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The articles in this volume examine a number of critical issues in grammaticalization studies including the relationship between grammaticalization and pragmaticalization subjectification and intersubjectification and grammaticalization and language contact. The contributions consider data from a broad range of spoken and signed languages including Greek Japanese Nigerian Pidgin Swedish and Turkish Sign Language. The authors work in a variety of theoretical frameworks and draw on a number of research traditions. The volume will be of primary interest to historical linguists though the diversity of approaches and sources of data mean that the volume is also likely have considerable general appeal.

Historical sociolinguistics has successfully challenged the traditional focus on standardization in linguistic historiography. Extensive research on newly uncovered textual resources has shown the widespread variation in the written language of the past that was previously hidden or neglected. The time has come to integrate both perspectives and to reassess the importance of language norms standardization and prescription on the basis of sound empirical studies of large corpora of texts.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The chapters in this volume discuss the interplay of language norms and language use in the history of Dutch English French and German between 1600 and 1900. Written by leading experts in the field each chapter focuses on one language and one century. A substantial introductory chapter puts the twelve research chapters into a comparative perspective.<br/>The book is of interest to a wide readership ranging from scholars of historical linguistics sociolinguistics sociology and social history to (advanced) graduate and postgraduate students in courses on language variation and change.<br/>

Begun in 2010 as part of the “Histories of Literatures in European Languages” series sponsored by the International Comparative Literature Association the current project on New Literary Hybrids in the Age of Multimedia Expression recognizes the global shift toward the visual and the virtual in all areas of textuality: the printed verbal text is increasingly joined with the visual often electronic text. This shift has opened up new domains of human achievement in art and culture. The international roster of 24 contributors to this volume pursue a broad range of issues under four sets of questions that allow a larger conversation to emerge both inside the volume’s sections and between them. The four sections cover 1) Multimedia Productions in Theoretical and Historical Perspective; 2) Regional and Intercultural Projects; 3) Forms and Genres; and 4) Readers and Rewriters in Multimedia Environments. The essays included in this volume are examples of the kinds of projects and inquiries that have become possible at the interface between literature and other media new and old. They emphasize the extent to which hypertextual multimedia and virtual reality technologies have enhanced the sociality of reading and writing enabling more people to interact than ever before. At the same time however they warn that as long as these technologies are used to reinforce old habits of reading/ writing they will deliver modest results. One of the major tasks pursued by the contributors to this volume is to integrate literature in the global informational environment where it can function as an imaginative partner teaching its interpretive competencies to other components of the cultural landscape.

This book is the outcome of several decades of research experience with contributions by leading scholars based on long-term field research. It combines approaches from descriptive linguistics anthropological linguistics socio-historical studies areal linguistics and social anthropology. The key concern of this ground-breaking volume is to investigate the linguistic means of expressing number and countable amounts which differ greatly in the world’s languages. It provides insights into common number-marking devices and their not-so-common usages but also into phenomena such as the absence of plurals or transnumeral forms. The different contributions to the volume show that number is of considerable semantic complexity in many languages worldwide expressing all kinds of extendedness multiplicity salience size and so on. This raises a number of challenging questions regarding what exactly is described under the slightly monolithic label of ‘number’ in most descriptive approaches to the languages of the world.

This volume complements earlier work on English as a lingua franca (ELF) by providing an in-depth study of the phenomenon from a decidedly European perspective. Distancing itself from more traditional approaches to the study of English in Europe (linguistic imperialism and “Euro-English”) the study is theoretically grounded in more recent approaches namely the ELF paradigm and the postmodernist conceptualisation of “English”. Methodologically speaking the study analyses language use in Eurovision Song Contest press conferences as a community of practice of European salience. The ethnographically based analyses focus on various linguistic levels thereby producing a comprehensive picture of European ELF as a discursive formation. Various qualitative and quantitative methods are used to shed light on the following aspects: code-choice practices in ELF talk participants’ metalinguistic comments on the use of ELF complimenting behaviour via ELF and relativisation patterns. On the basis of this data the concluding section advances discussions revolving around the conceptualisation of ELF in general the connection between ELF and Europeanness and implications for European language policies.

