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La Egloga II propone el caos lo diverso el error y también la posibilidad de orden. Sólo en el contexto de una especie literaria flexible y multiforme — la pastoral — y de una forma de expresión proteica — el discurso — esa vasta tarea de conciliación era posible. Discurso y pastoral constituyen el ámbito dialéctico de esa armonía discorde que la Egloga II consigue por medio de un enciclopédico esfuerzo humanístico.

This monograph deals with the ‘aboutness’ of language. First the sense in which language ‘is about’ or ‘reflects’ both reality and a mental picture of reality is turned into a cornerstone of a reflectionist or ‘Speculative Grammarian’ semantics and pragmatics. Second the ‘Speculative Grammar’ idea is made concrete in a logico-linguistic account of the way language ‘is about’ the whole of reality as well as about certain fractions of it. Third the reflectionist perspective is used for a universalist account of the way speech acts ‘are about’ their subjects topics and foci.

The author describes and explains the syntactic and pragmatic properties of the nominal and pronominal elements in sentences of the types Ces Romains ils sont fous and Ils sont fous ces Romains which in spite of their frequent occurrence have so far received little attention among linguists and grammarians. He argues that far from having the marginal status of a linguistic anomaly the cooccurrence in the same clause of coreferential nouns and pronouns is one formal manifestation of an important functional principle in modern French: the encoding of a topic-comment relationship in the surface structure of the sentence. The pronouns in sentences such as the ones mentioned are interpreted as agreement markers. The syntactic and semantic differences between topics and anti-topics are analyzed.

Pragmatics often begins by supposing that specifying and describing truth bearers is a proper task for semantics. The main thrust of the present work is to show why truth and truth bearers lie essentially beyond the descriptive reach of semantics and to outline a theory of truth bearers as a proper and fundamental task for pragmatics. It is also common for treatments or definitions of truth to be confused with substantive theories about truth bearers with a variety of unfortunate results. This monograph suggests a way of separating these tasks and shows how many problems are thus avoided. Some emphasis is placed on the generally universal — i.e. nonlanguage-specific — character of pragmatic topics and of truth. These issues occasion a discussion of semantic paradoxes and of several relativities in the notion of truth.

In addition to borrowing from various foreign sources the main origins of slang terms are the activation and revitalization of existing morphological and lexical material. Metaphorical manipulation of lexical items as the main device used for the production of slangisms shows remarkable similarities in languages otherwise quite different from each other. Slang is analyzed as a kind of substandard language variation which any full-fledged language is bound to develop because it is experimental in that it is born from insubordination and protest against the stress experienced in the speech communities of large cities and is always characterized by that element of playfulness which is the hallmark of creative language in general.

This new edition of Carl Richard Lepsius’s Standard Alphabet reproduces the text of the second enlarged edition of 1863. The extensive Introduction by J. Alan Kemp places it in its historical setting and provides comments on the phonetic basis for the Alphabet and the notation.

Cet essai prolongue l’esquisse d’analyse distributionelle que l’on trouvera dans Un grammaire en chaîne du français (Salkoff 1973). Dans ce livre ici l’auteur presente quelques aspects additionels de la grammaire et du programme associé necessaire pour analyser un texte scientifique. Le chapitre 1 donne un aperçu du fonctionnement de la conjonction dans la phrase. Déterminer quelles structures et quelles sous-classes peuvent se lier les unes aux autres pare une conjonction est assurément l’une des questions les plus difficiles à résoudre dans le detail. Le chapitre 2 contient les définitions de toutes les sous-classes des catégories principales utilisées dan le lexique. Dans le chapitre 3 l’auteur présente une description de la grammaire en chaîne en tent que language formel comme une variante context-sensitive. Le chapitre 4 présente les premiers résultats de l’application effective du programme d’analyse syntaxique.

The essays in this two-volume anthology provide the reader with an overview of current Czech Polish and Hungarian research in language literature and meaning as well as some new perspectives on the major theoretical contributions of Roman Ingarden Georg Lukács and Jan Mukařovský. For the most part the emphasis is on Poetics and Literary Theory; however in some of the essays the focus shifts to such related disciplines as Aesthetics Linguistics and Semiotics. The heterogeneity of this collection reflects the broad spectrum of interests and approaches to problems of theory being pursued at present in Poland Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Much of the work being done in these countries remains relatively unknown outside of Eastern Europe. This anthology is an attempt to rectify this situation and make better known the nature and extent of research which promises new insights into a whole range of phenomena in language literature and culture.

