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Root syntax with roots as primitive lexical units is an influential theme in building the lexicon in linguistic theory typically in Distributed Morphology and the generative model of minimal computation. Implementing important fragments of the Arabic lexicon the book presents a comprehensive view of word formation and argument structure providing robust evidence that favors root-based rather than stem-based derivations of words. Tested on Arabic a language wearing DM ‘on its sleeve’ the DM model gains substantial support and refinement. Significant templatic affixes turn out to be roots. Valency changing causatives anti-causatives reflexives or nominalizations implicate root complexity not category change. Psych perception and cognition eventuality classes are born as root subtypes not ‘verb’ classes. Category changing deverbalizations deadjectivations or denominalizations are supplemented by complex root derivations. Melodic templates operate ‘templatization’ (e.g. with adjectives) or act as functional templates for Voice and Aspect (e.g. with passives) or gradation (with synthetic comparatives) after category typing. The book is of interest to generative and comparative linguists cognitivists typologists lexicographers and students teachers and researchers of Arabic or Semitic

This book brings together some of the most prominent linguists working in the field of East and Southeast Asian syntax to create a special collection of papers which highlight new developments in the analysis of the syntax of Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese and other Southeast Asian languages. Generative syntactic theory has regularly been influenced by discoveries made in Asian languages and the present volume connects a broad range of striking patterns found in Asian languages with Minimalist syntactic theory and provides arguments for fresh approaches to a variety of fundamental problems and puzzles within formal syntax. The volume has also been created as a tribute to Professor C.-T. James Huang one of the most influential of generative linguists active in the study of Chinese and other Asian languages.

In the South-West Indian Ocean Mauritius and Reunion are part of a group of islands where French-based Creoles are spoken. In spite of their geographical proximity Mauritian Creole and Reunion Creole are strikingly different in their morphosyntax. The first part of this volume describes some structural properties of their grammars. Both languages also differ in the degree to which they are standardized and used in education and in public spaces. One of the goals of this volume is to examine their social status and their use in writing especially after the introduction of Mauritian Creole as a subject in schools as one of the ancestral languages. French and Bhojpuri are also part of the multilingual Mauritian context. One chapter in this volume analyses the role of Bhojpuri in the formation of Mauritian Creole while another studies the pronunciation of Mauritian French.

This volume extends research on ideology in the news into the historical sphere spanning discourse from the mid-seventeenth to the early twentieth century. The chapters investigate the ideological representation and assessment of political events across three continents such as uprisings independence and genocide but also of pervasive socio-cultural aspects like gender and language. For this they rely on a wide range of sources from handwritten news letters via general daily papers to specialized magazines and from classical editorial content to letters published in newspapers. The geographical and linguistic focus of the texts investigated comprises British American Italian German and Polish discourse. The articles use both qualitative and quantitative corpus-based methodology such as keyword or collocational analysis. The book is of interest for scholars in (historical) linguistics history and journalism studies.

The Nordic countries have long been subject to certain idealised even utopian imaginaries particularly with regard to images of pristine nature and the societal ideals of democracy equality and education. On the other hand such projections inevitably invite dissent irony and intimations of the utopia’s dark underside. Things may yet take or may have already taken a dystopic course. The present volume offers twelve contributions on utopias and dystopias in Nordic literature and culture. Geographically the articles cover the Nordic countries of Denmark Finland Norway and Sweden as well as the autonomous area of Greenland. Through the articles’ varied subjects — ranging from avant-garde literature and long poems to noir TV-series young adult fiction popular historiography and political discourse in literature outside of Norden — the volume brings forth a historically rich multi-layered picture of social cultural and environmental imagination in the Nordic countries. Nordic Utopias and Dystopias is thus of interest not only to specialists in dystopian and utopian research but more broadly to scholars of literature and culture and the political and social sciences especially but not exclusively in the Nordic context.

This volume brings together 19 cutting edge studies written by some of the most prominent linguists working on Chinese formal syntax as a Festschrift volume dedicated to Yen-Hui Audrey Li. The contributions to the volume address a wide range of issues currently developing in the field of Chinese syntax grouped into five thematic sections on the structure of lexical and functional projections modal verb syntax syntax-semantics interactions the syntax and interpretation of particles and the acquisition of syntactic structures. With its rich descriptive content sourced from different varieties of Chinese and its theoretical orientation and analyses the book provides an important new resource both for researchers with a primary interest in Chinese and other linguists interested in discovering how properties of Chinese can inform the analysis of other languages.

