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This volume presents the outcome of a workshop held in Amsterdam in 1985 on the nature even possibility of explanation in Historical Linguistics: why changes take place and others do not and why they occur at a particular time and place. The workshop and this volume aim to explore questions such as i) are the factors which explain the actuation of a change different from those that explain its implementation?; ii) is it possible to give a typology of changes?; iii) should linguistic explanation hope to meet the same requirements as explanation in the pure sciences?; iv) are all linguistic changes necessarily the product of variation?; v) should there be a formal theory of change apart from a general thoery of grammar?

Two of the most prominent hypotheses about why the structures of the Creole languages of the Atlantic and the Pacific differ are the universalist and he substrate hypotheses. The universalist hypothesis claims essentially that the particular grammatical properties of Creole languages directly reflect universal aspects of the human language capacity and thus Creole genesis involves then the stripping away of the accretions of language history. The substrate hypothesis claims on the other hand that creole genesis results from the confrontation of two systems the native languages of the colonized groups and the dominant colonial language and that the native language leaves strong traces in the resulting Creole. The contributions of this ground breaking collection present new and historical research on the old debate of substrata versus universals in Creole languages.

This study seeks to demonstrate that throughout centuries of re-creation linguistic devices have been used to support both the production and the reproduction of the romances. On the basis of this demonstration it is argued that it is time to recognize these devices as evaluators and to include a discussion of evaluative mechanisms in the study of the Romancero tradition.

This volume presents revised versions of papers originally presented at the Colloquium in Linguistic Typology held in Moscow in 1985. The organizers and participants of the colloquium considered it of great importance to come to terms on primary principles in order to be able to build on previous research and to determine the place of typology in linguistics. The papers in this volume reflect that goal.

Jucker endeavors to test pragmatic concepts (such as Grice’s principles of conversational inference) by applying them to concrete data. This application leads to suggestions for various modifications in the available pragmatic methodology. While pursuing this theoretical goal he makes a significant contribution to descriptive pragmatics by offering a detailed picture of linguistically relevant aspects of news interviews which show communicative behavior in ‘laboratory conditions’ where as many influencing factors as possible are kept stable while the influence of one specific factor at a time can be tested.

This volume seeks to present ‘Germanic philology’ with its main linguistic literary and cultural subdivisions as a whole and to call into question the customary pedagogical division of the discipline.

This book is the first attempt to describe the syntax of Contemporary English exclusively in terms of dependencies (most American works on the subject being in terms of phrase structure or constituency). The three main features of it are: (1) a fully formal presentation (2) a reasonably complete coverage of English surface syntax and (3) an exposition oriented towards human readers (rather than computers).<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The book can be recommended for several categories of readers: specialists in English syntax linguists interested in general and theoretical syntax computational linguists researchers in related fields (including psychology and artificial intelligence) concerned with automatic processing (both synthesis and analysis) of English texts.

The impetus for producing a bibliography of Noam Chomky’s output (so far) derives from a strong interest in and commitment to a historical accounting of the contribution to the field of linguistic theory and possibly other subjects such as philosophy and political science by a man who has dominated linguistics for more than a generation at least in North America. This bibliography lists his writings in linguistics and related fields his writings on political issues and other non-linguistic subjects and interview and discussions with Noam Chomsky.

This volume contains a selection of papers originally presented at the 12th Conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAVE) held in Montréal in 1983. It is divided into three sections: 1. Varieties of English and their history; 2. Change and variation in Romance; 3. Functions and discourse.

The Charmides is among Plato's most intriguing and perplexing dialogues. The range of subjects touched or treated is extremely wide: matters logical epistemological moral ethical political and religious. In many cases these are discussed in a highly inconclusive and aporetic way especially when it comes to the subject of knowledge. Finally the dialogue is also difficult on almost every level of its expression; mock-reasonings misunderstandings ironies paradoxes and perplexities abound. As a result the run of its many arguments both on the short and the long range and its overall structure are not easy to discern. If a text of such a character is to be made completely accessible a full-scale commentary is required; it is much to be regretted therefore that there is no commentary in which the difficulties of the Greek the argument and the place of the philosophical problems in the development of Plato's thought are comprehensively and coherently explained. This monograph does not aspire to that status but makes an essential contribution towards achieving that aim (in addition to the many other works in the field Lamb's scrupulous translation of 1927 and Bloch's penetrating study of 1973 in particular) by presenting a detailed examination of forty-two passages of which the interpretation is disputed; many more minor problems are dealt with along the way. In all matters of interpretation special attention has been paid to defining the exact place of the passage within the run of the often intricate argument. The result of this attention can also be observed in an analytical 'Summary of the contents of the Charmides'.