The studies in this volume are revised versions of a selection from the papers presented at the Fourth International Conference on Historical Linguistics held at Stanford University on 26–30 March 1979. Papers at this conference and in this volume treat aspects of all current topics in historical linguistics including topics that are only recently considered relevant such as acquisition structure and language use.

Selon une dynamique évidente mais apparemment irrésistible les textes médiévaux mal connus tendent à le rester et leur obscurité à se justifier d'elle-même. La raison immédiate en est cette fois une répétition régulière d'une très vieille hypothèse jamais vérifiée sur la nature de la Chanson d'Antioche. La présente étude vise en premier lieu à briser au profit d'une littérature parfois incroyablement méconnue le cercle vicieux des écrits de seconde main; elle peut aussi à l'occasion servir l'étude du processus d'obscurcissement lui-même. Nous nous efforçons donc de répondre ici à une double question historique et critique. Comment se fait-il qu'on entend parler si peu—et si méchamment—d'un cycle épique majeur et unifié celui de la Croisade? Quelle est l'origine du topos critique qui assigne à ce Cycle un rang inférieur aux autres quelquefois en le rejetant totalement hors du genre épique? Car nous avons affaire à un topos dont il s'agit de bien mesurer l'étendue.

There is no country in the world where as many different languages are spoken as in New Guinea approximately a fifth of the languages in the world. Most of these so-called Papuan languages seem to be unrelated to languages spoken elsewhere. The present work is the first truly comprehensive study of such a language Hua. The chief typological peculiarity of Hua is the existence of a ‘medial verb’construction used to conjoin clauses in compound and complex sentences. Hua also shows a fundamental morphological distinction between coordinate and subordinate medial clauses the latter are not ‘tense-iconic’ the events they describe are not necessarily prior to the event described in later clauses. Moreover their truth is always presupposed. The distribution and behaviour of a post-nominal suffix - mo provides insights into the nature of topics conditional clauses and functional definitions of the parts of speech. In phonology the central rules of assimilation are constrained by the universal hierarchy of sonority which may however be derived from binary features. These are some of the areas in which the grammar of Hua is unusually perspicuous. The present work aims at a standard of completeness such that it would be a useful reference work for research in almost any theoretical topic.

This study of Góngora’s Soledades is intended to summarize and discuss some of the problems which seemed important for a better understanding of these poems. Special attention is paid to the two opposing ‘camps’ that developed over time; one mainly focussing on the form and the other on the content of Soledades. In this volume the authors tries to integrate the methods and results of both of the ‘camps’.

This volume presents a set of papers on linguistic thought in the Middle Ages. It is complemented by a comprehensive bibliography and indices. The papers in this volume appeared earlier in Historiographia Linguistica 7:1/2 (1980).

This volume consists of autobiographical by the following scholars together with pictures and autographs: Raven I. McDavid Jr. Henry M. Hoenigswald John B. Carroll William G. Moulton Archibald A. Hill Yakov Malkiel Charles F. Hockett Harold B. Allen William Bright Einar Haugen George S. Lane Frederic G. Cassidy James B. McMillan Winfred P. Lehmann Fred W. Householder and Dell Hymes. A master list of references and an index of persons conclude the volume.

This volume presents a selection of revised papers from the International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (Ottawa 1978). These have been organized under the following headings: I. Classical Traditions in the Middle Ages and Medieval Thought in the Renaissance and After; II. Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Century Linguistic Ideas; III. Eighteenth-Century Thought in England France and Germany; IV. Late-Eighteenth to Mid-Twentieth Century Linguistics; V. Linguistic Pursuits Outside Europe and Points of Contact Between East and West; and VI. Supplementa: Beyond the History of Linguistics.

This volume brings together a number of papers written by R. W. Hunt (1908-1979) on the history of grammar in the Middle Ages. The importance of these papers lies almost as much in the spark of scholarly investigation that they have inspired as in their contribution to original research. The first three studies in this collection deal with the change in grammatical doctrine that took place in the late 11th and 12th centuries and from which all subsequent developments during the creative period of medieval grammatical speculation derive. The fourth paper deals with a problem that concerns all students of the medieval liberal arts: the unity of learning as opposed to the present-day compartmentalisation of studies. The remaining three studies deal with the textual materials available to the medieval student of grammar.

This essay concerns the analysis of speech act verbs. It offers a range of ideas which form theoretical preliminaries to the analysis of this phenomenon.

The purpose of this essay is to both discuss commands as a species of speech act and to discuss commands within the broader framework of how they are used and reacted to.