This book examines the various patterns of nominal and pronominal address used in Jamaica and Trinidad the two most populous islands of the English-speaking Caribbean. Given that the Anglo-Caribbean context has so far been largely neglected in address research this study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the linguistic means Jamaicans and Trinidadians have at their disposal and make use of to address each other. A particular focus will be on variation in the speakers’ address behaviour with regard to their sex age social class ethnicity and regional background. The study draws both on data from a self-compiled corpus of postcolonial Jamaican and Trinidadian literary works and on questionnaire and interview data collected during fieldwork. This book contributes to the ever-growing body of research in the field of nominal and pronominal address and will be relevant to researchers interested in the fields of sociolinguistics pragmatics and World Englishes.

This book aims to explain the syntax and semantics of Norwegian verb particles. While particles have been claimed to be distributed optionally to the left (as LPrt) or right (as RPrt) of an associated DP in the linguistic literature the dialectologically oriented literature has shown for a long time that many Norwegian particles are preferred as LPrt (corresponding to English ‘throw out the dog’). While spatial particles can appear in both positions non-spatial particles primarily appear as LPrt. A complex predicate analysis is adopted for non-spatial particles and a small clause analysis for spatial particles. It is argued that a non-spatial LPrt construction triggers an atelic reading and the RPrt counterpart identifies a result state.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The book combines traditional dialectology with modern linguistic theories and includes much Norwegian data that has not been shed theoretical light on before: simplex and complex spatial and non-spatial constructions phrasal particles ground promotion and unaccusatives. Several earlier theoretical accounts of Norwegian particles are reviewed in a separate chapter.

The analysis of language attitudes is important not only because attitudes can affect language maintenance and language change but also because such reflections and discussions can bring light to social cultural political and educational matters that require an interdisciplinary approach. This volume fills a crucial void in the field of Hispanic and Lusophone linguistics by introducing the latest production in the discipline of attitudes toward Spanish Spanish sign language Portuguese Guarani and Papiamentu around the world from South America and the Caribbean to the United States Spain and Japan. The studies presented in this collection – a variety of sociolinguistic scenarios and methodological approaches – will make an important contribution to theoretical discussions on linguistic attitudes specifically in the domains of language integration through education language policy and language maintenance. This book is intended for sociolinguists social scientists and scholars in the humanities as well as graduate students enrolled in sociolinguistics courses.

This volume sets out to discuss the role of norms and normativity in both language and linguistics from a multiplicity of perspectives. These concepts are centrally important to the philosophy and methodology of linguistics and their role and nature need to be investigated in detail. The chapters address a range of issues from general questions about ontology epistemology and methodology to aspects of particular subfields (such as semantics and historical linguistics) or phenomena (such as construal and code-switching). The volume aims to further our understanding of language and linguistics as well as to encourage further discussion on the metatheory of linguistics. Due to the fundamental nature of the issues under discussion this volume will be of interest to all linguists regardless of their background or fields of expertise and to philosophers concerned with language or other normative domains.

This volume explores changing norms and conventions in the English language as displayed in a broad range of historical data from more than five centuries. The contributions discuss the interplay of sociocultural conditions specific discourse traditions and structural aspects of language paying special attention to the communities where norms and conventions are displayed and shaped in verbal interaction. The volume is enriched by systematic terminological clarifications interdisciplinary approaches and the introduction of new methods like network analysis and advanced analytical tools and forms of visualisation into the diachronic investigation of historical texts.

In recent years narrative skills have been receiving increasing attention from researchers for their relevance in the development of language literacy and socio-cognitive abilities. This volume brings together studies focusing on two key issues in the development of children’s narrative skills. The first part of the Volume addresses the issue of the interrelatedness between narrative skills and literacy language and socio-cognitive development as well as of the impact of narrative practices on the promotion of these different skills. The second part of the Volume addresses the issue of how early interactional experiences particular contextual settings and specific intervention procedures can help children promote their narrative skills.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The studies span a wide age range from toddlers to late elementary school children concern different languages (Dutch English French German Hebrew and Italian) and consider narrative skills and practices from a rich variety of theoretical and methodological approaches.

This book is a theoretically oriented comparative study of noun phrases and their semantic and morpho-syntactic properties. This is the first study that provides a comprehensive analysis of the nominal structure in Uzbek and compares it with corresponding structures in other article and article-less languages. Uzbek nominals represent a fertile ground to test the universality of the DP hypothesis and to make an insightful contribution to an ongoing debate about the functional architecture of the nominal domain in languages with and without articles. The study shows that the ordering of various nominal suffixes in Uzbek reflects a rich functional structure involving not only DP but also KP. The work also discusses elements such as determiners demonstratives quantifiers and adjectives and positioning of these elements within the nominal domain. This study is especially useful for researchers interested in theoretical linguistics comparative syntax and typology.