The question of how language emerged is one of the most fascinating and difficult problems in science. In recent years a strong resurgence of interest in the emergence of language from an evolutionary perspective has been helped by the convergence of approaches methods and ideas from several disciplines. The selection of contributions in this volume highlight scenarios of language origin and the prerequisites for a faculty of language based on biological historical social cultural and paleontological forays into the conditions that brought forth and favored language emergence augmented by insights from sister disciplines. The chapters all reflect new speculation discoveries and more refined research methods leading to a more focused understanding of the range of possibilities and how we might choose among them. There is much that we do not yet know but the outlines of the path ahead are ever clearer.

This volume contains a selection of papers dealing with constructions that have a passive-like interpretation but do not seem to share all the properties with canonical passives. The fifteen chapters of this volume raise important questions concerning the proper characterization of the universal properties of passivization and reflect the current discussion in this area covering syntactic semantic psycho-linguistic and typological aspects of the phenomenon from different theoretical perspectives and in different language families and backed up in most cases by extensive corpora and experimental studies.

This collective volume on nominal expressions in Basque a language isolate with no known relatives comprises original papers on the syntactic structure and the interpretation of both Noun Phrases and nominalization constructions – a traditionally neglected aspect of Basque linguistics. The minute attention to properties and paradigms previously overlooked and the analyses of them in the light of recent advances in syntactic theory make this book a valuable tool for syntacticians semanticists and morphologists. This work fills a gap in the theoretical study of Basque and the richness of data presented makes it interesting for any researcher from whatever particular theoretical persuasion. This volume is especially useful for researchers graduate students and advanced undergraduate students of comparative grammar typology and theoretical linguistics.

Colour studies attracts an increasingly wide range of scholars from across the academic world. Contributions to the present volume offer a broad perspective on the field ranging from studies of individual languages through papers on art architecture and heraldry to psychological examinations of aspects of colour categorization perception and preference. The chapters have been developed from papers and posters presented at a conference on Progress in Colour Studies (PICS08) held at the University of Glasgow. The volume both updates research reported at the earlier PICS04 conference (published by Benjamins in 2006 as Progress in Colour Studies volumes 1 and 2) and introduces new and exciting topics and developments in colour research. In order to make the articles maximally accessible to a multidisciplinary readership each of the six sections following the initial theoretical papers begins with a short preface describing and drawing together the themes of the chapters within that section. There are seventeen colour illustrations.

One of the recurrent questions in historical linguistics is to what extent languages can borrow grammar from other languages. It seems for instance hardly likely that each 'average European' language developed a definite article all by itself without any influence from neighbouring languages. It is on the other hand by no means clear what exactly was borrowed since the way in which definiteness is expressed differs greatly among the various Germanic and Romance languages and dialects. One of the main aims of this volume is to shed some light on the question of what is similar and what is different in the structure of the noun phrase of the various Romance and Germanic languages and dialects and what causes this similarity or difference.

Understanding sociolinguistics as a theoretical and methodological framework hopefully could attempt to promote change and social development in human communities. Yet it still presents important political epistemological methodological and theoretical challenges. A sociolinguistics of development in which the revitalization of linguistic communities is the priority opens new perspectives for the emerging field of linguistic documentation in which the societal aspects of research stressed by sociolinguistics have frequently been marginal. The need to focus on the documentation of linguistic communities to contribute to the revitalization of these communities requires an in-depth revision of a number of different perspectives. Especially regarding the links between commonly separated fields of enquiry such as sociolinguistics documentation and revitalization. Instead of creating mere museum pieces of academic contemplation for the future as has been the major trend up to now in language documentation and even sociolinguistics there is a growing concern to join forces to revitalize the actual use of endangered languages in order to place languages as a main focus of a community’s development which constitutes a major challenge for both scholars civil society and speakers alike.