This essay attempts to show how a second language is acquired by very young children in the process of socialization with other children. The study seeks to integrate the process of second language learning in the general framework of child development concentrating in particular on the development of language and conversational skills.

This essay concerns meaning detachment and (self-)interpreting utterances.

In the philosophic world today pragmatism and phenomenology can be found standing at a crossroad. Though each has arrived there via divergent paths and for very different reasons the direction that each takes in the future may be significantly influenced by the suggestions the other has to offer. The intention of this book is to parallel the two positions in such a way that basic points of convergence and divergence are noted and accounted for in terms of their systematic significance. Each position is presented in such a manner that philosophers engrossed in one movement can enter into the other in a way which allows a real encounter to develop.

This handbook makes available short grammatical sketches of Australian languages. Each grammar is written in a standard format following guidelines provided by the editors and includes a sample text and vocabulary text. In the introduction the editors discuss some of the recurrent features of languages across the continent together with grammars of Guugu Yimidhirr by John Haviland; Pitta-Pitta by Barry J. Blake; Gumbaynggir by Diana Eades; and Yaygir by Terry Crowley.

Intuitively it is clear why languages have anaphoric relations: anaphora reduces redundancy thereby shortening (and hence simplifying) sentences. In order for this simplification to be possible however it is necessary that the speaker of a language be able to identify correctly the elements participating in an anaphoric relation and to determine correctly the meaning of the anaphor on the basis of meaning of the antecedent. If a grammar is to reflect the linguistic competence of a native speaker of a language it must include mechanisms of associating anaphor and antecedent. In this volume the following questions will be considered: What sorts of mechanisms are best suited for representing anaphora in a grammar? What are the conditions on the rule(s) associating anaphors with antecedents? Do the various cases of anaphora form a linguistically significant class of phenomena and if so how can the grammar capture this fact? And what do these answers entail for linguistic theory?

That Goethe was also a translator is a well-kept secret. However in this study the main focus lies on these translations. Especially on his five longest and most important ones such as Diderot’s Le Neveu de Rameau and Cellini’s Vita.Not only will the translations be discussed but – and maybe even more importantly – also will this study try to give an answer to the motivation of Goethe. Why did he devote so much time to these translations? This volume offers a complete new perspective on Goethe and his works.

This study of the South African variety of English is an exercise in the sociology of language conducted mainly within the conceptual framework and methodology created by William Labov. It accepts that social process and social structure are reflected in patterns of covariation involving linguistic and social variables and in attitudes to different varieties of speech within the community. This premise is pursued here in its historical implications: linguistuic evidence in present-day speech patterns of earlier states of the society and of the social political and cultural changes that have brought about the present state. The second main focus in this volume is directed at the concept of ‘standard variety’ that is the social attributes and functions of a formal speech pattern for which the status of standard might be claimed.

Die Heliandmetrik ist eine Metrik im Altsachsischen. In dieser Studie wird versucht eine Analyse Beschreibung und Auswertung nach der formalen Kriterien zu beschreiben. Wichtig ist vor allem das Verhältnis von Rhythmus und Satzgewicht.

The continuing debate over the existence or non-existence of formal verbal aspect in Gothic triggered the author to write this monograph whose aim is to provide a completely new foundation for a theory of aspect and related features. Gothic with its limited corpus representing a translation of the Greek and showing interesting parallels with Slavic verbal constructions serves and an illustrative model for the theory. In Part I the author argues that a unified theory of aspect actional types and verbal velocity presented there possesses an internal logic and is not at variance with observed facts in various Indo-European languages. In Part II an analysis is presented of the Gothic verb system which seeks to explain the much-disputed function of ga- and to solve the problem of Gothic aspect and actional types which does no violence either to the Gothic text or the Greek original.

This fascinating lexicon presents a compilation of approximately a thousand labels with which man has referred to himself in literary history. This is an indispensible reference tool for anyone interested in the accomplishments of Homo.

Sir William Jones (1746 –1794) was an Anglo-Welsh philologist and scholar of ancient India particularly known for his proposition of the existence of a relationship among Indo-European languages. His third annual discourse before the Asiatic Society on the history and culture of the Hindus (1786) is often cited as the beginning of comparative linguistics and Indo-European studies. Jones’ interdisciplinary scholarship innovatively combined language and linguistic study with the traditional subjects of research to throw light on transcending questions like the origins of man and culture. This bibliography aims to provide an overview of the full width of his writings and secondary scholarship.

