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This volume contains a representative sample of studies presented at the 17th meeting of the Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition conference (GASLA-17). The chapters explore new frontiers and make connections between second language acquisition bilingualism psycholinguistic methods and computational methods. The chapters ask theoretically informed questions about the underlying grammars of language learners and bilinguals use experimental methods to arrive at answers to those questions and consider the value of using ‘big data’ to address questions in generative second language acquisition. This volume is intended for scholars and students of generative second language acquisition and related fields. It builds on prior literature by addressing the acquisition of a variety of phenomena (in syntax semantics pragmatics and phonology) by a variety of populations and using a variety of data collection methods.

Zero elements are used by several theories in morphology and syntax as analytical tool but the question of whether phonologically empty elements should be structurally present or not has been a controversial issue from the very beginning. In addition to analyses that work with zero there are also a whole series of works that explicitly reject a description with zero or allow them only under restricted circumstances. This volume aims at getting a more complete picture of zero elements as a theoretic construct its empirical necessity and its nature in different components of grammar by focusing on Romance languages. The volume presents multi-facetted viewpoints and methodologies such as formal theoretic and data-based ones addressing researchers advanced students and everyone interested in linguistics. Furthermore this volume deals with various Romance languages and varieties such as Catalan (Old and Modern) French Italian and Sicilian (Brazilian and European) Portuguese and Spanish.

The volume Null Objects from a Cross-Linguistic and Developmental Perspective brings together theoretical and empirical contributions on missing object constructions revealing a nuanced and multifaceted phenomenon that poses challenges to current theories of null objects. The selected papers highlight the significance of the interplay between formal constraints and semantic properties (namely definiteness and animacy) in the licensing of null objects cross-linguistically. The formally oriented papers contribute to ongoing discussions on the mechanisms underlying the derivation of null objects. The differences between null objects that are licensed by rich agreement and those that are agreement independent are also addressed. From a developmental perspective the papers on null objects in language acquisition including second language learning further provide valuable insights into the intricate processes underlying the acquisition of referential expressions. The role of animacy emerges as a central question particularly in the context of Portuguese varieties where differences in pronominal systems contribute to variation in null object distribution.

El presente volumen explora la riqueza y pluralidad del turismo y su discurso a través de un análisis interdisciplinario que proporciona una visión integral del impacto del turismo en diversas esferas comunicativas sociales y culturales. Esta obra recopila un total de quince investigaciones que destacan la naturaleza intercultural multifacética y multilingüe de esta actividad así como la variedad de géneros discursivos que merecen un análisis detenido.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>El volumen aborda desde la influencia de las redes sociales y la creación de nuevos formatos del discurso turístico hasta la emoción y la subjetividad presentes en las comunicaciones promocionales. Ofrece una panorámica de cómo el turismo contemporáneo se entrelaza con múltiples dimensiones y formatos discursivos subrayando los desafíos estratégicos que enfrentan traductores terminólogos y lingüistas.<br/><br/> This volume explores the richness and plurality of tourism and its discourse through an interdisciplinary analysis providing a comprehensive view of the impact of tourism on various communicative social and cultural spheres. It compiles a total of fifteen investigations which highlight the intercultural multifaceted and multilingual nature of this activity as well as the variety of discursive genres that merit close analysis. <br/>The volume addresses everything from the influence of social networks and the creation of new formats of tourism discourse to the emotion and subjectivity present in promotional communications. It provides an overview of how contemporary tourism is intertwined with multiple dimensions and discursive formats highlighting the strategic challenges facing translators terminologists and linguists.

This collection of original papers illustrates recent trends and new perspectives for future research in Interactional Linguistics (IL). Since the research program was started around the turn of the century it has prospered internationally. Recently however new developments have opened up new perspectives for interactional linguistic research.

IL continues to study the details of talk in social interaction with a focus on linguistic resources and structures of verbal and vocal interaction in bodily-visible interactional settings. Increasingly though it embraces methods supported by new technology and broadens its data and research questions to applications in teaching therapy etc.