The chapters in this volume present a state of the art of grammaticalization research in the 2010s. They are concerned with the application of new models such as constructionalization the ongoing debate about the status and modelling of the development of discourse markers and reveal a renewed interest in the typological application of grammaticalization and in the cognitive motivations for unidirectionality. The contributors consider data from a wide range of languages including several that have not or marginally been looked at in terms of grammaticalization: Chinese Dutch (varieties of) English French German Japanese Maltese Old Saxon Spanish and languages of the South Caucasian and Zhuang Tai-Kadai families. The chapters range from theoretical discussions to fine-grained analyses of new historical and comparative language data. This volume will be of interest to linguists studying morphosyntactic changes in a range of languages and in particular to those interested in models for grammatical change.

This volume explores typological variation within nonverbal predication in Amazonian languages. Using abundant data generally from original and extensive fieldwork on under-described languages it presents a far more detailed picture of nonverbal predication constructions than previously published grammatical descriptions. On the one hand it addresses the fact that current typologies of nonverbal predication are less developed than those of verbal predication; on the other it provides a wealth of new data and analyses of Amazonian languages which are still poorly represented in existing typologies. Several contributions offer historical insights either reconstructing the sources of innovative nonverbal predicate constructions or describing diachronic pathways by which constructions used for nonverbal predication spread to other functions in the grammar. The introduction provides a modern typological overview and also proposes a new diachronic typology to explain how distinct types of nonverbal predication arise.

The Nation and the Child – Nation Building in Hebrew Children’s Literature 1930–1970 is the first comprehensive study to investigate the active role of children’s literature in the intensive cultural project of building a Hebrew nation.

Which social actors and institutions participated in creating a Hebrew children’s literature? How did they envision their young readership and what new cultural roles did they prescribe for them through literary texts? How tolerant was the children’s literary field to alternative or even subversive national options and how did the perceptions of the “national child” change in the transition from the pre-state Jewish settlement in Palestine to a sovereign state? This book seeks to provide answers to such questions by focusing on the literary activities of leading taste-setters and writers for children from the most intense period of Israeli nation building – the 1930s and 1940s the two last decades of the pre-state era and the 1950s the first decade following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 – through the 1960s when the nation-building fervor gradually waned.

Raul P. Lejano offers a boldly original synthesis of narratology psychology and human geography. This helps him articulate his two main insights: that our identity as individuals though not completely determined by sociocultural factors nevertheless profoundly reflects our embeddedness in particular places; and that the way we think of or would like to think of our own identity is most readily captured in the stories we tell about ourselves. Most revealing of all he suggests are our stories about coming to grips with an entire city especially when our experience of it is actually one of dislocation or relocation – when we in some sense or other “lose” a city to which we have hitherto belonged or when we “find” a new one. By way of illustration the book includes four specially commissioned autobiographical stories by writers of Filipino origin which Lejano’s analytical chapters compare and contrast with each other within his interdisciplinary frame of reference. At once learnedly sophisticated and readably empathetic his commentaries are underpinned by a basically phenomenological orientation which leads him to view human individuals as essentially relational beings naturally inclined to enter into dialogue with both their fellow-creatures and the larger environment.

Nordic Literature: A comparative history is a multi-volume comparative analysis of the literature of the Nordic region. Bringing together the literature of Finland continental Scandinavia (Sweden Norway Denmark and Sápmi) and the insular region (Iceland Greenland and the Faroe Islands) each volume of this three-volume project adopts a new frame through which one can recognize and analyze significant clusters of literary practice. This first volume Spatial nodes devotes its attention to the changing literary figurations of space by Nordic writers from medieval to contemporary times. Organized around the depiction of various “scapes” and spatial practices at home and abroad this approach to Nordic literature stretches existing notions of temporally linear nationally centered literary history and allows questions of internal regional similarities and differences to emerge more strongly. The productive historical contingency of the “North” as a literary space becomes clear in this close analysis of its literary texts and practices.

In the light of recent waves of mass immigration non-professional interpreting and translation (NPIT) is spreading at an unprecedented pace. While as recently as the late 20th century much of the field was a largely uncharted territory the current proportions of NPIT suggest that the phenomenon is here to stay and needs to be studied with all due academic rigour.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This collection of essays is the first systematic attempt at looking at NPIT in a scholarly and at the same time pragmatic way. Offering multiple methods and perspectives and covering the diverse contexts in which NPIT takes place the volume is a welcome turn in an all too often polarized debate in both academic and practitioner circles.