La sémiotique plastique refuse la confusion du visible et du dicible. Tout ce qui fait sens peut être soumis à l’analyse: la saturation d’un rouge le parallélisme ou le croisement de deux lignes ou encore le rappel d’un même agencement de formes et de volumes dan un espace bâti. Les sept études concrètes ici rassemblées portent sur des œuvres aussi différentes qu’une photographie d’Edouard Boubat une bande dessinée de Benjamin Rabier deux publicités (‘News’ ‘Urgo’) un tableau de Kandinsky une maison conçue par l’architecte Georges Baines les essais critiques et les dessins de Roland Barthes. Un phénomène sémiotique commun les parcourt qui justifie l’unité de leur approche: c’est le couplage de catégories du signifiant visuel – opposant les couleurs les formes ou les valeurs – avec certaines catégories conceptuelles telles que nature/culture identité/altérité vie/mort etc. La compréhesion de ce principe porteur de signification conduit au rapprochement des problématiques esthétique anthropologique et sémiotique de l’image et de l’œuvre d’art. Elle implique le rejet de tout cloisonnement et de toute hiérarchie a priori des arts et des langages.

The general objective of this volume is to present and discuss different modes of existence in women’s texts and feminist identity in political and poetic discourse on the one hand and to analyze the factors which determine differing relationships between women and society and which result in specific forms of identity on the other. The essays in this volume explore language gender mass media sexuality class and social change women’s identity as Blacks and in the Third World as well as the nature of domination feminine criticism and female creativity. The volume opens with a challenging question by the feminist poet Adrienne Rich ‘Who is We?’

This volume brings together a number of articles representative of the present outlook on the importance of metaphors and of the work done on metaphors in several domains of (psycho)linguistics. The first part of the volume deals with metaphor and the system of language. The second part offers papers on metaphor and language use. In the third part psychological and psycholinguistic aspects of metaphor are discussed.

This volume presents a rather complete survey of the research activities of the Prague group of algebraic linguistics. Some of the papers included bear witness to the fact that algebraic linguistics or the formal description of language is not the only domain in which the Prague group is active. Typological and empirically oriented discussions are represented as well and so are accounts of some of the experimental systems from the domains of computational linguistics and natural language comprehension. Most of the papers included here have been published (partly in Czech) in periodicals and miscellanies some of which are not easily accessible; a smaller part consists of papers written specifically for the present volume. The volume is divided into four sections the first of which contains generally oriented papers. The second section consists of contributions devoted to the core of the empirical problems of sentence structure. The third section includes papers concerning specific questions of the syntax of Czech and section four is oriented towards the experimental systems prepared by the Prague group.

The aim of the present bibliography is to provide the student of metaphor with an up-to-date and comprehensive (albeit not exhaustive) overview of recent publications dealing with various aspects of metaphor in a variety of disciplines. Where the emphasis is primarily on specific works “about” metaphor mainly in philosophy linguistics and psychology the list has been supplemented with references to studies where metaphor is explicitly recognized as an instrument of research or analysis (e.g. in literature or in the elaboration of scientific and religious models) or where its use is illustrated.

This volume contains papers by a large number of influencial linguists written as a tribute to the work of Rulon S. Wells. The volume is subdivided into sections on the Philosophy of Language Phonology Syntax Historical and Typological Linguistics and Diachronic and Synchronic Derivation.