The volume comprises three parts with 14 contributions: (1) Studying linguistic resources in social interaction; (2) Studying linguistic resources in embodied social interaction; and (3) Studying social interaction in institutional contexts and involving speakers with specific proficiencies.

This e-book is Open Access under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.

There is an ever-growing body of work on New Englishes and the time has come to take stock of how research on varieties of English is carried out. The contributions in this volume critically explore the gamut of familiar and unfamiliar methods applied in data collection and analysis in order to improve upon old methods and develop new methods for the study of English around the world. The authors present novel approaches to the use of the International Corpus of English critical insights into phonological analyses of New Englishes applications of linguistic dialectology in territories in which New Englishes are used improvements on attitudinal research and an array of mixed-methods approaches. The contributions in this volume also include a range of Englishes considered not only in situ but also in online and diaspora settings and thus question received understandings of what counts as New Englishes.

The idea of this book on "Neglected Aspects of Motion-Event Description" comes from the observation that over the last 30 years much attention has been devoted to the manner/path divide in relation to the distinction between Verb-Framed and Satellite-Framed languages. This mainstream focus has left aside other aspects of motion event descriptions. The chapters of this volume take an in-depth look at three less-studied aspects of motion expression. The first part of the book focuses on directional deixis especially in relation to associated motion and visual motion. The second part explores variations in Source-Goal asymmetries. The third part investigates different types of motion event constructions e.g. with various types of co-events. Many languages are taken into consideration throughout the 11 chapters which gives the volume a clear typological dimension. This book is intended for students and academics interested in motion spatial semantics typological variation and cognitive linguistics.

Control typically defined as a specific referential dependency between the null-subject of a non-finite embedded clause and a co-dependent of the matrix predicate has been subject to extensive research in the last 50 years. While there is a broad consensus that a distinction between Obligatory Control (OC) Non-Obligatory Control (NOC) and No Control (NC) is useful and necessary to cover the range of relevant empirical phenomena there is still less agreement regarding their proper analyses. In light of this ongoing discussion the articles collected in this volume provide a cross-linguistic perspective on central questions in the study of control with a focus on non-canonical control phenomena. This includes cases which show NOC or NC in complement clauses or OC in adjunct clauses cases in which the controlled subject is not in an infinitival clause or in which there is no unique controller in OC (i.e. partial control split control or other types of controllers). Based on empirical generalizations from a wide range of languages this volume provides insights into cross-linguistic variation in the interplay of different components of control such as the properties of the constituent hosting the controlled subject the syntactic and lexical properties of the matrix predicate as well as restrictions on the controller thereby furthering our empirical and theoretical understanding of control in grammar.

During an election campaign in 2008 Ken Livingstone said to a newspaper reporter “this election is not a joke”. By doing so he introduced an expectation into the discourse that someone does in fact think it is a joke. This book explores how it is that saying what is not the case communicates something about what is. Bringing together a focus on text with cognitive and pragmatic approaches a case is made for an application of linguistic negation as a tool of analysis. This tool is used to explore the ideological implications of projecting or reflecting readerly expectations. This book contributes to the growing field of Critical stylistics and aims to add to the range of stylistic insights which anchor the analysis of discourse to a consideration of the nuances of language choice.

This volume brings together ten contributions by leading experts who present their current usage-based research in Diachronic Construction Grammar. All papers contribute to the discussion of how to conceptualize constructional networks best and how to model changes in the constructicon as for example node creation or loss node-external reconfiguration of the network or in/decrease in productivity and schematicity. The authors discuss the theoretical status of allostructions homostructions constructional families and constructional paradigms. The terminological distinction between constructionalization and constructional change is revisited. It is shown how constructional competition but also general cognitive abilities like analogical thinking and schematization relate to the structure and reorganization of the constructional network. Most contributions focus on the nature of vertical and horizontal links. Finally contributions to the volume also discuss how existing network models should be enriched or reconceptualized in order to integrate theoretical psychological and neurological aspects missing so far.

