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This is the first of two volumes of papers selected from those given at the 12th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics. The second is New Perspectives on English Historical Linguistics (2): Lexis and Transmission. Together the volumes provide an overview of many of the issues that are currently engaging practitioners in the field. In this volume the primary concern is with the historical grammar of English. Some papers take a broad overview of the subject positioning it within current advances in linguistic theory while others deal with specific points of syntax and morphology in a historical context. There is a recurrent emphasis on data collection and analysis with a chronological range from Old to Present Day English and a geographical spread from Scotland to Newfoundland. Contributions from scholars around the world remind us that not only English itself but the history of English is now an international possession.

Nonfictional Romantic Prose: Expanding Borders surveys a broad range of expository polemical and analytical literary forms that came into prominence during the last two decades of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth. They stand in contrast to better-known romantic fiction in that they endeavor to address the world of daily empirical experience rather than that of more explicitly self-referential fanciful creation. Among them are genres that have since the nineteenth century come to characterize many aspects of modern life like the periodical or the psychological case study; others flourished and enjoyed wide-spread popularity during the nineteenth century but are much less well-known today like the almanac and the diary. Travel narratives pamphlets religious and theological texts familiar essays autobiographies literary-critical and philosophical studies and discussions of the visual arts and music all had deep historical roots when appropriated by romantic writers but prospered in their hands and assumed distinctive contours indicative of the breadth of romantic thought.

SPECIAL OFFER: 30% discount for a complete set order (5 vols.).The Romanticism series in the Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages is the result of a remarkable international collaboration. The editorial team coordinated the efforts of over 100 experts from more than two dozen countries to produce five independently conceived yet interrelated volumes that show not only how Romanticism developed and spread in its principal European homelands and throughout the New World but also the ways in which the affected literatures in reaction to Romanticism have redefined themselves on into Modernism. A glance at the index of each volume quickly reveals the extraordinary richness of the series’ total contents. Romantic Irony sets the broader experimental parameters of comparison by concentrating on the myriad expressions of “irony” as one of the major impulses in the Romantic philosophical and artistic revolution and by combining cross-cultural and interdisciplinary studies with special attention also to literatures in less widely diffused language streams. Romantic Drama traces creative innovations that deeply altered the understanding of genre at large fed popular imagination through vehicles like the opera and laid the foundations for a modernist theater of the absurd. Romantic Poetry demonstrates deep patterns and a sharing of crucial themes of the revolutionary age which underlie the lyrical expression that flourished in so many languages and environments. Nonfictional Romantic Prose assists us in coping with the vast array of writings from the personal and intimate sphere to modes of public discourse including Romanticism’s own self-commentary in theoretical statements on the arts society life the sciences and more. Nor are the discursive dimensions of imaginative literature neglected in the closing volume Romantic Prose Fiction where the basic Romantic themes and story types (the romance novel novella short story and other narrative forms) are considered throughout Europe and the New World. This enormous realm is seen not just in terms of Romantic theorizing but in the light of the impact of Romantic ideas and narration on later generations. As an aid to readers the introduction to Romantic Prose Fiction explains the relationships among the volumes in the series and carries a listing of their tables of contents in an appendix. No other series exists comparable to these volumes which treat the entirety of Romanticism as a cultural happening across the whole breadth of the “Old” and “New” Worlds and thus render a complex picture of European spiritual strivings in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries a heritage still very close to our age.

This volume is part of a book set which can be ordered at a special discount: https://www.benjamins.com/series/chlel/chlel.special_offer.romanticism.pdf

Narrative Intelligence (NI) — the confluence of narrative Artificial Intelligence and media studies — studies models and supports the human use of narrative to understand the world. This volume brings together established work and founding documents in Narrative Intelligence to form a common reference point for NI researchers providing perspectives from computational linguistics agent research psychology ethology art and media theory. It describes artificial agents with narratively structured behavior agents that take part in stories and tours systems that automatically generate stories dramas and documentaries and systems that support people telling their own stories. It looks at how people use stories the features of narrative that play a role in how people understand the world and how human narrative ability may have evolved. It addresses meta-issues in NI: the history of the field the stories AI researchers tell about their research and the effects those stories have on the things they discover. (Series B)