Ce travail est une description syntaxique des constructions des verbes de mouvement (Vmt) en coréen contemporain. L’objectif immédiat est the caractériser syntaxiquement les phrases acceptant un Vmt et de décrire leurs propriétés formelles. Dans cette optique on doit: construire sur la base de critères formels la classe des Vmt; recenser toutes les entrées lexicales susceptibles de figurer dans cette classe en vue d’en déterminer une liste aussi complète que possible; analyser les principales propriétés syntaxiques des phrases à Vmt. Les cinq chapitres de ce livre et sa conclusion correspondent à ces principales questions.

These papers are a selection from papers presented at the 4th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (Amsterdam 1985). Most studies deal with some aspect of an earlier stage of English though present day varieties of English are also under investigation. Many of the papers show that there is a growing interest in the question why a certain change has taken place. Furthermore the volume contains a considerable number of papers on historical syntax.

This book collects all the named laws of Indo-European presents each in its original form and rationale and then provides an evaluation of all major attacks revisions and exploitations along with a full bibliography and index. Complete – thorough – exhaustive.

This is a textbook right in the thick of current interest in morphology. It proposes principles to predict properties previously considered arbitrary and brings together the psychological and the diachronic to explain the recurrent properties of morphological systems in terms of the processes that create them. For the student the clear discussion of morphology and morphophonemics and the rich variety of data brought in on the way to the theoretical conclusion is material for a direct learning experience.

This collection comprises 15 essays ranging from the social history of and attitudes towards Scots to the representation of Scottishness in literary language and to modern sociolinguistic work. The uniqueness of the historical and present-day linguistic situation in Scotland makes the volume of particular concern not only to Scotophiles but also to linguists interested in bidialectalism language planning literary dialect urban surveys and language and education. The authors include linguistist Scotland England the United States Scandinavia and Germany.

This volume presents papers on issues in African linguistics covering a variety of African languages and ranging from phonology to lexicology.

The two monumental volumes making up this collection of essays hold the names of the world’s most renowned and respected scholars in the field of semiotics and does more than full justice to the extraordinary career of Algirdas Julien Greimas. Before this mer á boire of some seventy five essays kicks off the editors present a state-of-the art introduction which is followed by a unique bio-bibliography of A.J. Greimas that trails the career of the master writer in unparalleled fashion through the years.

William Faulkner was an aviation cadet in Canada in the closing days of WW I. He later owned his own airplane and even put on a few air shows. When he wrote of flying as he often did it was with a great deal of expertise but little concern for the edification of his readers. The result is that many of the five hundred or so passages dealing with aviation in his works are all but incomprehensible to the non-pilot. This work elucidates all the aeronautical references in Faulkner’s fiction and verse which might prove troublesome to the general reader. This monograph contains three main sections: An introduction to flight designed especially for the non-technical reader and intended to provide enough background in aerodynamics and aircraft design to enable one to follow Faulkner’s argument intelligently; a brief biography of Faulkner as a pilot and aviation enthusiast; and a reader’s guide through the individual works in which aviation plays a part.

This volume is concerned with one of the few thorough-going Labovian studies carried out in Britain. Based on a survey of over hundred randomly selected informants from the towns of Bradford Halifax and Huddersfield it deals first with the methodology employed and then sketches some aspects of the ‘traditional’ dialects of the area before describing a large number of variables. Other non-standard features encountered during the survey are described since these too are part of the changing patterns of speech in West Yorkshire. The final chapter draws a distinction between ‘dialect’ and ‘accent’ which is slightly different from that generally employed and suggests that while ‘dialect’ features seem to have declined under the pressure of the standard language ‘accent’ still persists as a social differentiator.

The papers in this volume all explore one kind of functional explanation for various aspects of linguistic form – iconicity: linguistic forms are frequently the way they are because they resemble the conceptual structures they are used to convey or linguistic structures resemble each other because the different conceptual domains they represent are thought of in the same way. The papers in Part I of this volume deal with aspects of motivation the ways in which the linguistic form is a diagram of conceptual structure and homologous with it in interesting ways. Most of the papers in Part II focus on isomorphism the tendency to associate a single invariant meaning with each single invariant form. The papers in Part III deal with the apparent arbitrariness that arises from competing motivations.