This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the syntax and semantics of a single linguistic phenomenon – the NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity – in synchronic diachronic and typological perspectives. It challenges the assumption common in the typological syntactic and semantic literature namely that so-called reciprocal constructions encode symmetric relations. Instead they are analyzed as constructions encoding unspecified relations. In effect it provides a new proposal for the truth-conditional semantics of these constructions. More broadly this book introduces new ways of bringing together historical linguistics and formal semantics demonstrating how on the one hand the inclusion of historical data concerning the sources of reciprocal constructions enriches their synchronic analysis; and how on the other hand an analysis of the syntax and the semantics of these constructions serves as a key for understanding their historical origins.

Recent scholarship has confirmed earlier observations that nominalization plays a crucial role in the formation of complex constructions in the world’s languages. Grammatical nominalizations are one of the most salient and widespread features of languages of the Americas yet they have not been approached as foundational grammatical structures for constructions such as relative clauses and complement clauses. This is due to an imbalance in past scholarship which has tended to focus on these constructions at the expense of the nominalization structures underlying them. The papers in this collection treat grammatical nominalizations in their own right and as a starting point for the investigation of their uses in complex grammatical structures. A representative sample of Amerindian languages with focus on South America examines properties of grammatical nominalizations such as their multiple functions their internal and external syntax and their diachronic development. Among the far-reaching theoretical conclusions reached by the studies in this volume is that the various types of relative clauses recognized in the typological literature are actually no more than epiphenomena arising from the different uses of grammatical nominalizations.

This groundbreaking work offers a comprehensive account of brain-based research on translation and interpreting. First the volume introduces the methodological and conceptual pillars of psychobiological approaches vis-à-vis those of other cognitive frameworks. Next it systematizes neuropsychological neuroscientific and behavioral evidence on key topics including the lateralization of networks subserving cross-linguistic processes; their relation with other linguistic mechanisms; the functional organization and temporal dynamics of the circuits engaged by different translation directions processing levels and source-language units; the system’s susceptibility to training-induced plasticity; and the outward correlates of its main operations. Lastly the book discusses the field’s accomplishments strengths weaknesses and requirements. Its authoritative yet picturesque didactic style renders it accessible to researchers in cognitive translatology bilingualism and neurolinguistics as well as teachers and practitioners in related areas. Succinctly this piece establishes a much-needed platform for translation and interpreting studies to fruitfully interact with cognitive neuroscience.

Negation and speculation detection is an emerging topic that has attracted the attention of many researchers and there is clearly a lack of relevant textbooks and survey texts. This book aims to define negation and speculation from a natural language processing perspective to explain the need for processing these phenomena to summarise existing research on processing negation and speculation to provide a list of resources and tools and to speculate about future developments in this research area. An advantage of this book is that it will not only provide an overview of the state of the art in negation and speculation detection but will also introduce newly developed data sets and scripts. It will be useful for students of natural language processing subjects who are interested in understanding this task in more depth and for researchers with an interest in these phenomena in order to improve performance in other natural language processing tasks.

While universally present in languages negation is well-known to manifest a surprising cross-linguistic diversity of forms. In creole languages however negation and negative dependencies have been regarded as largely uniform. Creole languages as Bickerton claims in Roots of Language generally exhibit negative concord a construction popularly dubbed ‘double negation’ where several expressions each negative on its own come together with a logic-defying single negation interpretation. While this construction – problematic for compositionality if the meaning of sentences emerge from the meaning of their parts – has fostered much research the fertile data terrain that creole languages offer for its understanding is rarely taken into account. Aiming at bridging this gap this book offers a wealth of theoretically informed empirical investigations of negative relations in a wide variety of creole languages. Uncovering a far more complex negative landscape than previously assumed the book reveals the challenging richness that a thorough comparative study of creoles delivers.

Interest in non-canonically case-marked subjects has been unceasing since the groundbreaking work of Andrews and Masica in the late 70’s who were the first to document the existence of syntactic subjects in another morphological case than the nominative. Their research was focused on Icelandic and South-Asian languages respectively and since then oblique subjects have been reported for language after language throughout the world. This newfangled recognition of the concept of oblique subjects at the time was followed by discussions of the role and validity of subject tests discussions of the verbal semantics involved as well as discussions of the theoretical implications of this case marking strategy of syntactic subjects. This volume contributes to all these debates making available research articles on different languages and language families additionally highlighting issues like language contact differential subject marking and the origin of oblique subjects.