This book focuses on legal concepts from the dual perspective of law and terminology. While legal concepts frame legal knowledge and take center stage in law the discipline of terminology has traditionally been about concept description. Exploring topics common to both disciplines such as meaning conceptualization and specialized knowledge transfer the book gives a state-of-the-art account of legal interpretation legal translation and legal lexicography with special emphasis on EU law. The special give-and-take of law and terminology is illuminated by real-life legal cases which demystify the ways courts do things with concepts. This original approach to the semantics of legal concepts is then incorporated into the making of a legal dictionary thus filling a gap in the theory and practice of legal lexicography. With its rich repertoire of examples of legal terms in different languages the book provides a blend of theory and practice making it a valuable resource not only for scholars of law language and lexicography but also for legal translators and students.

Master Nicholas of Amsterdam was a prominent master of arts in Germany during the first half of the fifteenth century. He composed various commentaries on Aristotle’s works. One of these commentaries is on the logica vetus the old logic viz. on Porphyry’s Isagoge and on Aristotle’s Categories and On Interpretation. This commentary is edited and introduced here.

Nicholas is a ‘modernus’ – as opposed to the ‘antiqui’ who were realists – which means that he is a conceptualist belonging to the university tradition that accepted John Buridan (ca. 1300-1360 or 1361) and Marsilius of Inghen (ca. 1340-1396) as its masters. In medieval philosophy a parallel between thinking and reality is generally upheld. Nicholas makes a sharp distinction between the two; this may be interpreted as a step towards a separation between the two realms as is common in philosophy in later centuries.

Other characteristics of Nicholas are that he defends the position that science has its place in a proposition and does not simply follow reality. Furthermore he emphasizes the part played by individual things.

Fifteenth-century philosophy has hardly been studied mainly because that century has long been considered unoriginal. Nicholas of Amsterdam certainly deserves the historian’s interest in order to evaluate how medieval philosophy prepared the way for modern philosophy.

Nasality whether part of a consonant or vowel has certain phonetic and phonological characteristics that lead to outcomes seen time and again in languages with and without common ancestries. Spanish and Portuguese constitute a particularly fruitful language pairing for studying phonological aspects of synchronic and diachronic variation given their intimate relationship as well as the array of dialectal variation in each. This research monograph offers a comprehensive exploration of nasals and nasalization in Spanish and Portuguese with a special focus on the role of perception in order to provide insight into how perception informs models of phonetics phonology and language change. Of interest to researchers and advanced students alike this volume integrates phonetic and phonological models of speech perception and production and discusses these with regards to original empirical research on the perception of nasal place features and vowel nasalization by listeners of Peninsular Spanish Cuban Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese.

This is the first book entirely and exclusively devoted to the grammar of the two copular verbs ser and estar certainly one of the most intriguing features of Spanish grammar. Although the topic has long attracted the interest of scholars it had never given rise to a collection of papers that covers both theoretical issues in syntax and semantics and topics in the acquisition domain. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the central research questions concerning the ser / estar alternation: the syntactic or semantic nature of the distinction its link with aspect and with the Individual-Level / Stage-Level distinction and its connection with interface phenomena. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in Hispanic linguistics but can be equally attractive for researchers working on Romance linguistics theoretical linguistics (syntax semantics pragmatics) acquisition theory and historical linguistics.

The grammaticalized expression of negation is a linguistic universal. This volume deals with negation in the Uralic language family in a typological perspective. As in no other major language family before a comprehensive typological questionnaire provides the basis for the chapters documenting negation in 17 languages. Most of them are endangered. The chapters highlight negative auxiliary verbs—the special Uralic feature—and their ways of combining with the rich inventory of other negators in different types of clauses as well as negative replies negative indefinites abessives/caritives/privatives scope polarity and emphatic negation. Selected aspects of negation such as negative indefinites negation of non-verbal predicates and information structure are discussed in more detail in five further chapters. The book brings new typologically informed perspectives on negation in the Uralic family and it provides valuable data and insights for any linguist working on negation.

The articles in this volume examine a number of critical issues in grammaticalization studies including the relationship between grammaticalization and pragmaticalization subjectification and intersubjectification and grammaticalization and language contact. The contributions consider data from a broad range of spoken and signed languages including Greek Japanese Nigerian Pidgin Swedish and Turkish Sign Language. The authors work in a variety of theoretical frameworks and draw on a number of research traditions. The volume will be of primary interest to historical linguists though the diversity of approaches and sources of data mean that the volume is also likely have considerable general appeal.