A Concise Hopi and English Lexicon is a lexical research tool for persons interested in the Hopi language. An effort has been made to include the most frequent forms of basic roots. The work is designed to serve as wide-ranging an audience as possible: Hopi speakers as well as those not fluent in this language the scholar as well as the general reader. The lexicon treats the Third Mesa dialect and the vocabulary items are limited to items of common usage. The work is presented in two sections: the first and main section is Hopi-English and the second is an English-Hopi index.

This study is intended to design measures for ethnographic description including speech acts in an etic instrumental approach oriented toward an analysis of the functions of communicative events in relation to the ongoing stream of behavior. A revised taxonomy of speech acts is applied to an empirical corpus and is shown to produce a systematic set of behavioral measures which are potentially productive for cross-cultural comparison.

Passivization is explained by using the formalism of combinatory logic. The agented passive is derived from the agentless as follows: a term denoting an agent is transposed into a predicate modifier and applied to the passive predicate of the agentless construction. The passive predicate consists of two parts: 1) the two-place converse of the active predicate and 2) a zero unspecified term to which the converse predicate is applied. The passive is not derived from but is related to the active. The modifier of the passive predicate is the functional counterpart of the subject in the active. The proposed hypothesis gives an adequate solution to problems arising from various types of passive constructions. Passivization and antipassivization are defined as instances of a general cross-linguistic process involving conversion.

Suleiman provides a linguistic analysis of Jordanian Arabic spoken by educated groups and in particular by students at Yarmouk University. He investigates the extent to which spoken Jordanian Arabic is affected by the classical-colloquial dichotomy (i.e. the extent to which diglossia is involved). In addition the influence of language contact between English and Arabic is studied (with reference to code-switching interference and integration) by comparing the linguistic repertoire of Yarmouk students (where English is often used as a medium of instruction) with that of students at other Arab universities (where the medium of instruction is basically Arabic).

With reference to a brief description of inherent properties of the international news reporting process in a free press tradition Verschueren criticizes their being neglected in linguistic approaches to the language of the media. In an attempt to illustrate the potential contribution of functional linguistic analyses to a better understanding of the printed media as a channel for international communication he investigates the use of metapragmatic metaphors (in particular metaphorical verbs of speaking) in the reporting by The New York Times on the U-2 incident in May 1960. The framing of the incident as a communicative event is evaluated along the dimensions of factual truth interpretational accuracy and understanding.

Mentally retarded individuals have been studied almost exclusively as clinical entities not as persons immersed in the stream of social life. This has led not only to a lack of appreciation for the complexity of their lives and concerns but also to an underestimation and incomplete understanding of their intellectual and linguistic skills. By exploring aspects of the ongoing linguistic and social lives of retarded individuals in various community contexts this volume contributes to a growing body of literature which attempts to fill in this inadequate picture. In addition the studies in this volume offer social scientists insights into the way that stigma such as that associated with intellectual and social incompetence affects social groups and influences conversational behavior and language use.

Discourse and Literature boldly integrates the analysis of literature and non-literary genres in an innovative embracing study of discourse. Narrative poetry drama myths songs letters Biblical discourse and graffiti as well as stylistics and rhetorics are the topics treaded by twelve well-known specialists selected and introduced by Teun A. van Dijk.

The Ezourvedam used by Voltaire among others as sourcebook for the most ancient of religions was thereupon found to have been a fraud. Actually it was composed by a Christian – the text shows him to have been a French Jesuit missionary who did not necessarily know Sanskrit – in order to convert Hindus to Christianity. The controversy surrounding the spurious Veda continues involving a number of scholars and missionaries particularly in the question of whether or not the Veda was composed in Sanskrit or French. In tracing the history of the Ezourvedam Ludo Rocher adds a number of points one being that the text was definitely first written in French with a view to a later Sanskrit translation or more likely to one of several modern Indian vernaculars. This edition is based on the manuscripts of Voltaire and Anquetil du Perron and especially on a third manuscript preserved at the Bibliotheque National in Paris wrongly catalogued there as Yajurveda. This edition is therefor markedly different from the 1778 edition by the Baron de Sainte-Croix.