This volume is devoted to the central cases relating to the basic oppositions between subject-object and agent-patient viz. nominative and accusative as well as their counterparts such as ergative and absolutive. It aims at contributing to the typological investigation of these cases by providing descriptive studies of ten different languages not only Romance and Germanic languages but also Polish and Basque as well as Cora Warrwa and Ewe. These studies show that the formal devices used to mark the two nuclear cases may be quite diverse (including non-overt and ‘configurational’ coding) but that all the languages studied crucially display a subject-object asymmetry even languages such as Basque and Ewe for which this had been questioned. One of the most striking subthemes to emerge from this collection is the complexity of the object-zone both with regard to formal and functional diversity. Various studies in the volume also contribute reflections couched mainly in broadly cognitive-functional terms about the semantic function of the subject-object contrast and why it is so central across languages.

This volume based on the first two identifies the verbal and nonverbal personal and environmental components of narrative and dramaturgic texts and the cinema — recreated in the first through the ‘reading act’ according to gaze mechanism and punctuation — and traces the coding-decoding processes of the characters’ semiotic-communicative itinerary between writer-creator and reader-recreator. In our total experience of a play or film we depend on the sensory and intellectual relationships between performers audience and the environment of both in a temporal dimension starting on the way to the theater and ending as one comes out. Two chapters discuss the speaking face and body of the characters and the explicit and implicit (at times ‘unstageable’) paralanguage kinesics and quasiparalinguistic and extrasomatic and environmental sounds in the novel the theater and the cinema and the functions of personal and environmental silences. Another shows the functions limitations and problems of punctuation systems in the creative-recreative processes and how a few new symbols and modifications would avoid some ambiguities. The stylistic communicative and technical functions of nonverbal repertoires in the literary text are then identified as enriching critical analysis and offering new perspectives in translation. Finally ‘literary anthropology’ (developed by the author in the 1970s) is is presented as an interdisciplinary area based on synchronic and diachronic analyses of the literatures of the different cultures as a source of anthropological and ethnological data. Nearly 1200 quotes from 170 authors and 291 works are added to those in the first two volumes.

In a progressive and systematic approach to communication and always through an interdisciplinary and cross-cultural perspective this first volume presents culture as an intricate grid of sensible and intelligible sign systems in space and time identifying the semiotic and interactive problems inherent in intercultural and subcultural communication according to verbal-nonverbal cultural fluency. The author lays out fascinating complexity of our direct and synesthesial sensory perception of people and artifactual and environmental elements; and its audible and visual manifestations through our ‘speaking face’ to then acknowledge the triple reality of discourse as ‘verbal language-paralanguage-kinesics’ which is applied through two realistic models: (a)for a verbal-nonverbal comprehensive transcription of interactive speech and (b)for the implementation of nonverbal communication in foreign-language teaching. The author presents his exhaustive model of ‘nonverbal categories’ for a detailed analysis of normal or pathological behaviors in any interactive or noninteractive manifestation; and based on all the previous material his equally exhaustive structural model for the study of conversational encounters which suggests many applications in different fields such as the intercultural and multisystem communication situation developed in simultaneous or consecutive interpretating. 956 literary quotations from 103 authors and 194 works illustrate all the points discussed.

This pioneering book explores in depth the role of neurotransmitters in conscious awareness. The central aim is to identify common neural denominators of conscious awareness informed by the neurochemistry of natural drug induced and pathological states of consciousness. Chemicals such as acetylcholine and dopamine which bridge the synaptic gap between neurones are the 'neurotransmitters in mind' that form the substance of the volume which is essential reading for all who believe that unravelling mechanisms of consciousness must include these vital systems of the brain.Up-to-date information is provided on: <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>• Psychological domains of attention motivation memory sleep and dreaming that define normal states of consciousness. <br/>• Effects of chemicals that alter or abolish consciousness including hallucinogens and anaesthetics. <br/>• Disorders of the brain such as dementia schizophrenia and depression considered from the novel perspective of the way these affect consciousness and how this might relate to disturbances in neurotransmission.<br/><br/>(Series B)

The topic of negotiation has turned out to be of crucial interdisciplinary interest for our understanding of what we are doing in language use. Are we exchanging meanings defined in advance and presupposing equal understanding on the basis of a rule-governed system or are we negotiating meaning and understanding in the framework of an open dialogic universe? Negotiation on the one hand can be taken as the name of a specific dialogue type or action game of bargaining. On the other hand it represents a methodological concept for describing and explaining dialogic interaction which replaces the orthodox view of pattern transference. The papers collected in this volume deal with both versions of the concept of negotiation. This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the International Conference on Pragmatics and Negotiation at Tel Aviv University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in June 1999. The dialogic aspect was taken as the key concept to guide the present selection. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

