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This monograph aims to shed light on the linguistic endeavors and educational practices employed by 17th century Spanish Dominicans in their efforts to understand and disseminate knowledge of the Chinese language during this historical period. Ample attention is dedicated to the evolution of Chinese grammars and dictionaries by these authors. Central to the monograph is the manuscript “Marsh 696” which comprises a Chinese-Spanish dictionary and a fragmentary Spanish grammar of Mandarin Chinese a hitherto unknown and unpublished anonymous and undated text entitled Arte de lengua mandarina. This text is probably a fragment of the earliest grammar written by a Westerner of Mandarin Chinese (completed in Manila in c.1641) previously presumed lost. It is presented here as a facsimile a transcription of the Spanish text and an English translation alongside a detailed linguistic analysis. The historical framework outlined in this monograph spans from the predecessors of Francisco Díaz (1606–1646) around 1620 including the Jesuit linguistic production in mainland China and Early Manila Hokkien sources to the era wherein Antonio Díaz (1667–1715) finalized his revised version of Francisco Díaz’s dictionary. The monograph scrutinizes these texts in relation to the linguistic contributions of Francisco Varo (1627–1687). Additionally the monograph incorporates other unpublished texts that are significant for reconstructing the educational curriculum for teaching and learning Chinese by Dominican friars during this period.

This book challenges several assumptions commonly encountered in Japanese dialectology: that the pitch-accent analysis of modern Tōkyō Japanese is an appropriate basis for describing the suprasegmental phonology of other dialects and earlier stages of Japanese; that the Kyōto-type dialects have been more conservative than dialects to their east and west; that the first split in proto-Japanese was the separation of proto-Ryūkyūan; and so on. De Boer brings together evidence from recent fieldwork premodern texts and other sources to establish a theory of dialect divergence that avoids the problems these assumptions entail. Building on De Boer 2010 this book brings the author’s theory up to date with research published in the interim explains why Japanese is best understood as a restricted tone language and why mergers in the large tone classes of nouns and verbs are especially reliable markers of dialect divergence.

This e-book is Open Access under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.

This book addresses the problems and challenges of studying the discourse of "danger" cross-linguistically and cross-culturally and proposes the cultural pragmatics of danger as a new field of inquiry. Detailed case studies of several linguacultures include Arabic Chinese Danish English German Japanese and Spanish. Focusing on global and local contexts surrounding “living in dangerous times” this book showcases how the new model of cultural pragmatics can be used to illuminate cultural meanings in discourse. Unlike the universalist approaches to pragmatics cultural pragmatics focuses on understanding the linguacultural logics of discourse and in the case of “danger” the multiple cultural logics around which the themes and domains of “danger” revolve. The approach makes use of natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) as its principal analytical tool and concepts such as “cultural keywords” and “cultural scripts” figure prominently as bearers of culture-specific meanings. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The book will be of interest to students of pragmatics and discourse studies researchers in cultural and cognitive semantics anthropological linguistics global humanities political rhetoric and environmental studies as well as linguists working in applied areas such as risk and disaster studies crisis and emergency communication.

This collection of original papers illustrates recent trends and new perspectives for future research in Interactional Linguistics (IL). Since the research program was started around the turn of the century it has prospered internationally. Recently however new developments have opened up new perspectives for interactional linguistic research.

IL continues to study the details of talk in social interaction with a focus on linguistic resources and structures of verbal and vocal interaction in bodily-visible interactional settings. Increasingly though it embraces methods supported by new technology and broadens its data and research questions to applications in teaching therapy etc.

The volume comprises three parts with 14 contributions: (1) Studying linguistic resources in social interaction; (2) Studying linguistic resources in embodied social interaction; and (3) Studying social interaction in institutional contexts and involving speakers with specific proficiencies.

This e-book is Open Access under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.

