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A synchronic sociolinguistic study of Jamaican Creole (JC) as spoken in urban Kingston this work uses variationist methods to closely investigate two key concepts of Atlantic Creole studies: the mesolect and the creole continuum. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>One major concern is to describe how linguistic variation patterns with social influences. Is there a linguistic continuum? How does it correlate with social factors? The complex organization of an urbanizing Caribbean society and the highly variable nature of mesolectal speech norms and behavior present a challenge to sociolinguistic variation theory.<br/>The second chief aim is to elucidate the nature of mesolectal grammar. Creole studies have emphasized the structural integrity of basilectal varieties leaving the status of intermediate mesolectal speech in doubt. How systematic is urban JC grammar? What patterns occur when basilectal creole constructions alternate with acrolectal English elements? Contextual constraints on choice of forms support a picture of the mesolect as a single grammar variable yet internally-ordered which has evolved a fine capacity to serve social functions.<br/>Drawing on a year’s fieldwork in a mixed-class neighborhood of the capital city the author (a speaker of JC) describes the speech community’s history demographics and social geography locating speakers in terms of their social class occupation education age sex residence and urban orientation. The later chapters examine a recorded corpus for linguistic variables that are phono-lexical (palatal glides) phonological (consonant cluster simplification) morphological (past-tense inflection) and syntactic (pre-verbal tense and aspect marking) using quantitative methods of analysis (including Varbrul). The Jamaican urban mesolect is portrayed as a coherent system showing stratified yet regular linguistic behavior embedded in a well-defined speech community; despite the incorporation of forms and constraints from English it is quintessentially creole in character.

This book argues that syntactic parameters are set in a principled fashion on the basis of overt functional morphology. The main focus of the book is on the different positions of the finite verb in the Germanic SVO languages. In addition other syntactic phenomena (null subjects transitive expletive constructions and object shift) and other language families (Romance Semitic and Slavic) are discussed. A common explanation for all of the discussed phenomena is proposed: If and only if the features for “person” are distinctively marked by the agreement morphology the agreement affixes are listed separately in the lexicon and project phrases of their own in syntax where they attract the verb to the head positions and allow the specifier positions to be filled by various phonologically (un)realized elements. Special attention is given to issues of historical development and child language acquisition.

The volume collects a selection of papers presented at a European Colloquium held at the Università degli Studi di Roma Tre in October 1997. It focuses on phenomena at the boundary between morphology and syntax and provides analyses for data from the fields of both inflectional and derivational morphology and word order. Morpho-syntactic phenomena are analysed cross-linguistically and cross-theoretically as typologically-different languages (European Afro-Asiatic American and Austronesian ones) are dealt with and compared according to a variety of approaches from minimalism and lexical-functional grammar to grammaticalization theory taking into account both synchronic variation and diachronic change.

The volume is divided into three sections: I. Morphological phenomena and their boundaries II. Morpho-syntax and pragmatics and III. Morpho-syntax and semantics as the interaction with the higher components of the grammar is seen as contributing to explaining variation in morpho-syntactic behaviour.

This book addresses some of the most fundamental questions that can be asked about target language (TL) acquisition in the classroom context namely<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>1. What is negotiated interaction?<br/>2. What are the main discourse functions of negotiated interaction?<br/>3. How frequent is negotiated interaction in TL classrooms and does this frequency vary by proficiency level?<br/>4. To what extent does the initiation of negotiation overlap with the negotiation of power in such a setting of unequal-power discourse as the TL classroom?<br/>The negotiation process allows TL learners to obtain ‘comprehensible input’ to receive ‘negative input’ and to produce ‘comprehensible output’. Since these are key variables in the acquisition process by researching the negotiation work occurring in TL classroom discourse the book fully contributes to the understanding of the process of interlanguage development in TL classrooms and thereby has major implications for TL teaching and teacher training. The book also contributes to further the understanding of negotiated interaction from a sociolinguistic standpoint: the asymmetrical nature of negotiation work in TL classrooms reflects the role and power relationships the social organization as well as the tacit interactional and cultural rules that seem to be at work in the TL classroom context.

All of the articles in this volume focus on the interaction of form and meaning. Most of them are developed under the principal thesis of the Minimalist Program. These works show that the theoretical linguistic trend is to discover semantic aspects which are assumed to have visible syntactic repercussions through morphosyntactic and morphosemantic features.

Simultaneous interpretation is among the most complex of human cognitive/linguistic activities. This study which will interest practitioners and trainers as well as linguists draws more on linguistics-based theories of cognition in communication (cognitive semantics and pragmatics) than on the traditional information-processing approaches of cognitive psychology and shows SI to be a valuable source of data on language and cognition.Starting from semantic representations of input and output in samples of professional SI from Chinese and German into English the analysis explains the classic phenomena – anticipation restoration of the implicit-explicit balance and communicative re-packaging (‘re-ostension’) of the discourse – in terms of an intermediate cognitive model in working memory allowing a more unitary view of resource management in the SI task. Relevance-theoretic analysis of the input discourse reveals rich pragmatic information guiding the construction of the appropriate contexts and the speaker’s underlying intentionalities. The course of meaning assembly is reconstructed in annotated synchronised transcripts.