How does narrative give shape and meaning to human life? And what special role do narratives play in identifying one as a person in the world? This book explores these questions from the vantage points of various human and cultural sciences with special attention to the importance of narrative as expression of embodied experience mode of communication and form for understanding the world and ultimately ourselves. Presenting a variety of perspectives — from narrative psychology and literary criticism to discourse communication and cultural theory — these studies examine the intricacies of narrative identity construction. With contributions from some of the leading scholars in the field the book highlights the cultural field in which narratives shape forms of life. Using verbal and pictorial linguistic and performative oral and written natural and literary autobiographical texts the studies demonstrate how the construction of selves memories and life-worlds are interwoven in one narrative fabric.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This volume contains revised versions of thirteen of the papers presented at the parasession “New Solutions to Old Problems: Issues in Romance Historical Linguistics” held as part of the 29th Linguistic Symposium on the Romance Languages (1999). These studies examine specific problems in Romance historical linguistics within the framework of new analytical approaches many of which represent extensions into the diachronic realm of methodologies and theories originally formulated to explain aspects of synchronic phonology and syntax. Insights afforded by Principles and Parameters the Minimalist Program Optimality Theory grammaticalization theory and sociohistorical linguistics are used to elucidate such long-standing issues in traditional historical grammar as diphthongization in Hispano-Romance syncope of intertonic vowels in Hispano- and Gallo-Romane Romance lenition the role of analogy in morphological change word order infinitival constructions and the collocation of clitic object pronouns in Old French and Old Spanish.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

New Zealand English is currently one of the most researched varieties of English world-wide. This book presents an up-to-date account of all the major aspects of New Zealand English by leading scholars as well as younger specialists in each of the major fields of enquiry. The book is authoritative in its range and represents not only a synopsis of past research but also new research in many areas of study. It is of interest not just to specialists in regional varieties of English but many of the chapters detail new approaches to the study of dialect phenomena. It contains an introduction describing the external history of New Zealand English and the development of the study of New Zealand English. It comes with a full bibliography of work on New Zealand English and is fully indexed. This book is a significant landmark in the study of English varieties and will prove indispensable for anyone who is a student of English and New Zealand English.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This book addresses some of the most fundamental questions that can be asked about target language (TL) acquisition in the classroom context namely<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>1. What is negotiated interaction?<br/>2. What are the main discourse functions of negotiated interaction?<br/>3. How frequent is negotiated interaction in TL classrooms and does this frequency vary by proficiency level?<br/>4. To what extent does the initiation of negotiation overlap with the negotiation of power in such a setting of unequal-power discourse as the TL classroom?<br/>The negotiation process allows TL learners to obtain ‘comprehensible input’ to receive ‘negative input’ and to produce ‘comprehensible output’. Since these are key variables in the acquisition process by researching the negotiation work occurring in TL classroom discourse the book fully contributes to the understanding of the process of interlanguage development in TL classrooms and thereby has major implications for TL teaching and teacher training. The book also contributes to further the understanding of negotiated interaction from a sociolinguistic standpoint: the asymmetrical nature of negotiation work in TL classrooms reflects the role and power relationships the social organization as well as the tacit interactional and cultural rules that seem to be at work in the TL classroom context.

The “Nostratic” hypothesis — positing a common linguistic ancestor for a wide range of language families including Indo-European Uralic and Afro-Asiatic — has produced one of the most enduring and often intense controversies in linguistics. Overwhelmingly though both supporters of the hypothesis and those who reject it have not dealt directly with one another’s arguments. This volume brings together selected representatives of both sides as well as a number of agnostic historical linguists with the aim of examining the evidence for this particular hypothesis in the context of distant genetic relationships generally.

The volume contains discussion of variants of the Nostratic hypothesis (A. Bomhard; J. Greenberg; A. Manaster-Ramer K. Baertsch K. Adams & P. Michalove) the mathematics of chance in determining the relationships posited for Nostratic (R. Oswalt; D. Ringe) and the evidence from particular branches posited in Nostratic (L. Campbell; C. Hodge; A. Vovin) with responses and additional discussion by E. Hamp B. Vine W. Baxter and B. Comrie.