This book is an attempt to revisit the main specifically corpus-linguistic statistics/measures the field has been relying on for decades: frequency dispersion association and keyness. The book first discusses the purpose of these measures and how they have been measured. Then the book makes three main proposals: First that many measures of dispersion association and keyness are too confounded with frequency and how to 'take frequency out of them' to obtain conceptually cleaner and more interpretable measures. Second that many existing measures can be replaced by the simple information-theoretic measure of the Kullback-Leibler divergence and that it too can have frequency 'removed' from it. Third that corpus linguistics should abandon the tradition of trying to describe its findings with a single number and adopt a tupleization approach instead where we use several separate dimensions of information for description and interpretation. The book is written in an informal hands-on style and comes with its own R package featuring functions example data and several thousand lines of code exemplifying all applications.

This book offers a fresh perspective on how natural languages encode grammatical relations by delving into the interplay between oblique cases adpositions serial verbs and applicatives. This book reveals through a series of case studies the pervasive role of the 'inclusion' relator across diverse linguistic contexts. Departing from traditional views that obliques lack interpretive content this work presents a unified conceptual framework of relations in grammar. Drawing on minimalist principles the book posits a preeminence of the lexicon in syntactic projection shedding light on the underlying ontology of language. By exploring cross-categorial variation and syncretism it outlines an inventory of primitives shaping morpho-syntactic derivations.

Constraints on Language Variation and Change in Complex Multilingual Contact Settings explores an innovative proposal: that linguistic similarities identified in different forms of contact-influenced varieties of language use (including translation native and non-native varieties of English and language use of bilinguals more generally) can be accounted for in a coherent framework grounded in the notion of ‘constrained communication’. These varieties have hitherto been studied in independent scholarly traditions especially translation studies and world Englishes leaving the potential underlying unity underexplored both conceptually and empirically.

The chapters collected in this volume aim to develop such a unified perspective by drawing on corpus data across a range of languages and language varieties with a focus on written language a neglected data source in research on multilingual contact settings. The findings point to shared general characteristics across individual contact settings which result from (probabilistically conditioned) manifestations of the same deeper regularities – constraints – present in diverse language-contact settings.

This book discusses patterns of predication and their grammatical and semantic implications in a variety of African languages. It covers several prominent topics about predication in the languages including locative predication expressions of tense aspect and mood in relation to verbal complexes and verb serialisation verb semantics and nominalization of predicates. The chapters take inspiration from Felix Ameka’s approach to the study of language according to which the main task of a linguist is to collaborate with language users to understand communicative practices in different contexts and to uncover how these practices impact grammatical and semantic aspects of the language. Accordingly the descriptions and analyses in this book serve to understand language variation in different ecologies rather than to impose pre-established descriptive frames on less described languages. Together the chapters in the book represent a bird’s eye view of predication strategies in various African languages and can therefore serve as readings for both introductory and advanced level courses on predication from a typological or comparative perspective.

It is intriguing and challenging to learn a language by diving into the worlds of Virtual Reality (3-D environments avatars games) and Artificial Intelligence (chatbots agents). What are the issues and benefits of these technological innovations? Taking readers on a journey through the brain this book explains how VR and AI may foster and sustain connectivity between language faculties the senses/emotions working and long-term memory and attention. With the speed of technological innovation increasing cognitive demand as well as aspects of intrinsic motivation are analyzed charted and discussed as these may become essential for future development of language learning experiences. This volume should be of interest to instructors researchers and students of languages and linguistics cognitive psychology and computer science.

This book presents three major hypotheses concerning the development of fricatives in Gothic. First Gothic introduced aspiration or a phonological feature [spread glottis] to the fricative system. Second this acquisition of aspirated fricatives should be explained as a contact-induced change. Specifically a Gothic/Greek bilingual community may be held responsible for initiating and diffusing the contact change. Third I claim that this contact-driven featural enrichment prompted an array of radical restructurings of fricatives in their phonological and morphological organizations in Gothic notably the occurrence of Final Devoicing in contrast to the nonoccurrence of medial voicing the elimination of Verner’s Law effects in strong verbs the operation of Thurneysen’s Law and the apparently irregular split of PGmc. */fl-/ to Go. /fl-/ and /þl-/. Thus privileged by a Lower Danube community largely composed of Greek/Gothic bilinguals this cluster of mid-fourth-century innovations came to define the phonological and morphological identities of Biblical Gothic.