Building on a substantial earlier literature the chapters in this volume further advance knowledge and understanding of properties of the noun phrase in English. The empirical material for the papers includes both historical and present-day data with the two often shedding light on each other in a process of mutual illumination. The topics addressed are: the structure of nounless NPs like the poor and the obvious; the article/zero alternation in expressions like go to (the) church; developments in the early history of adjective stacking; the semantics of N + clause units in present-day English; the history of N + BE + clause constructions; and the decline of two anaphoric NPs in Early Modern English. The volume will appeal to scholars working in this area and will also help those interested in the general field of English grammar to keep abreast of recent methods and results in NP-related work.

This book develops a grammar model which accounts for discourse ellipses in spoken Norwegian. This is a previously unexplored area which has also been sparsely investigated internationally. The model takes an exoskeletal view where lexical items are inserted late and where syntactic structure is generated independently of lexical items. Two major questions are addressed. Firstly is there active syntactic structure in the ellipsis site? Secondly how are discourse ellipses licensed? It is argued that both structural and semantic restrictions are required to account for the empirical patterns. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Discourse ellipses can be seen as a contextual adaptation. Ellipsis is only possible in certain contexts. The existence of ellipsis may lead to the impression that syntax is partly destroyed. However the analysis shows that narrow syntax is not affected. The underlying structure stays intact as the licensing restrictions concern only phonological realization. Hence the grammar of discourse ellipses is best characterized as an interface phenomenon.

This book offers a systematic study of the emergence and early development of compound nouns in first language acquisition from a cross-linguistic and typological perspective. The language sample is both genealogically and typologically diversified ranging from languages rich in compounds such as German Saami Estonian and Finnish to languages poor in compounds such as French. Some of them differ in compound richness according to genres of adult-directed speech in contrast to child-directed speech and thus also child speech like Russian Lithuanian and especially Greek. Differences in the delimitation and transition between compounds and phrases and in the distribution of subtypes of compounds in these languages involve great typological variety and thus different tasks for children acquiring them. The eleven languages investigated in the volume and the common methodology of longitudinal collection of spontaneous speech data concerning the interaction between children and their caretakers or peers supplemented by lexical typology as a new means of cross-linguistic comparison of language acquisition allow new generalizations and make the volume a unique contribution.

Narrative Absorption brings together research from the social sciences and Humanities to solve a number of mysteries: Most of us will have had those moments of being totally absorbed in a book a movie or computer game. Typically we do not have any idea about how we ended up in such a state. Nor do we fully realize how we might have changed as we return for the fictional worlds we have visited. The feeling of being absorbed is one of the most illusive and transient feelings but also one that motivates audiences to spend considerable amounts of time in narrative worlds and one that is central to our understanding of the effects of narratives on beliefs and behavior. Key specialists inform the reader of this book about the nature of the peculiar state of consciousness during episodes of absorption the perception of absorption in history the role of absorption in meaningful experiences with narratives the relation with related phenomena such as suspense and identification issues of measurement and the practical implications for instance in education-entertainment.

Various fields have worked separately on topics of absorption albeit using different terminology and methods but having reached a high level of development and complexity in understanding absorption. Now is the time to bring them together. This volume will be a point of reference for years to come.

The study of negation across languages has left no stone unturned with respect to a range of frequently-researched areas such as negative raising negative concord and the behavior of quantifiers under negative scope. Past research has chiefly focused on the category of negation from a cross-linguistic perspective with probably less attention devoted to the study of negation across dialects of languages or across contact languages. The observation of universal quantification in the scope of negation in the English spoken in Singapore for example is an area which has been largely under-researched in the literature as has the rarely-reported phenomenon of negative raising in Singapore English. The present volume profiles some of the problems of negation in English and Singapore English framed against the background of studies of negation in other contact dialects of English and pidgins/creoles and offering a diverse range of theoretical approaches to the problems.