These papers from the IPS-77 Congress held in Miami Beach Florida in 1977 present the state-of-the-art in phonetic science. The volume is subdivided into twelve sections: History of Phonetics Issues of Method and Theory in Phonetics Laryngeal Function Temporal Factors and Intonation Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics Speech Production Neurophonetics and Psychopathology Speech Perception Speech and Speaker Recognition Teaching Phonetics Children’s Speech and Language Acquisition and Special Issues in Phonetics.

The analysis of French verbs presented in this monograph is neither a synchronic nor a diachronic description but rather a theoretical achronic analysis whose goal is the explanation of the historical phonetic development of the French verb in terms of changes in the underlying abstract morphological forms. One of the basic premises of this book is that the French superficial phonetic forms are not derived from the Latin superficial phonetic forms but that both are derived from abstract etymological forms.

The characteristic voice quality of a speaker conveys to listeners a wealth of information about his physical psychological and social attributes. For this reason voice quality is of interest to a wide range of disciplines including linguistics phonetics and speech science speech pathology sociology psychology medicine and communication engineering. Literature on voice quality is consequently scattered through a correspondingly wide range of publications. While this bibliography is unlikely to be exhaustive it aims to be comprehensive. Exceptions to this are purely medical literature and literature on speech pathology; also although a number of different languages are represented works in English received the principal coverage.

These acts of the 1974 Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica e Filologia Romanza (Naples) were co-published by John Benjamins Publishing Company and Gaetano Macchiaroli. The five volumes are subdivided into sections by linguistic sub-fields. Vol. 1 contains the plenary papers and papers from the round tables. Volume 2 contains sections on I. General problems II. Geographical linguistics and sociolinguistics and III. Languages in contact. Volume 3 contains section IV. Grammar subdivided into Phonology and phonetics Morphology and Syntax. Volume 4 contains sections V. Lexicology VI. Semantics and VII. Texts and languages. Volume 5 continues section VII. Texts and languages and further includes sections VIII. Problems of philology and IX. History of Romance Philology. The papers are written in Italian French and Spanish.

New edition of a pioneering work on word order which originally appeared in French in 1844 (3rd ed. 1879) with an index.

In this book the author analyses the nature of the science of grammar. After presenting some methodological and historical background he sets forth a theory of language and of grammar showing that the science of grammar is not an empirical but a normative science comparable to logic and philosophy characterized by the use of the method of explication.

The present bibliography suggests that there has been a constant flow of publications which survey the discipline of linguistics in its various stages of development. It attempts to offer a comprehensive coverage of general accounts of the history of linguistic thought in the western world over the last 150 years.

Versprechen und Verlesen (1895) is distinguished more by observational accuracy than by theoretical sophistication; but it is exactly this characteristic which has proved its lasting value. It is a scrupulously collected usefully organized and very large corpus of errors providing material on which hypotheses can be tested and generalisations made. Others before Meringer had speculated about what speech errors might demonstrate; he was the first to attempt to find out. In this Meringer made a worthy and lasting contribution to linguistic and psychological study.This fac simile edition is preceded by an Introductory article by Anne Cutler and David Fay.

How characteristic were the elements used in Theodor Storm’s (1817–1888) fiction? What were the rich fund of symbols and myths that he used? Few Storm interpreters have addressed themselves seriously to these questions. This study tries to fill this gap.

This book serves as a welcome addition to the better known English Dictionary from Cawdrey to Johnson 1604-1755 by Starnes & Noyes (new edition published by Benjamins 1991). Whereas Starnes & Noyes describe the history of English lexicography as an evolutionary progress-by-accumulation process Professor Hayashi focuses on issues of method and theory starting with John Palsgrave’s Lesclarissement de la langue francoyse (1530) to John Walker’s A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language (1791). This book also includes a detailed discussion of Dr. Johnson’s influential Dictionary of the English Language (1755).

This volume presents a fac simile edition of Friedrich Schlegel’s Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier. Ein Beitrag zur Begründung der Altertumskunde (Heidelberg 1808). It is preceded by an introductory article by Sebastiano Timpanaro ‘Friedrich Schlegel and the beginnings of Indo-European linguistics in Germany’.

The phenomenon of absolutist prescriptive correctness is persistent and pervasive in the linguistic through of educated and intelligent citizens of the United States. This volume is not only and attempt to gain some understanding of the source nature and operation of the prescriptive attitude but also to examine it in the light of what Einar Haugen (1972) has called the ‘ecology of language’ that is the relationship between language attitudes and other social and cultural behavior.