This volume consists of a collection of empirical studies and research syntheses investigating the role of individual difference (ID) variables in task-based language teaching (TBLT)—a pedagogical approach that emphasizes the importance of the performance of meaning-oriented tasks in facilitating second language learning. TBLT is subject to learner-external as well as learner-internal factors with the former referring to task- and context-related factors and the latter to ID factors pertaining to learner traits dispositions or propensities. To date the research has focused primarily on learner-external factors and there has been insufficient and unsystematic research on individual difference factors. This volume brings centre stage this important but under-researched dimension by means of a comprehensive in-depth examination of the role of key ID factors in TBLT. The volume integrates theory research and pedagogy by spelling out the mechanism through which IDs influence learning attainment behaviours and processes examining evidence for theoretical claims and discussing ways to apply research findings and cater to individual differences in the task-based classroom.

Based on previous work that linked biosemiotics semiotics and translation studies this book further explores a variety of factors that play a role in social-cultural emergence. The volume which presents a selection of papers read at a conference in 2022 with the same title as the book engages the systems of matter-energy biology and significance from which and in relation to which society-culture emerges. The volume entails an interdisciplinary complex of perspectives drawing on quantum physics and informatics as well as new materialism and a number of perspectives from semiotics and ecosemiotics in its investigations. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Researchers and postgraduate students from fields such as biology biosemiotics semiotics translation studies cultural studies new materialist thought and others who are interested in inter- and transdisciplinary approaches to issues of society-culture will find this book compelling reading.

This volume connects the latest research on language acquisition across the lifespan with the explanation of language change in specific sociohistorical settings. This conversation benefits from recent advances in two areas: on the one hand the study of how learners of various ages and in various sociolinguistic contexts acquire language variation; on the other historical sociolinguistics as the field that focuses on the study of historical patterns of language variation and change. The overarching rationale for this interdisciplinary dialogue is that all forms of language change start and spread as the result of individual acts of acquisition throughout the speakers’ lives. The thirteen chapters in this book are authored by an international group of both established and emerging scholars. They encompass theoretical overviews of specific research areas within the broader realm of the acquisition of language variation as well as case studies applying these theoretical advances to the exploration of language change in a wide range of sociohistorical contexts in the Americas Oceania and Asia. This volume will be of interest to students and researchers in the area of language acquisition language variation and language change especially those working on interdisciplinary and crosslinguistic connections among these areas.

This book presents the first in-depth investigation of modality in Galician linguistics offering a theoretical discussion of modal categories and a fine-grained description of epistemic adverbs. The first half of the monograph deconstructs the most relevant approaches to modal categories and shows how the traditional concept of modality is a problematic notion how it relates to other concepts such as evidentiality and mitigation and how it ought to be conceived of in order to become a more useful instrument for linguistic analysis. A new way of understanding modality is explored and illustrated through Galician examples. The second half of the book zooms in on six epistemic adverbs which are exhaustively studied from both a formal and a functional perspective. Combining a quantitative and a qualitative perspective the book shows that adverbs make up a rich semantic scale and establishes several factors that condition their occurrence in discourse challenging previous conceptions of this grammatical domain.

This volume brings together contributions selected from papers delivered at the 21st International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL Leiden 2021). The chapters deal with aspects of language use throughout the history of English including efforts to prescribe and regulate language in texts that share specific forms functions and audiences. They feature both quantitative and qualitative analyses of changing language use often in relation to trends of language advice in such metalinguistic works as grammars spelling books and usage guides. The authors showcase work on pragmatics and prescriptivism (understatement between Middle and Late Modern English capitalization of common nouns from Early to Late Modern English and the use of stigmatized grammatical variants in eighteenth-century plays) specific text types (case studies of political legal and medical English) and the language of late modern letters (diachronic stylistic changes letter-copying practices the role of letter-writing manuals and changing spelling practices). This volume will be of interest to those working on pragmatics prescriptivism and sociolinguistics of English historical linguistics language change computational historical linguistics and related sub-disciplines.