Historical sociolinguistics has successfully challenged the traditional focus on standardization in linguistic historiography. Extensive research on newly uncovered textual resources has shown the widespread variation in the written language of the past that was previously hidden or neglected. The time has come to integrate both perspectives and to reassess the importance of language norms standardization and prescription on the basis of sound empirical studies of large corpora of texts.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The chapters in this volume discuss the interplay of language norms and language use in the history of Dutch English French and German between 1600 and 1900. Written by leading experts in the field each chapter focuses on one language and one century. A substantial introductory chapter puts the twelve research chapters into a comparative perspective.<br/>The book is of interest to a wide readership ranging from scholars of historical linguistics sociolinguistics sociology and social history to (advanced) graduate and postgraduate students in courses on language variation and change.<br/>

Begun in 2010 as part of the “Histories of Literatures in European Languages” series sponsored by the International Comparative Literature Association the current project on New Literary Hybrids in the Age of Multimedia Expression recognizes the global shift toward the visual and the virtual in all areas of textuality: the printed verbal text is increasingly joined with the visual often electronic text. This shift has opened up new domains of human achievement in art and culture. The international roster of 24 contributors to this volume pursue a broad range of issues under four sets of questions that allow a larger conversation to emerge both inside the volume’s sections and between them. The four sections cover 1) Multimedia Productions in Theoretical and Historical Perspective; 2) Regional and Intercultural Projects; 3) Forms and Genres; and 4) Readers and Rewriters in Multimedia Environments. The essays included in this volume are examples of the kinds of projects and inquiries that have become possible at the interface between literature and other media new and old. They emphasize the extent to which hypertextual multimedia and virtual reality technologies have enhanced the sociality of reading and writing enabling more people to interact than ever before. At the same time however they warn that as long as these technologies are used to reinforce old habits of reading/ writing they will deliver modest results. One of the major tasks pursued by the contributors to this volume is to integrate literature in the global informational environment where it can function as an imaginative partner teaching its interpretive competencies to other components of the cultural landscape.

This book is the outcome of several decades of research experience with contributions by leading scholars based on long-term field research. It combines approaches from descriptive linguistics anthropological linguistics socio-historical studies areal linguistics and social anthropology. The key concern of this ground-breaking volume is to investigate the linguistic means of expressing number and countable amounts which differ greatly in the world’s languages. It provides insights into common number-marking devices and their not-so-common usages but also into phenomena such as the absence of plurals or transnumeral forms. The different contributions to the volume show that number is of considerable semantic complexity in many languages worldwide expressing all kinds of extendedness multiplicity salience size and so on. This raises a number of challenging questions regarding what exactly is described under the slightly monolithic label of ‘number’ in most descriptive approaches to the languages of the world.

This volume complements earlier work on English as a lingua franca (ELF) by providing an in-depth study of the phenomenon from a decidedly European perspective. Distancing itself from more traditional approaches to the study of English in Europe (linguistic imperialism and “Euro-English”) the study is theoretically grounded in more recent approaches namely the ELF paradigm and the postmodernist conceptualisation of “English”. Methodologically speaking the study analyses language use in Eurovision Song Contest press conferences as a community of practice of European salience. The ethnographically based analyses focus on various linguistic levels thereby producing a comprehensive picture of European ELF as a discursive formation. Various qualitative and quantitative methods are used to shed light on the following aspects: code-choice practices in ELF talk participants’ metalinguistic comments on the use of ELF complimenting behaviour via ELF and relativisation patterns. On the basis of this data the concluding section advances discussions revolving around the conceptualisation of ELF in general the connection between ELF and Europeanness and implications for European language policies.

The question of how language emerged is one of the most fascinating and difficult problems in science. In recent years a strong resurgence of interest in the emergence of language from an evolutionary perspective has been helped by the convergence of approaches methods and ideas from several disciplines. The selection of contributions in this volume highlight scenarios of language origin and the prerequisites for a faculty of language based on biological historical social cultural and paleontological forays into the conditions that brought forth and favored language emergence augmented by insights from sister disciplines. The chapters all reflect new speculation discoveries and more refined research methods leading to a more focused understanding of the range of possibilities and how we might choose among them. There is much that we do not yet know but the outlines of the path ahead are ever clearer.

This volume contains a selection of papers dealing with constructions that have a passive-like interpretation but do not seem to share all the properties with canonical passives. The fifteen chapters of this volume raise important questions concerning the proper characterization of the universal properties of passivization and reflect the current discussion in this area covering syntactic semantic psycho-linguistic and typological aspects of the phenomenon from different theoretical perspectives and in different language families and backed up in most cases by extensive corpora and experimental studies.

This collective volume on nominal expressions in Basque a language isolate with no known relatives comprises original papers on the syntactic structure and the interpretation of both Noun Phrases and nominalization constructions – a traditionally neglected aspect of Basque linguistics. The minute attention to properties and paradigms previously overlooked and the analyses of them in the light of recent advances in syntactic theory make this book a valuable tool for syntacticians semanticists and morphologists. This work fills a gap in the theoretical study of Basque and the richness of data presented makes it interesting for any researcher from whatever particular theoretical persuasion. This volume is especially useful for researchers graduate students and advanced undergraduate students of comparative grammar typology and theoretical linguistics.