This book provides a critical edition translation and commentary of the British Museum Incunabulum C.21.C.52 and the Cambridge Incunabulum 5.J.3.7. of the Quaestiones Alberti. Although the British Museum catalogue ascribes the incunabulum to Albertus Magnus the authorship is debated.The format of the twenty-one questions of this text follows the standard pattern of the time: after stating the question the author cites as argumenta opinions with which he does not agree gives his own answer and then refutes the argumenta.

For the author of these questions three issues are paramount: the scientific status of grammar the problem of universals and the 'structure of the device' through which language was generated.

This volume of articles was prepared in honor of Winfred P. Lehmann on the occasion of his 60th birthday. The papers are presented in two sections: I. Studies in Descriptive Linguistics and II. Studies in Historical Linguistics. The volume contains contributions by R.M.W. Dixon Ralph M. Goodman Maurice Gross Einar Haugen David G. Hays Archibald A. Hill Mohammad Ali Jazayery E.F.K. Koerner D. Terence Langendoen Don L.F. Nilsen Arthur L. Palacas Sol Saporta Sanford A. Schane Jacob Mey Anders Ahlqvist Simon C. Dik Robert T. Harms Saul Levin Yakov Malkiel D. Gary Miller William G. Moulton Edgar C. Polomé Gary D. Prideaux Luigi Romeo Maria Tsiapera Krystyna Wachowicz Mridula Adenwala Durbin Paul J. Hopper Aaron Bar-Adon.

Interest in word-meaning is on the increase among mainstream linguists again after a half-century of neglect. During this interval progress in phonology and syntax was great but further progress in these sub-disciplines will remain blocked until it is recognized that the prime functional unit of speech is the word that the central problem of language theory is lexis. Word-meaning is typically complicated by changes across time; for a theory of language creativity these effects must be discerned from spontaneous creation. The articles brought together in this volume attempt to illuminate on the basis of particular lexical studies the dynamics of perception and word-meaning of language and mind.

Satiren wurden oft als ästhetische Kunstübung gesehen aber der Satiriker Friedrich Nicolai (1733–1811) hatte die Frage nach dem Wahren so eindringlich wie auch ein Kritiker gestellt. Damit bekam die Satire eine neue Deutung und hat diese die Kulturgeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts wesentlich beeinflusst.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Die vorliegende Studie dokumentiert Friedrich Nicolais Satiren insofern diese neben der Kritik als wesensbestimmende Waffe des Aufklärers Nicolai anzusehen waren.

Über den Umlaut (1843) and Über den Ablaut (1844) grew out of a review of Grimm’s Deutsche Grammatik by Holtzmann in which he also made an excursus into Bopp’s theory of vowel gradation in Sanskrit. Holtzmann was the first to observe the correlation of guṇa and accent. At the same time he noted that loss (or absence) of the accent could mean loss or shortening of a vowel. Observations which be it in a different form eventually found their way into a unified theory of Indo-European vowel gradation.

The two German texts are presented here in fac simile format together with an introductory article.

Der Stricker war ein deutscher Fabeldichter der in der ersten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts lebte. In dieser Publikation wird versucht der harrenden Frage “welche Stellenwert der Stricker in der nachklassischen Romantradition genau eingenommen hat” eine Lösung zu liefern; besonders wird Strickers Daniel von dem Blühenden Tal behandelt.

The first 'Kolloquium zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Romanistik' (Trier 1975) was held to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the death of Friedrich Diez the founder of Romance philology. The colloquium offered Romanists and historians of linguistics the opportunity for intense discussion which is continued in the papers in this volume.

This volume contains a reprint of the English translation (1843) by Sir George Webbe Dasent of Rask’s Anvising till Isländskan eller Nordiska Fornspråket (1818). This re-edition with an added bio-bibliography of Rask should enable the linguist of today to obtain a fairly rounded picture of this important 19th-century scholar who together with Bopp and Grimm has justly been ranked among the founding fathers of the comparative-historical study of Indo-European languages.

Rasmus Kristian Rask (1787–1832) did not occupy himself with historical linguistics alone as a comparativist but also with language as a system based on a notion of structure comprised of three key ideas: the idea of wholeness the idea of transformation (derivation and composition) and the idea of self-regulation. He formulated theoretical and practical premises for the composition of grammars and in this he was far ahead of his time and in closer proximity to the linguistic concerns and problems of our era. From both theoretical and pedagogical points of view Rask’s grammar of Icelandic remains a most remarkable work.