Die Rezeption der Texte von Aristoteles in verschiedenen Welten hat zu Umformungen geführt von denen manche noch heute als Meinung des Aristoteles selbst behauptet werden. Wenn es möglich ist diese aus verschiedenen Welten herkommenden Umgestaltungen ausdrücklich zu machen können sie methodisch ausgeschaltet werden. Beispiele solcher Sedimente der Rezeption betreffen zentrale Themen beispielsweise dass Aristoteles eine Substanz-Metaphysik entwickelt habe aus welcher letztlich eine theologische Ausrichtung oder mindestens ein theologischer Höhepunkt folge. Dass dies eine der Wirkungen der durch verschiedene pseudo-aristotelische Texte bestimmten Rezeption ist wird heute kaum mehr wahrgenommen weil die moderne Lektüre des Corpus Aristotelicum schon entsprechend gesteuert ist.

Die vorliegende Studie versucht an Hand der Kommentare von Albertus Magnus und von Thomas von Aquin zu Metaphysik XII diese Wirkung der Rezeption zu belegen. Ein Nebenprodukt der Arbeit besteht in der Einsicht in den Paradigmenwechsel in der Theologie bei den zwei Genannten.

The reception of Aristotle’s texts in different worlds has led to transformations some of which are still claimed today as the opinions of Aristotle himself. If it is possible to make these transformations coming from different worlds explicit they can be methodically eliminated. Examples of such reception sediments concern central themes for example that Aristotle developed a metaphysics of substance from which a theological orientation or at least a theological climax ultimately follows. The fact that this is one of the effects of the reception determined by various pseudo-Aristotelian texts is hardly noticed today because the modern reading of the Corpus Aristotelicum is already steered accordingly.

The present study attempts to demonstrate this effect of reception using the commentaries of Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas on Metaphysics XII. A by-product of the work is the insight into the paradigm shift in theology among the two mentioned.

This is the first book that presents a complete description and analysis of the Spanish suffixes that alter the grammatical behaviour of nouns and adjectives without changing their grammatical category supporting a fine-grained decomposition of the syntactic area where these word classes are defined. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>In this monograph the reader will find a detailed empirical description of suffixes for gender mereological properties of nouns scalar properties of adjectives and a variety of nominal suffixes expressing actions measures or locations as well as an integral Neo-Constructionist analysis of the syntactic structure of the resulting formations. Framed within a Nanosyntactic-oriented framework this book sheds light on the nature of lexical categories and the components of the low syntactic structure of nouns and adjectives. The book will be useful both to researchers in Spanish linguistics or theoretical morphology and to advanced students of Spanish interested in learning more about the expressive devices that nouns and adjectives allow.<br/>

The chapters in this volume study the construction representation and negotiation of a variety of social roles through self- and other-reference markers or the discussion of reference as a tool for identification. The chapters uncover new insights both from a historical and present-day perspective and show how positioning the self and other varies what kind of reference choices language users make and what follows from these choices. The data come from a variety of public texts private encounters and questionnaires and the methodologies range from macro to micro perspectives including combinations of qualitative close-reading and quantitative corpus methods and synchronic and diachronic perspectives. The findings enhance our understanding and use of reference practices in the context of global institutional political and multicultural as well as media texts.

This collection presents new research on key topics in anthropological linguistics with a focus on African languages. While Africanist linguists have long been concerned with sociocultural aspects of language structure and use no comprehensive volume dedicated to the anthropological linguistics of Africa has yet been published. This volume seeks to fill this gap. The chapters address a broad range of topics in anthropological linguistics including classic themes such as spatial reference color kin terms and emotion as well as emerging interests in the linguistic expression of personhood sociality and language ideology. All contributions are based on original empirical research and present insights into African language practices from a sociocultural perspective. The volume showcases research on dozens of African languages spoken across the continent with particular emphasis on languages of East Africa. This book will be of interest to areal specialists as well as to anthropological linguists worldwide.

This e-book is Open Access under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.

Pantomime is a unique form of communication which we improvise “on the fly” to transmit information when unable to use language for example during intercultural contacts or when the use of language is blocked or constrained as in the case of some medical conditions or the game of charades. Pantomimic communication has been investigated from a number of perspectives including neuropsychological developmental and gesture research. Recently pantomime has come under the attention of evolutionary linguistics as a strong candidate for a precursor of verbal communication. The volume Perspectives on pantomime: evolution development interaction brings together authors who are at the forefront of these studies which challenge the notion that pantomime is merely a fallback mode of expression. This multidisciplinary journey traverses language evolution cognitive science cognitive semiotics sign language linguistics psychology and gesture studies to unveil the profound role that pantomime plays in human communication.