In this book sixteen international scholars of language and social interaction describe their distinct frameworks of analysis. Taking conversation analysis and interactional sociolinguistics as their points of departure and investigating ordinary conversation as well as institutions such as health care therapy and city council meetings they often incorporate gesture prosody and the listener's behavior in the analysis of talk. While some approaches are grounded in a critique of the major schools of interaction analysis others integrate the interactionist perspective with ideas from fields such as systemic-functional linguistics distributed cognition and the sociology of knowledge. Each chapter combines a statement of the terms and methods of analysis with an exemplary analysis of a moment of interaction. New Adventures in Language and Interaction gives an excellent overview of the novelty and diversity of interaction-focused perspectives on language and of the heterogeneity of approaches that have evolved from the pioneering work of Sacks and Schegloff Gumperz and their co-workers.

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The general aim of the Senshu University Project The Development of the Anglo-Saxon Language and Linguistic Universals is investigation of structural characteristics common to the Germanic languages such as English German and Norwegian and of works on and in the tradition of Generative Grammar founded by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s. The central idea of Generative Grammar that the nature of natural-language syntax can be captured by a finite set of rules which are able to produce an infinite set of well-formed structures has been highly evaluated and influential even in related fields such as biolinguistics philosophy psychology and computer science. Noam Chomsky and Language Descriptions is a collection of articles that focus on the earliest but essential linguistic theory proposed by Noam Chomsky and articles that discuss specific topics pertaining to the study Germanic languages in particular English and German. It is divided into two parts: Part 1. Genesis of Generative Grammar; and Part 2. Current Issues in Language Descriptions. The present book will be of general interest to linguists who seek to understand the original idea of Generative Grammar and nature of the Germanic languages.

Named Entities provides critical information for many NLP applications. Named Entity recognition and classification (NERC) in text is recognized as one of the important sub-tasks of Information Extraction (IE). The seven papers in this volume cover various interesting and informative aspects of NERC research. Nadeau & Sekine provide an extensive survey of past NERC technologies which should be a very useful resource for new researchers in this field. Smith & Osborne describe a machine learning model which tries to solve the over-fitting problem. Mazur & Dale tackle a common problem of NE and conjunction; as conjunctions are often a part of NEs or appear close to NEs this is an important practical problem. A further three papers describe analyses and implementations of NERC for different languages: Spanish (Galicia-Haro & Gelbukh) Bengali (Ekbal Naskar & Bandyopadhyay) and Serbian (Vitas Krstev & Maurel). Finally Steinberger & Pouliquen report on a real WEB application where multilingual NERC technology is used to identify occurrences of people locations and organizations in newspapers in different languages.

The contributions to this volume were previously published in Lingvisticae Investigationes 30:1 (2007).

One of our most valuable capacities is our ability partly to predict what will come next in a text. But linguistic understanding of this remains very limited especially in genres such as the short story where there is a staging of the clash between predictability and unpredictability. This book proposes that a matrix of narrativity-furthering textual features is crucial to the reader’s forming of expectations about how a literary story will continue to its close. Toolan uses corpus linguistic software and methods and stylistic and narratological theory in the course of delineating the matrix of eight parameters that he sees as crucial to creating narrative progression and expectation. The book will be of interest to stylisticians narratologists corpus linguists and short story scholars.