In the last decade there has been a revival of interest regarding negation and polarity with much cross-fertilization between semantic and syntactic approaches. The papers in the present volume address key issues regarding the syntax and semantics of negation and polarity including both synchronic and diachronic perpectives. Central to the discussions are the distribution of negative markers and the structure of the clause negative concord phenomena licensing of polarity items similarities between Neg-movement and wh-movement. The papers by main contributors to the field reflect different theoretical frameworks including Principles and Parameters and Minimalist approaches Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Formal Semantics or approaches interested in pragmatics. The volume is of interest to syntacticians semanticians historical linguists typologists and philosophers.

This volume aims to extend both the range of analyses and the database on nominal classification systems. Previous analyses of nominal classification systems have focussed on two areas: the semantics of the classification system and the role of the system in discourse. In many nominal classification systems there appear to be a significant percentage of nominals with an arbitrary classification. There is a considerable body of literature aimed at elucidating the semantic bases of clasification in such systems thereby reducing the degree of apparent arbitrariness. Contributors to this volume continue this line of enquiry but also propose that arbitrariness in itself has a role from a wider socio-cultural perspective. Previous analyses of the discourse role of classification systems posit that they play a significant role in referential tracking. For the languages surveyed in this volume contributors propose that reference instantiation is an equally significant function and indeed that reference instantiation and tracking cannot be properly divided from one another. This volume provides detailed information on classification in a number of northern Australian languages whose systems are otherwise poorly known.

Conversational narratives provide valuable resources for the discursive construction and invoking of personal and sociocultural identities. As such their sociolinguistic and cultural analysis constitute a high priority in the agenda of discourse studies. This book contributes to the growing line of discourse-analytic research on the dynamic relations between narrative forms and functions and their immediate and wider communicative contexts. The volume draws on a large corpus of spontaneous conversational stories recorded in Greece where everyday stortytelling is a central mode of communication in the community’s interactional contexts and thus a rich site for a meaningful enactment of social stances roles and relations. The study brings to the fore the stories’ text-constitutive mechanisms and explores the ways in which they situate the narrated experiences globally by invoking sociocultural knowledge and expectations and locally by making them sequentially and interactionally relevant to the specific conversational contexts. The stories’ micro- and macro-level analysis richly illustrated with narrative transcripts throughout leads to the uncovery of a global mode of narrative performance which is based on a closed set of recurrent devices. It is argued that the choice or avoidance of this mode is at the heart of the stories’ (re)constitution of a self an other and a sociocultural world. The numerous cases of intergenerational narrative communication (adults-children) shed additional light on the performance’s contextualization aspects and contribute to the cross-cultural understanding of the dynamics of oral performances.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Besides students and researchers of discourse analysis sociolinguistics anthropological linguistics narrative analysis and Greek studies this book will also appeal to all those interested in communication and cultural studies.

Numeral Classifier Systems considers the functional significance of the Japanese numeral system its conclusions based on a corpus of 500 uses of classifier constructions drawn from oral and written Japanese texts.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Interestingly although the Japanese system appears to conform at least superficially to universalistic predictions about its semantic structure this study reports that in actual usage the semantic role of classifiers is slight — only very rarely do they carry any lexical information unavailable from the context or the noun with which the classifier occurs. It does appear however that the system has an important role to play in providing pronoun-like anaphoric elements and in marking pragmatic distinctions such as the individuatedness of referents and the newness of numerical information. For these reasons the classifier system is deeply involved in a number of subsystems of Japanese grammar and the demise of the system (sometimes rumored to be impending) would have substantial implications for the structure of the language as a whole.

“Non-fluent Aphasia in a Multilingual World” is an up-to-date introduction to the language of patients with non-fluent aphasia. Recent research in languages other than English has challenged our old descriptions of aphasia syndromes: while their patterns can be recognized across languages the structure of each language has a profound effect on the symptoms of aphasic speech. However the basic linguistic concepts needed to understand these effects in languages other than English have rarely been part of the training of the clinician.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>“Non-fluent Aphasia in a Multilingual World” introduces these concepts plainly and concretely in the context of dozens of examples from the narratives and conversations of patients speaking most of the major languages of Europe North America and Asia. Linguistic and clinical terms are carefully defined and kept as theory neutral as possible.<br/>“Non-Fluent Aphasia in a Multilingual World” is especially useful for speech-language pathologists whose patients are immigrants and guestworkers and for the clinician who must deal creatively with the challenges of providing aphasia diagnosis and therapy in a multicultural multidialectical setting.