Es war kein Zufall daß das achte Fachkolloquium der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft (1981) in Freiburg im Breisgau stattfand – es war wie dieser Band dem Kollegen Freund und Lehrer Oswald Szemerényi gewidmet der das letzte Jahr seiner Amtszeit als Hochschullehrer angetreten hatte. Eher zufälliger Art war die Wahl des Themas: es sollte ein Bereich sein der Szemerényi's Arbeitsgebieten nahestand und ihn besonders interessierte – da hatte nun nahezu jedes Teilgebiet der Indogermanistik eine Chance gewählt zu werden und wir entschieden uns schließlich für das Germanische: hier waren nicht nur profilierte Forscher zu gewinnen es war auch lange nicht mehr Gegenstand eines indogermanistischen Gesprächs gewesen obwohl doch jeder Vertreter unseres Fachs zumindest in seiner Lehrtätigkeit ständig mit den Zusammenhängen zwischen Germanisch und Indogermanisch zu tun hat. Das Ergebnis hat uns recht gegeben: die Fülle von im vollen Sinne indogermanistischen Fragestellungen die sich aus der Arbeit an der historisch-vergleichenden Beschreibung germanischer Sprachen ergibt hat die Fachleute und die Gäste unter den Teilnehmern beeindruckt und eine lebhafte und substanzreiche Diskussion hat den Vortragenden an Ort und Stelle das Interesse bewiesen das ihren Forschungen entgegengebracht wird.

This volume deals with the reconstructed morphology of Proto-Romance. It is the third in a series by this author. The first volume (1974 Elsevier) deals with the external history of the Romance languages: the conditions under which they developed were used and (in some instances) went out of use. The second volume (1976 Elsevier) treats the phonology of their common source Proto-Romance. Together these three volumes aim to cast light not only on Popular Latin speech by means of its surviving elements in the Romance languages but also on the extent to which the comparative method can be regarded as valid and useful in instances where no attestations are available for a language as closely related to the reconstructed proto-language as high Classical Latin was to Proto-Romance.

The topic of this bibliography in its broadest sense is the subject of a wide range of academic disciplines. Given these circumstances the particular associations and connotations of the terms ‘transfer’ and ‘interference’ in each of these areas are legion with resultant differences in meaning in the disparate literature on these subjects. And yet it is in one way or another contact and interaction of languages in the speaker/hearer and learner in language acquisition contexts as well as in society in general which is basic to these two concepts throughout the various disciplines. The discovery of this basic unitary notion is surely one of the reasons for the new interest in these phenomena. In light of all this a bibliography cannot at present avoid being highly/ selective in order to demarcate an interdisciplinary area of research in its own right and with its own status. The establishment of such an area is one of our main aims. The focus of interest in this bibliography admittedly is directed towards the psycholinguistics of language contact and interaction.

Les textes ici rassemblées donnent un tableau fidèle de l’état actuel et l’orientation des recherches linguistiques. Non que toutes les écoles chapelles églises et sectes y soient représentées: un seul volume n’y suffirait pas. Mais les principaux courants y sont et pas seulement dans les patronages dont ils se réclament: également dans l’approche des faits dans le type de problème soulevé dans les solutions envisagées.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This is the first volume of a work envisioned to consist of six volumes providing a complete overview of the unified approach to basic problems of linguistics as developed by Hans-Heinrich Lieb. This first volume contains a detailed overview of Integrational Linguistics and outlines a major fragment of a theory of language systems. The further volumes will discuss: II. A theory of grammars; III. Language universals and language contrast; IV. Syntax and semantics; V. Morphology and morphosemantics; VI. Lexical semantics.

This guide provides brief descriptions and evaluations of the best reference grammars and comprehensive works on the syntax of contemporary Afrikaans Danish Dutch English Faroese Frisian German Icelandic Norwegian Swedish and Yiddish.