This volume presents a cross-linguistic investigation of clausal noun-modifying constructions in genetically varied languages of Eurasia. Contrary to a common premise that in any language adnominal clauses that share some features of relative clauses constitute a structurally distinct construction some languages of Eurasia exhibit a General Noun-Modifying Clause Construction (GNMCC) -- a single construction covering a wide range of semantic relations between the head noun and the clause. Through in-depth examination of naturally-occurring and elicited data from Ainu languages of the Caucasus (e.g. Ingush Georgian Bezhta Hinuq) Japanese Korean Marathi Nenets Sino-Tibetan languages (e.g. Cantonese Mandarin Rawang) and Turkic languages (e.g. Turkish Sakha) the chapters discuss whether or not the language in question exhibits a GNMCC and the range of noun modification covered by such a construction. The findings afford us new facts new theoretical perspectives and the first step toward a more global assessment of the possibilities for GNMCCs.

This book aims at providing a cross-section of current developments in English linguistics by tracing recent approaches to corpus linguistics and statistical methodology by introducing new inter- and multidisciplinary refinements to empirical methodology and by documenting the on-going emphasis shift within the discipline of English linguistics from the study of dominant language varieties to that of post-colonial minority non-standardised learner and L2 varieties. Among the key focus areas that define research in the field of English linguistics today this selection concentrates on four: corpus linguistics English as a global language cognitive linguistics and second language acquisition. Most of the articles in this volume concentrate on at least two of these areas and at the same time bring in their own suggestions towards building bridges within and across sub-disciples of linguistics and beyond.

Who mediated intercultural exchanges in 9th-century East Asia or in early voyages to the Americas? Did the Soviets or the Americans invent simultaneous interpreting equipment? How did the US government train its first Chinese interpreters? Why is it that Taiwanese interpreters were executed for Japanese war crimes? Bringing together papers from an international symposium held at Rikkyo University in 2014 along with two select pieces this volume pursues such questions in an eclectic exploration of the practice of interpreting the recruitment of interpreters and the challenges interpreters have faced in diplomacy colonization religion war and occupation. It also introduces innovative use of photography artifacts personal journals and fiction as tools for the historical study of interpreters and interpreting. Targeted at practitioners scholars and students of interpreting translation and history the new insights presented in the ten original articles aim to spark discussion and research on the vital roles interpreters have played in intercultural communication through history.

Now Open Access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched 2017 Backlist Collection.

Auch die Britischen Inseln waren von der wikingerzeitlichen Expansion ab dem 8. Jh. betroffen. Nördlich und westlich des dänischen Danelag in England entstanden norwegische Siedlungen auf den Shetland- und Orkneyinseln in Nordschottland auf den Hebriden an der schottischen und nordenglischen Westküste um die Irische See herum und südwärts. Waren die Nordleute anfangs als Plünderer und Eroberer unterwegs wirkten sie bald auch als Händler und Stadt- und Staatengründer. Der daraus resultierende keltisch-westnordische Sprachkontakt hielt ein halbes Jahrtausend an und hinterließ Spuren im Norn der frühneuzeitlichen nordischen Sprache die bis ins 18. Jh. auf den Shetland- und Orkneyinseln und in Caithness gesprochen wurde. So finden sich Keltizismen sowohl in den wenigen Aufzeichnungen des Norn als auch im nordischen Substrat der schottischen Gegenwartsmundarten die das Norn ablösten.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The British Isles were among the geographical areas affected by the Viking expansion from the 8th century onwards. North and west of the Danish Danelaw Norwegian settlements were established on Shetland and Orkney in Northern Scotland on the Hebrides along the west coast of Scotland and Northern England around the Irish Sea and even further south. Raiders and conquerors at the outset the Norsemen soon became traders and founded towns and states. The resulting language contact between Celtic and Old West Norse lasted half a millennium and left its mark on Norn an early modern Nordic language spoken on Shetland Orkney and in Caithness until the 18th century. Thus Celticisms can be found both in the few written records of Norn and in the Nordic substratum of those varieties of Modern Scots that came to supplant Norn.