Colour studies attracts an increasingly wide range of scholars from across the academic world. Contributions to the present volume offer a broad perspective on the field ranging from studies of individual languages through papers on art architecture and heraldry to psychological examinations of aspects of colour categorization perception and preference. The chapters have been developed from papers and posters presented at a conference on Progress in Colour Studies (PICS08) held at the University of Glasgow. The volume both updates research reported at the earlier PICS04 conference (published by Benjamins in 2006 as Progress in Colour Studies volumes 1 and 2) and introduces new and exciting topics and developments in colour research. In order to make the articles maximally accessible to a multidisciplinary readership each of the six sections following the initial theoretical papers begins with a short preface describing and drawing together the themes of the chapters within that section. There are seventeen colour illustrations.

One of the recurrent questions in historical linguistics is to what extent languages can borrow grammar from other languages. It seems for instance hardly likely that each 'average European' language developed a definite article all by itself without any influence from neighbouring languages. It is on the other hand by no means clear what exactly was borrowed since the way in which definiteness is expressed differs greatly among the various Germanic and Romance languages and dialects. One of the main aims of this volume is to shed some light on the question of what is similar and what is different in the structure of the noun phrase of the various Romance and Germanic languages and dialects and what causes this similarity or difference.

Understanding sociolinguistics as a theoretical and methodological framework hopefully could attempt to promote change and social development in human communities. Yet it still presents important political epistemological methodological and theoretical challenges. A sociolinguistics of development in which the revitalization of linguistic communities is the priority opens new perspectives for the emerging field of linguistic documentation in which the societal aspects of research stressed by sociolinguistics have frequently been marginal. The need to focus on the documentation of linguistic communities to contribute to the revitalization of these communities requires an in-depth revision of a number of different perspectives. Especially regarding the links between commonly separated fields of enquiry such as sociolinguistics documentation and revitalization. Instead of creating mere museum pieces of academic contemplation for the future as has been the major trend up to now in language documentation and even sociolinguistics there is a growing concern to join forces to revitalize the actual use of endangered languages in order to place languages as a main focus of a community’s development which constitutes a major challenge for both scholars civil society and speakers alike.

In this book sixteen international scholars of language and social interaction describe their distinct frameworks of analysis. Taking conversation analysis and interactional sociolinguistics as their points of departure and investigating ordinary conversation as well as institutions such as health care therapy and city council meetings they often incorporate gesture prosody and the listener's behavior in the analysis of talk. While some approaches are grounded in a critique of the major schools of interaction analysis others integrate the interactionist perspective with ideas from fields such as systemic-functional linguistics distributed cognition and the sociology of knowledge. Each chapter combines a statement of the terms and methods of analysis with an exemplary analysis of a moment of interaction. New Adventures in Language and Interaction gives an excellent overview of the novelty and diversity of interaction-focused perspectives on language and of the heterogeneity of approaches that have evolved from the pioneering work of Sacks and Schegloff Gumperz and their co-workers.

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The general aim of the Senshu University Project The Development of the Anglo-Saxon Language and Linguistic Universals is investigation of structural characteristics common to the Germanic languages such as English German and Norwegian and of works on and in the tradition of Generative Grammar founded by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s. The central idea of Generative Grammar that the nature of natural-language syntax can be captured by a finite set of rules which are able to produce an infinite set of well-formed structures has been highly evaluated and influential even in related fields such as biolinguistics philosophy psychology and computer science. Noam Chomsky and Language Descriptions is a collection of articles that focus on the earliest but essential linguistic theory proposed by Noam Chomsky and articles that discuss specific topics pertaining to the study Germanic languages in particular English and German. It is divided into two parts: Part 1. Genesis of Generative Grammar; and Part 2. Current Issues in Language Descriptions. The present book will be of general interest to linguists who seek to understand the original idea of Generative Grammar and nature of the Germanic languages.

Named Entities provides critical information for many NLP applications. Named Entity recognition and classification (NERC) in text is recognized as one of the important sub-tasks of Information Extraction (IE). The seven papers in this volume cover various interesting and informative aspects of NERC research. Nadeau & Sekine provide an extensive survey of past NERC technologies which should be a very useful resource for new researchers in this field. Smith & Osborne describe a machine learning model which tries to solve the over-fitting problem. Mazur & Dale tackle a common problem of NE and conjunction; as conjunctions are often a part of NEs or appear close to NEs this is an important practical problem. A further three papers describe analyses and implementations of NERC for different languages: Spanish (Galicia-Haro & Gelbukh) Bengali (Ekbal Naskar & Bandyopadhyay) and Serbian (Vitas Krstev & Maurel). Finally Steinberger & Pouliquen report on a real WEB application where multilingual NERC technology is used to identify occurrences of people locations and organizations in newspapers in different languages.