This book details the development of eleven modal auxiliaries in late 18^th- and 19^th-century Canadian English in a framework of new-dialect formation. The study assesses features of the modal auxiliaries tracing influences to British and American input varieties parallel developments or Canadian innovations. The findings are based on the Corpus of Early Ontario English pre-Confederation Section the first electronic corpus of early Canadian English. The data which are drawn from newspapers diaries and letters include original transcriptions from manuscript sources and texts from semi-literate writers. While the overall results are generally coherent with new-dialect formation theory the Ontarian context suggests a number of adaptations to the current model. In addition to its general Late Modern English focus New-Dialect Formation in Canada traces changes in epistemic modal functions up to the present day offering answers to the loss of root uses in the central modals. By comparing Canadian with British and American data important theoretical insights on the origins of the variety are gained. The study offers a sociohistorical perspective on a still understudied variety of North American English by combining language-internal features with settlement history in this first monograph-length diachronic treatment of Canadian English in real time.

Negation has always been and still is a central topic in typological studies and theoretical research. Its centrality shows itself in the fact that it is not restricted to a given linguistic field but compasses the whole domain of linguistic studies. Very often works on negation are brought about in a one-sided perspective which excludes other points of view. This book on the contrary puts together studies on negation based on various theoretical frameworks and aims to cover a wide range of theoretical perspectives. The book offers contributions on negation in Old Occitan in Old Italic languages and in several modern Romance languages (Italian Roumanian French Spanish Occitan Catalan among others). It covers the diachronic dimension of negation and explores the syntactic as well as the semantico-pragmatic side of the phenomenon; aspects of negative affixation provide the morphological dimension. The originality of this volume thus lies in the multidisciplinarity of the approaches and perspectives offered.La question de la négation a toujours été et demeure un sujet central dans les recherches en linguistique théorique et typologique. Son caractère central réside en ceci qu’elle n’est pas limitée à un domaine linguistique donné mais embrasse le champ entier de la recherche linguistique. Aussi les travaux sur la négation sont-ils très souvent réalisés dans une perspective donnée qui exclut de facto d’autres points de vue ou d’autres approches. Cet ouvrage prend au contraire le parti de réunir des études dont les postulats théoriques et méthodologiques sont variés couvrant ainsi un éventail de perspectives théoriques. Le présent volume propose donc des contributions sur la négation en Ancien Occitan dans les langues de l’Italie ancienne et dans diverses langues romanes contemporaines (notamment en Italien Roumain Français Espagnol Occitan Catalan). Il couvre ainsi la dimension diachronique de la négation et s’attache à en décrire le fonctionnement d’un point de vue syntaxique aussi bien que sémantico-pragmatique. La dimension morphologique de la négation est également abordée via la problématique de l’affixation négative. L’originalité de cet ouvrage réside donc dans la multidisciplinarité des approches et des perspectives qu’il offre.

This text covers the technologies of document retrieval information extraction and text categorization in a way which highlights commonalities in terms of both general principles and practical concerns. It assumes some mathematical background on the part of the reader but the chapters typically begin with a non-mathematical account of the key issues. Current research topics are covered only to the extent that they are informing current applications; detailed coverage of longer term research and more theoretical treatments should be sought elsewhere. There are many pointers at the ends of the chapters that the reader can follow to explore the literature. However the book does maintain a strong emphasis on evaluation in every chapter both in terms of methodology and the results of controlled experimentation. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Narrative – State of the Art which was originally published as a Special Issue of Narrative Inquiry 16:1 (2006) is edited by Michael Bamberg and contains 24 chapters (with a brief introduction by the editor) that look back and take stock of developments in narrative theorizing and empirical work with narratives. The attempt has been made to bring together researchers from different disciplines with very different concerns and have them express their conceptions of the current state of the art from their perspectives. Looking back and taking stock this volume further attempts to begin to deliver answers to the questions (i) What was it that made the original turn to narrative so successful? (ii) What has been accomplished over the last 40 years of narrative inquiry? (iii) What are the future directions for narrative inquiry? The contributions to this volume are deliberately kept short so that the readers can browse through them and get a feel about the diversity of current narrative theorizing and emerging new trends in narrative research. It is the ultimate aim of this edited volume to stir up discussions and dialogue among narrative researchers across these disciplines and to widen and open up the territory of narrative inquiry to new and innovative work.