The continuing expansion of research in dialectology sociolinguistics and English as a world language has made the field increasingly difficult to survey. This bibliography is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the relevant publications of the past few years. Like its predecessor it will prove an indispensable reference book. The collection is in four parts dealing respectively with general studies Britain and Ireland the United States and Canada and the rest of the world. There is a joint index in which the 2800 entries are classified according to specific areas ethnic groups and major linguistic categories thus making the bibliography easy to use with the greatest profit. The present bibliography complements the one compiled by W. Viereck E.W. Schneider and M. Görlach which covered the period from 1965 to 1983 and was published in the same series in 1984.

The twenty papers from the eighteenth Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages deal with diverse aspects of the Romance languages and Romance linguistics. They reflect the current state of Romance studies in North America and of the particular outlook among the international group of contributors and participants to LSRL 18. The thriving research front accords central importance to formal questions of synchronic analysis. The group of seven historical and typological papers amounts to a strong alternative. Several papers treat the group of Romance languages not only as a well-defined almost exclusive research province but move from Romance phenomena outward to other language types even to genuinely universal dimensions. Other contributions maintain a more circumscribed outlook exploiting the typological closeness of the Romance idioms for improved analyses. Three invited contributions by Georg Bossong Yves Charles-Morin and Maria-Luisa Rivero on typological phonological and syntactic questions set the tone for the volume.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Linguists traditionally have assumed that full sentence sources truncated by ellipsis rules account for the grammatical structure as well as the semantic interpretation of fragments like B below: A: What happened in 1974? B: A scandal in the White House. A sentential structure dominated by the initial node of S is reduced to a fragment by the operation of ellipsis and it is the full sentential source that provides the semantic interpretation for the remaining fragment.Barton argues against both of these assumptions. She claims that independent major lexical categories like the example above are generated within a grammar as syntactic structures dominated by the initial node of NP VP and so on rather than S. Her second claim is that the major part of the interpretation of these independent constituent utterances takes place within a pragmatic context rather than in the semantic component of a grammar. A theory of nonsentential constituents is presented consisting of two interacting models: an autonomous competence model of the grammar of nonsentential constituent structures and a modular pragmatic model of the interpretation of independent constituent utterances in context.

Clahsen geht es in seinem neuen Buch um eine prazise empirische Theorie des kindlichen Spracherwerbs. Er argumentiert fur einige zentrale Bestandteile einer solchen Theorie die groîenteils im Kontext linguistischer Theoriebildung stehen. Fur diesen Zweck werden vergleichende Spracherwerbsuntersuchungen durchgefuhrt. Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen ist der Grammatikerwerb des Deutschen unter verschiedenartigen Bedingungen. In Teil I werden die wichtigsten Phasen des normalen Erstspracherwerbs rekonstruiert in Teil II wird dieser mit den Ausfallen beim gestorten Spracherwerb konfrontiert und in einem abschliessenden Exkurs werden die Besonderheiten des naturlichen Zweitspracherwerbs von Erwachsenen dargestellt und dem kindlichen Erstspracherwerb gegenubergestellt.

Jucker endeavors to test pragmatic concepts (such as Grice’s principles of conversational inference) by applying them to concrete data. This application leads to suggestions for various modifications in the available pragmatic methodology. While pursuing this theoretical goal he makes a significant contribution to descriptive pragmatics by offering a detailed picture of linguistically relevant aspects of news interviews which show communicative behavior in ‘laboratory conditions’ where as many influencing factors as possible are kept stable while the influence of one specific factor at a time can be tested.

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Edward Sapir (1884-1939) a conference was held in the Victoria Memorial Museum Ottawa Canada where Sapir had his office for most of his time as Chief of the Anthropological Division of the Geographical Survey of Canada (1910-1925). This volume presents papers from that conference.

This volume derives from a symposium held in March 1982 to celebrate the inauguration of the Department of Linguistics at Rice University. The focus of the symposium was the state of linguistics and semiotics in its recent past the current status and directions to be explored in the immediate future.