Although major cognitively based studies of SPACE and TIME in language have appeared in terms of “Frames of Reference” these do not extend to a wide selection of the world’s languages nor do they combine SPACE and TIME in the overarching concept of WORLD which has its own corresponding frames of reference. The aim of relating and unifying these concepts and their expression across languages constitutes the unique thrust of the present book which will represent a significant extension of earlier approaches. Among its main conclusions will be that the complete separation of terms for SPACE and TIME is a relatively recent cultural phenomenon rather than just a metaphorical extension of the latter from the former. The book will be of interest to all students and practitioners of Linguistics in particular Cognitive Linguistics and Linguistic typology but also to a more general readership interested in the historical evolution of concepts of SPACE and TIME.

Research methodology plays a pivotal role in generating new knowledge in any academic discipline. Applied Linguistics (AL) researchers use a variety of research methodologies to address different research problems and research questions given its interdisciplinary nature. Notwithstanding the plethora of research methodologies used by AL researchers there are some methodologies that are used less frequently. The aim of this volume is to introduce and discuss these less frequently used methodologies. Each methodology is discussed in two chapters a theoretical and a practical chapter. In the theoretical chapters the theoretical foundations methodological orientation ethical issues and critiques and responses are discussed. In the practical chapters a showcase study is presented and discussed including why the methodology was used how it was implemented the challenges the researchers faced and the insights they gained. The volume contributes to the current methodological discussion in AL and provides early-career and seasoned researchers with the necessary discussion about these methodological orientations. Future AL researchers may use these methodologies to investigate research questions in their areas of interest. In addition the volume can complement current methodological resources in postgraduate research methodology courses.

Spotlighting case studies of manipulation practices at the onset of the Covid-19 crisis in different countries and socio-political circumstances the authors expose context-specific discourse and argumentation strategies of 'infodemics’ (misleading information and fake news) public policy mismanagement deceptive online and offline communication tactics and conspiracy narratives which end up disrupting community social cohesion. In addition to targeting manipulation-driven dissent across discourse genres through corpus-based investigations a major strength of this volume consists in debunking manipulation while foregrounding compelling acts of counter-manipulation. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The volume’s breadth of topics depth of analytical insights and range of methodological frameworks provide unique perspectives by capturing crisis-related manipulations across a worldwide political and cultural spectrum (Austria Brazil China the Czech Republic Portugal Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States) with a focus on the scale and extent of multifaceted repercussions. Reaching beyond the boundaries of pragmatics and discourse analysis this book should be a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners of rhetoric argumentation media studies social and political sciences.

This book pioneers a tridimensional approach to (dis)fluency evaluating fluency across three different dimensions mainly speech gesture and interaction. Drawing from an extensive video dataset covering different languages and speech genres in French and English the present research goes beyond traditional production-oriented models of so-called ‘disfluency’ phenomena and aims to unravel the complexities of human multimodal production and interactive processes. Designed for linguists communication scholars and researchers this work resonates with the latest trends in different fields (Second Language Acquisition Interactional Linguistics and Gesture studies). It introduces a fresh perspective on disfluency by integrating visual-gestural features such as hand gestures gaze and facial expressions captured in situated interaction.

As a core component of legal language used to draft enforce and practice law legal terms have fascinated lawyers linguists terminologists and other scholars for centuries. Third in the series this Handbook offers a comprehensive compendium of the current state of knowledge on legal terminology. It is the first attempt to bring together perspectives from the domains of Terminology Translation Studies Linguistics Law and Information Technology in a single place. This interdisciplinary endeavour comprises systematic reviews case studies and research papers which overview key properties of legal terms and concepts terminological tools and resources training aspects as well as translation in national contexts and multilingual organizations. The Handbook attests to the complex multifaceted nature of legal terminology and showcases its cultural communicative cognitive and social contexts in diverse legal systems. It is a rich resource for scholars practitioners trainers and students presenting vibrant research and practice in this area.

This e-book is made available as Open Access under the CC BY-ND 4.0 license.