The contributions to this volume were previously published in Lingvisticae Investigationes 30:1 (2007).

One of our most valuable capacities is our ability partly to predict what will come next in a text. But linguistic understanding of this remains very limited especially in genres such as the short story where there is a staging of the clash between predictability and unpredictability. This book proposes that a matrix of narrativity-furthering textual features is crucial to the reader’s forming of expectations about how a literary story will continue to its close. Toolan uses corpus linguistic software and methods and stylistic and narratological theory in the course of delineating the matrix of eight parameters that he sees as crucial to creating narrative progression and expectation. The book will be of interest to stylisticians narratologists corpus linguists and short story scholars.

This book details the development of eleven modal auxiliaries in late 18^th- and 19^th-century Canadian English in a framework of new-dialect formation. The study assesses features of the modal auxiliaries tracing influences to British and American input varieties parallel developments or Canadian innovations. The findings are based on the Corpus of Early Ontario English pre-Confederation Section the first electronic corpus of early Canadian English. The data which are drawn from newspapers diaries and letters include original transcriptions from manuscript sources and texts from semi-literate writers. While the overall results are generally coherent with new-dialect formation theory the Ontarian context suggests a number of adaptations to the current model. In addition to its general Late Modern English focus New-Dialect Formation in Canada traces changes in epistemic modal functions up to the present day offering answers to the loss of root uses in the central modals. By comparing Canadian with British and American data important theoretical insights on the origins of the variety are gained. The study offers a sociohistorical perspective on a still understudied variety of North American English by combining language-internal features with settlement history in this first monograph-length diachronic treatment of Canadian English in real time.

Negation has always been and still is a central topic in typological studies and theoretical research. Its centrality shows itself in the fact that it is not restricted to a given linguistic field but compasses the whole domain of linguistic studies. Very often works on negation are brought about in a one-sided perspective which excludes other points of view. This book on the contrary puts together studies on negation based on various theoretical frameworks and aims to cover a wide range of theoretical perspectives. The book offers contributions on negation in Old Occitan in Old Italic languages and in several modern Romance languages (Italian Roumanian French Spanish Occitan Catalan among others). It covers the diachronic dimension of negation and explores the syntactic as well as the semantico-pragmatic side of the phenomenon; aspects of negative affixation provide the morphological dimension. The originality of this volume thus lies in the multidisciplinarity of the approaches and perspectives offered.La question de la négation a toujours été et demeure un sujet central dans les recherches en linguistique théorique et typologique. Son caractère central réside en ceci qu’elle n’est pas limitée à un domaine linguistique donné mais embrasse le champ entier de la recherche linguistique. Aussi les travaux sur la négation sont-ils très souvent réalisés dans une perspective donnée qui exclut de facto d’autres points de vue ou d’autres approches. Cet ouvrage prend au contraire le parti de réunir des études dont les postulats théoriques et méthodologiques sont variés couvrant ainsi un éventail de perspectives théoriques. Le présent volume propose donc des contributions sur la négation en Ancien Occitan dans les langues de l’Italie ancienne et dans diverses langues romanes contemporaines (notamment en Italien Roumain Français Espagnol Occitan Catalan). Il couvre ainsi la dimension diachronique de la négation et s’attache à en décrire le fonctionnement d’un point de vue syntaxique aussi bien que sémantico-pragmatique. La dimension morphologique de la négation est également abordée via la problématique de l’affixation négative. L’originalité de cet ouvrage réside donc dans la multidisciplinarité des approches et des perspectives qu’il offre.