Edited by Anna Balakian this volume marks the first attempt to discuss Symbolism in a full range of the literatures written in the European languages. The scope of these analyses which explore Latin America Scandinavia Russia Poland Hungary Serbia Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria as well as West European literatures continues to make the volume a valuable reference today. As René Wellek suggests in his historiographic contribution the fifty-one contributors not only make us think afresh about individual authors who are “giants” but also draw us to reassess schools and movements in their local as well as international contexts. Reviewers comment that this “copious and intelligently structured” anthology divided into eight parts traces the conceptual bases and emergence of an international Symbolist movement showing the spread of Symbolism to other national literatures from French sources as well as the symbiotic transformations of Symbolism through appropriation and amalgamation with local literary trends. Several chapters deal with the relationships between literature and the other arts pointing to Symbolism at work in painting music and theatre. Other chapters on the psychological aspects of the Symbolist method connect in interesting ways to a vision of metaphor and myth as virtually musical notation and an experimental emphasis on the play afforded by gaps between words. The volume is “a major contribution” to “the most significant exponents” and “essential themes” of Symbolism. The theoretical historical and typological sections of the volume help explain why the impact of this important movement of the fin-de-siècle is still felt today.

This volume contains an annotated reprint of Wittgenstein's "Zeitungsartikel und Vorträge" edited by J. C. Nyíri. The writings are preceded by an extensive introduction by J. C. Nyíri and Brian McGuinness. English summaries and notes have been provided by Barry Smith.

Une méthodologie commune est la caractéristique principale des travaux qui sont réunis dans ces actes du Premier Colloque Européen sur la Grammaire et le Lexique comparés des langues Romanes (Palerme 1981). La comparaison n’est pas une nouveauté en linguistique Romane; l’originalité des travaux présentés ici réside dans l’exploration systématique de domaines lexico-syntaxiques définis. Ce volume est organisé autour de trois thèmes principaux: les verbes de mouvement les constructions doubles standard/croisées et les verbes supports.

This volume is a wide-ranging study in dialectology. General surveys appear along with in-depth studies of particular problems. Some papers describe the present situation in terms of dynamic synchrony others deal with the past and making use of present-day dialectal data to help solve certain problems and finally those that draw on the past to explain the present. Traditional dialectological methodology is presented here as is modern quantificational and computative dialectology. Moreover regional English and Welsh English are investigated on the phonological morphological and syntactical levels.

This study poses the problems of theoretical and philosophical pedagogy in the practice of teaching. The research goal was to improve my teaching. A concrete experience of undergraduate lecturing is the subject. This unconventional New Paradigm research strives for an immediacy of contact between text and practice. How does a beginning lecturer grapple with this job? What is it like to establish oneself as a teacher? The emphasis is upon the experience of teaching of the school and what is expected of one as instructor.

This volume consists of papers presented at the Conference on Language Universals and Second Language Acquisition University of Southern California February 1982. Published with the papers are the remarks of the originally assigned discussants. The collection represents an important cross-fertilization between research in grammatical theory and in second language acquisition. Topics dealt with in a number of the papers include word order markedness core grammar accessability hierarchies and simplified registers. The range of universals discussed embraces phonology syntax semantics and discourse. Universals are also considered with reference to ontology psychological reality and evaluation metrics.

This study is an attempt to explain coordinate conjoining as a rule-governed process of establishing specific semantic relations within and between sentences. Coordination is thus conceived of both as a basic device of linguistic complex formation and as a rather fundamental principle underlying the creation of the text. From the point of view of achieving coherence coordinate conjoining is described in this monograph as an integrative process. Described are the conditions governing this process the rules according to which take place in short: the complex interaction of various linguistically identifiable features displayed by coordinate structures. Coordinate conjoining is regarded here as the result of the interplay of three factors which belong to distinct levels of semantic description: the meaning of the conjuncts the relation between the meaning of the conjuncts and the meaning of the connectors. The step-by-step explication of the interaction of these levels in determining the semantic interpretation of coordinate structures forms the core of the present study.

In these lectures delivered at Harvard University in March 1983 the differences between Modernism and Postmodernism are discussed in semiotic terms based on a contrastive analysis of semantic and syntactical (compositional) features. They present the major results of research into the literary conventions of Modernism (Gide Larbaud V. Woolf du Perron Th. Mann) and the innovations of Postmodernism (Borges Fuentes Barthelme Calvino Hermans). The investigation of innovation in literary history is based on a concept of literary evolution launched by the Russian Formalists and elaborated by reception theory and semioticians such as Lotman and Eco. The author argues for further corroboration by means of empirical – textual as well as psychological – research.