This book focuses on the Norse-derived vocabulary in the works of Archbishop Wulfstan II of York (d. 1023). A considerable advantage derives from studying Wulfstan's compositions because unlike most Old English texts they are closely dateable and to a certain extent localizable. Thus they offer excellent material for the examination of the process of integration and accommodation of Norse-derived vocabulary in Old English. After establishing the list of terms which can be accepted to be Norse-derived this book analyses their relations with their native synonyms both from a semantic and a stylistic point of view and their inclusion in the word-formation processes to which Wulfstan submitted his vocabulary native and borrowed alike. The information derived from this approach is used to explore the possible reasons for the archbishop's selection of the borrowed terms and the impact which his lexical practices had on contemporary and later English writers.

This is the first of two volumes emanating from the Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages held at the University of Texas at Austin in February 2005. It features the keynote address delivered by Denis Bouchard on exaptation and linguistic explanation as well as seventeen contributions by emerging and internationally recognized scholars of Spanish French Italian as well as Rumanian. While the emphasis bears on formal analyses the coverage is remarkably broad as topics range from morphology syntax semantics pragmatics and language acquisition. Each article seeks to represent a new perspective on these topics and a variety of frameworks and concepts are exploited: distributive morphology entailment theory grammaticalization information structure left-periphery polarity lattice spatial individuation thematic hierarchy etc. This volume will challenge anyone interested in current issues in theoretical Romance Linguistics.

This monograph presents a new model of the internal syntax of nominal phrases. The model is mainly based on Scandinavian since with the wide range of variation that Scandinavian displays in the nominal domain despite the close genetic relationship between the different varieties Scandinavian is particularly well-suited for explorations into nominal syntax. Among the topics covered are the basic syntactic structure of nominal phrases definiteness adjective phrases possessors relative clauses and nominal predicates. The model is however meant to be a tool for analysing the nominal phrases of any language. While the base-generated structure is taken to be universally uniform the model allows for variation in the feature makeup of individual elements in the phonological realisation of the features and in the movements that may or may not apply. Hence as shown in the final chapter patterns found in languages outside of Scandinavian can also be accounted for within the model.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has established itself over the past two decades as an area of academic activity in which scholars and students from many different disciplines are involved. It is a field that draws on social theory and aspects of linguistics in order to understand and challenge the discourses of our day. It is time for A New Agenda in the field. The present book is essential for anyone working broadly in the field of discourse analysis in the social sciences. The book includes often critical re-assessments of CDA's assumptions and methods while proposing new route-maps for innovation. Practical analyses of major issues in discourse analysis are part of this agenda-setting volume.

Volume 2 of Non-nominative Subjects (NNSs) presents the most recent research on this topic from a wide range of languages from diverse language families of the world with ample data and in-depth analysis. A significant feature of these volumes is that authors with different theoretical perspectives study the intricate questions raised by these constructions. Some of the central issues include the subject properties of noun phrases with ergative dative accusative and genitive case case assignment and checking anaphor–antecedent coreference the nature of predicates with NNSs whether they are volitional or non-volitional possibilities of control coreference and agreement phenomena. These analyses have significant implications for theories of syntax and verbal semantics first language acquisition of NNSs convergence of case marking patterns in language contact situations and the nature of syntactic change.

What actually happens in counselling interactions? How does counselling bring about change? <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>How do clients end up producing new and alternative stories of their lives and relationships? <br/>By addressing these questions and others Peter Muntigl explores the narrative counselling process in the context where it is enacted: the unfolding conversation between counsellor and clients. Through a transdisciplinary approach that combines conversation analysis and systemic functional linguistic theory Muntigl demonstrates how language is used in couples counselling how language use changes over the course of counselling and how this process provides clients with new linguistic resources that help them change their social relationships. <br/>This book will be a valuable resource not only for linguists and discourse analysts but also for researchers and practitioners in the fields of counselling psychotherapy psychology and medicine.