This text covers the technologies of document retrieval information extraction and text categorization in a way which highlights commonalities in terms of both general principles and practical concerns. It assumes some mathematical background on the part of the reader but the chapters typically begin with a non-mathematical account of the key issues. Current research topics are covered only to the extent that they are informing current applications; detailed coverage of longer term research and more theoretical treatments should be sought elsewhere. There are many pointers at the ends of the chapters that the reader can follow to explore the literature. However the book does maintain a strong emphasis on evaluation in every chapter both in terms of methodology and the results of controlled experimentation. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Narrative – State of the Art which was originally published as a Special Issue of Narrative Inquiry 16:1 (2006) is edited by Michael Bamberg and contains 24 chapters (with a brief introduction by the editor) that look back and take stock of developments in narrative theorizing and empirical work with narratives. The attempt has been made to bring together researchers from different disciplines with very different concerns and have them express their conceptions of the current state of the art from their perspectives. Looking back and taking stock this volume further attempts to begin to deliver answers to the questions (i) What was it that made the original turn to narrative so successful? (ii) What has been accomplished over the last 40 years of narrative inquiry? (iii) What are the future directions for narrative inquiry? The contributions to this volume are deliberately kept short so that the readers can browse through them and get a feel about the diversity of current narrative theorizing and emerging new trends in narrative research. It is the ultimate aim of this edited volume to stir up discussions and dialogue among narrative researchers across these disciplines and to widen and open up the territory of narrative inquiry to new and innovative work.

This book focuses on the Norse-derived vocabulary in the works of Archbishop Wulfstan II of York (d. 1023). A considerable advantage derives from studying Wulfstan's compositions because unlike most Old English texts they are closely dateable and to a certain extent localizable. Thus they offer excellent material for the examination of the process of integration and accommodation of Norse-derived vocabulary in Old English. After establishing the list of terms which can be accepted to be Norse-derived this book analyses their relations with their native synonyms both from a semantic and a stylistic point of view and their inclusion in the word-formation processes to which Wulfstan submitted his vocabulary native and borrowed alike. The information derived from this approach is used to explore the possible reasons for the archbishop's selection of the borrowed terms and the impact which his lexical practices had on contemporary and later English writers.

This is the first of two volumes emanating from the Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages held at the University of Texas at Austin in February 2005. It features the keynote address delivered by Denis Bouchard on exaptation and linguistic explanation as well as seventeen contributions by emerging and internationally recognized scholars of Spanish French Italian as well as Rumanian. While the emphasis bears on formal analyses the coverage is remarkably broad as topics range from morphology syntax semantics pragmatics and language acquisition. Each article seeks to represent a new perspective on these topics and a variety of frameworks and concepts are exploited: distributive morphology entailment theory grammaticalization information structure left-periphery polarity lattice spatial individuation thematic hierarchy etc. This volume will challenge anyone interested in current issues in theoretical Romance Linguistics.

This monograph presents a new model of the internal syntax of nominal phrases. The model is mainly based on Scandinavian since with the wide range of variation that Scandinavian displays in the nominal domain despite the close genetic relationship between the different varieties Scandinavian is particularly well-suited for explorations into nominal syntax. Among the topics covered are the basic syntactic structure of nominal phrases definiteness adjective phrases possessors relative clauses and nominal predicates. The model is however meant to be a tool for analysing the nominal phrases of any language. While the base-generated structure is taken to be universally uniform the model allows for variation in the feature makeup of individual elements in the phonological realisation of the features and in the movements that may or may not apply. Hence as shown in the final chapter patterns found in languages outside of Scandinavian can also be accounted for within the model.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has established itself over the past two decades as an area of academic activity in which scholars and students from many different disciplines are involved. It is a field that draws on social theory and aspects of linguistics in order to understand and challenge the discourses of our day. It is time for A New Agenda in the field. The present book is essential for anyone working broadly in the field of discourse analysis in the social sciences. The book includes often critical re-assessments of CDA's assumptions and methods while proposing new route-maps for innovation. Practical analyses of major issues in discourse analysis are part of this agenda-setting volume.

Volume 1 of Non-nominative Subjects (NNSs) presents the most recent research on this topic from a wide range of languages from diverse language families of the world with ample data and in-depth analysis. A significant feature of these volumes is that authors with different theoretical perspectives study the intricate questions raised by these constructions. Some of the central issues include the subject properties of noun phrases with ergative dative accusative and genitive case case assignment and checking anaphor–antecedent coreference the nature of predicates with NNSs whether they are volitional or non-volitional possibilities of control coreference and agreement phenomena. These analyses have significant implications for theories of syntax and verbal semantics first language acquisition of NNSs convergence of case marking patterns in language contact situations and the nature of syntactic change.

What actually happens in counselling interactions? How does counselling bring about change? <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>How do clients end up producing new and alternative stories of their lives and relationships? <br/>By addressing these questions and others Peter Muntigl explores the narrative counselling process in the context where it is enacted: the unfolding conversation between counsellor and clients. Through a transdisciplinary approach that combines conversation analysis and systemic functional linguistic theory Muntigl demonstrates how language is used in couples counselling how language use changes over the course of counselling and how this process provides clients with new linguistic resources that help them change their social relationships. <br/>This book will be a valuable resource not only for linguists and discourse analysts but also for researchers and practitioners in the fields of counselling psychotherapy psychology and medicine.