of reasonable foolishness and foolish reason as a generic principle of the old French farce Boucquey's study examines the interdependencies among four key mimetic phenomena: the demented universe of the Feast of Fools festival the genre of the farce Bruegel's representation of the world and the euphoric comedies of triumphant madness created by Moliere. This reinterpretation of French farce according to the principle of a topsy-turvy world reveals the link of madness that unites the four modes of production studied from textual linearity through representational surface to theatrical three-dimensionality. Of pluralist conception the book's eclectic critical apparatus draws readily on foundations as diverse as historicism semiotics structuralism Foucauldian theory iconography Derridean textualization and etymology.

Mereology is the theory which deals with parts and wholes in the concrete sense and this study follows its varied fortunes during the Middle Ages. Preliminary indications as to its metaphysical situation are followed by a brief sketch of Boethius' contribution. Peter Abelard Gilbert of Poitiers Clarembald of Arras and Joscelin of Soissons are among the twelfth-century authors examined. The effect of the subsequent recovery of Aristotle's Metaphysica on Mereology is typified by sketches of the many and varied uses made of the latter by Aquinas. A brief sample of Buridanian treatment is followed by an account of those applications made under the umbrella of thirteenth-century comment on Aristotle's De Sophisticis Elenchis. The curiously original theories of Wyclif are brought to light as also also samples from Walter Bruleigh Nicholas of Paris William of Ockham and Paul of Venice. Readers interested in such subjects as logic metaphysics philosophy theology linguistics pyschology and their history will find the work relevant to their studies. No logical symbolism is used in the main body of the book but some contemporary background is appended so that those who wish to do so may follow it up.

A self-contained and lively text prepared in response to a perceived need for an up-to-date introduction to the field of morphology within the framework of generative grammar. The material is presented in the framework of the lexicalist hypothesis of Chomsky (1970) but also taking in the more recent development of lexicalist phonology and morphology in the works of Paul Kiparsky and others. Other approaches are recognized but the use of one unified consistent theory pushed to its limit makes for a better student text. Each chapter includes a list of terms of further reading and a number of exercises. The volume is completed by an index.

The First International Conference on Pidgins and Creoles in Melanesia was planned mainly for Tok Pisin but no predetermined theme(s) had been proposed to the participants. Nevertheless in this collection of papers several principal themes stand out.One is that of a revived interest in substratology both for Tok Pisin and for Bislama. Another is what in fact amounts to a change in perspective from universalism as supposedly competitive with the substratological orientation towards a generalist approach to typology which reduces the apparent polarity from a theoretical point of view. A third is the pervasive interest of contributors in wider language issues in the social and political life of Papua New Guinea.These interests go back to the linguistic and social experience of the participants most of whom have a long record of living among the people whose languages they have studied on a day-to-day basis and to the relative remoteness of their inspiration from the more theoretical and perhaps ultimately untestable issues which surround the universalist approach and its claims for a bioprogram foundation for language.

Benito Perez Galdos sought a new narrative structure which would revitalize the literary models prevalent in 19th-century Spain. He found such a structure in the creation of a dialogue between normally incompatible texts — between old and new national and foreign high culture and low. From the confrontation of these incongruous texts a narrative is born which through the destruction of textual hierarchies creates an ambiguous and often duplicitous texture of storytelling. Five paradigms based upon five Novelas Contemporaneas are used to exemplify the dialogical structure of the new Galdosian novel.

Translated by Paul Perron Maupassant's short story “Two Friends” is examined in order to test methodological tools and to hone them for their application in the analysis of narrative discourse starting from the oral tale (Propp) and ending with the written tale instituted as literary genre. Complex procedures of textual production are identified: among which entire sequences as well as the “evenemential” level of narrative fade away in favor of its cognitive dimension. This semiotic investigation is accompanied by a challenge to certain conventions of literary criticism: dialogue the locus of Realist stereotypes appears laden with paradoxical truths; the description of nature inherited from the Romantics bristles with narrative intent and entire sections of a valorized figurative universe unfold before us. Thematic readings are linked up with semantic analysis: the figure of Water exerts its profound fascination. A Christian symbolics is uncovered which traverses the text and invites us to read it as a new Gospel Parable. New readings complement older ones and remain as so many suspended possibilities. The tale appears somewhat as a sonnet that is to say as a “fixed-form” genre where the closure of the text would be a necessary condition for transcending it.

The aim of this investigation is to reconsider the cultural confrontation between England and Ireland from a new methodological perspective and to trace how this confrontation resulted in a particular notion literary as well as political of Irish nationality.

The aim of the present bibliography is to provide the student of metaphor with an up-to-date and comprehensive (albeit not exhaustive) overview of recent publications dealing with various aspects of metaphor in a variety of disciplines. Where the emphasis is primarily on specific works “about” metaphor mainly in philosophy linguistics and psychology the list has been supplemented with references to studies where metaphor is explicitly recognized as an instrument of research or analysis (e.g. in literature or in the elaboration of scientific and religious models) or where its use is illustrated.

This catalogue of The McGill University Collection of Greek and Roman Coins brings together reprints of three volumes. The Roman catalogue of Volume I is by D.H.E. Whitehead (1975). Volume I also contains a Roman Supplement by Vivien Law and a short history of the collection by John Sullivan. Volume II (1975) by Prof. Shlosser lists the gold and silver ancient Greek coins. The third and last volume (1984) also by Prof. Shlosser contains the ancient Greek (including Judean and Indian) bronze coins and the Greek Imperials. Some silver coins are present. In Volume III are a Supplement by Louise Cass-Conrad of the Roman coins not in Volume I and Corrigenda to Volumes I and II. The volumes are richly illustrated with plates. The published collection consists of 1763 coins almost equally divided between Greek and Roman. This combined catalogue is unusual because so few university coin collections have ever been fully catalogued and published and is outstanding on account of its diversity. One may say that nearly all time periods and mints are represented. Study of the catalogue will be repaid with knowledge of examples of most kinds of ancient Greek and Roman coinage. The McGill Collection will be of interest to numismatists including collectors dealers and museum curators as well as to historians of the ancient world.

Works of the Right Reverend John Wilkins' (1708). Together with an abstract of Dr. Wilkin's 'Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Languages' a sketch of the life of the author and an account of his writings. With an introductory essay on the Universal Language Movement in England France and Germany in the 17th and 18th century by Brigitte Asbach-Schnitker.

According to the traditional view meaning presents itself under the form of some kind of identity. To give the meaning of a sentence amounts to being capable of producing some substitute based on the identity of the terms of the sentence. Is then the meaning of a book or of any text the capacity of rewriting it? Instead of retaining a double-standard theory of meaning one for sentences and another for texts that would allow for an ad hoc gap the author provides a unified conception called the question view of language he has developed known as problematology. He pursues a systematic analysis of questioning in literature and shows how questioning makes the understanding process possible.

In this study the works of Wilhelm Raabe (1831–1910) are being discussed taking into account the emerge of the perspectival narration culminating in the Braunschweig period (1870–1920). The book starts with a survey of the point of view theory including the concept of multiple perspective and then focusses on the works of Raabe in which these various techniques will be demonstrated. Special attention is paid to three works of the Braunschweig period; Der Dräumling Das Horn von Wanza and Kloster Lugau.

This essay concerns meaning detachment and (self-)interpreting utterances.