The focus in this volume is on grammatical aspects of the clause in English presenting a fine balance between theoretically- and descriptively-oriented approaches. Some authors investigate the status and properties of ‘minor’ or ‘fringe’ constructions including ‘deictic-presentationals’; non-restrictive relative clauses with that; ‘isolated if-clauses’ and ‘exceptional clauses’. In some articles the validity of conventional accounts and approaches is questioned: such as traditional constituency trees and labelled bracketings as a means of representing relationships between parenthetical elements and their ‘hosts’; or traditional morphophonemic analyses as explanations for Ross’s ‘doubl-ing’ constraint. While some authors question commonly made assumptions (for example those concerning the relationships of clauses to sentences and propositions; or those concerning the status of post-head dependents in the NP) others appeal to new frameworks (for instance ‘emergence theory’ is used as a source of inspiration in dealing with ‘intransitive prepositions’). This collection also includes articles that adopt a solidly corpus-based approach.

The Clause in English has been prepared by colleagues past and present friends and admirers of Rodney Huddleston in order to honour his consistently outstanding contribution to grammatical theory and description.

This volume is a collection of state-of-the-art papers in generative studies of second language (L2) acquisition bringing together an unusually broad range of interests and inquiry. Selected papers report on controlled experimental studies within specific areas of research investigating the development of L2 grammars; others formulate exciting new proposals for methodology and learnability in both first and second language acquisition. Following an introduction which argues for new research strategies that focus on the process of acquisition along with its product the book is divided into two sections: Current Perspectives includes compelling new work on the development of functional categories within a parameter-setting model of L2 acquisition; the second section New Directions introduces research and discussion on topics which reflect the latest developments in the field including syntax-semantics correspondences L2 processing research code-switching from a UG perspective and applications of Chomsky’s (1995) Minimalist Program to second language acquisition studies.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Preformulating the News is a study of press releases and of how they anticipate the requirements of journalistic writing. Drawing from a large corpus (Dutch and English) it is argued that the genre’s peculiar audience-directedness can be related to a number of metapragmatic textual features and that this sheds light on the asymmetries of what can be termed the ‘newsmaking’ and ‘news management’ processes.

In the first chapter the study of press releases is put in the context of institutional discourse and the details of a linguistic pragmatic research method are proposed. Chapter 2 looks at the complex receiver roles in press releases which are characterized as indirectly targeted i.e. ‘projected’ discourse. In chapters 3 to 6 a data analysis of the metapragmatics of press releases is presented: in particular it is shown that self-reference pseudo-quotation and explicit semi-performative play a ‘preformulating’ role in press releases. Chapter 7 offers a case study of the press releases that the American multinational Exxon issued in the wake of the 1989 Alaska oil spill. In the eighth and final chapter it is suggested that the study’s findings support a hegemonic view of the media.

In analysing the much neglected genre of press releases the book aims to contribute to the study of the language of the news. At the same time it explores more general issues of participation and footing as well as reflexive language including deixis reported speech and performativity.

The Spanish humanist Antonio de Nebrija (1444-1522) is the author of an impressive body of scientific work which comprises a broad spectrum of humanistic knowledge. While the languages dealt with by Nebrija include not only Latin and Spanish but the most prominent Romance languages his grammatical work focuses on Latin Castillian Greek and even Hebrew. Moreover his (bilingual) lexicographical studies combine Spanish Latin French Catalan and Italian. In addition there are medical dictionaries dictionnaries of law works on the Holy Bible geographical research treatises on rhethoric and history as well as on many other areas of contemporary knowledge. Most of these works have been published for allmost five centuries thus inspiring European and missionary linguistics as well as Western philological traditions. They have served as models and sources for a great number and range of studies conducted and published not only in Spain but nearly all over the world.

Apart from the original version of Nebrija‘s works numerous copies also continuously produced during the past centuries are accessible in international libraries. Many of these copies possess a great bibliographical value.

The Bibliografía Nebrisense is a catalogue listing the different editions of Nebrija‘s highly diversified œuvre. It provides information on the technical caracteristics of the individual editions and their respective locations. A complete bio-bibliographical study is added together with an exhaustive listing of secondary sources.El humanista español Antonio de Nebrija (1444-1522) fue autor de una ingente obra que abarcó los más variados campos de los saberes humanísticos y en la que además estaban implicadas no sólo latín y español sino las principales lenguas románicas. Sus obras de tema gramatical donde se encuentran latín castellano griego o hebreo; sus repertorios lexicográficos bilingües donde se combinan español latín francés catalán e italiano; sus diccionarios especializados de medicina derecho Sagrada Escritura o geografía junto con sus trabajos sobre retórica historia o tantos otros aspectos particulares que llamaron la atención del humanista han sobrevivido hasta nuestros días y durante más de cinco siglos han ejercido una influencia enorme en toda la lingüística y la tradición filológica occidental: sirvieron de modelo o de fuente para multitud de trabajos posteriores no sólo en España.

Las obras de Nebrija en fin fueron ininterrumpidamente editadas y ejemplares de todas ellas a veces de valor incalculable desde el punto de vista bibliográfico andan repartidos por bibliotecas de todo el mundo.

La Bibliografía Nebrisense es un catálogo que reúne y describe estas ediciones informando de sus características y paradero. Se añade además un completo estudio bio-bibliográfico y una relación exhaustiva de fuentes secundarias.

Supported bilaterally by Sweden and Norway the Scandinavian Action Research Development Program (ACRES — Action Research in Scandinavia) emphasized conceptualizing research questions and self-conscious writing processes for experienced action researchers. Participants came from Norway Sweden Finland Holland Great Britain and the United States.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>A learning experiment in the tradition of Scandinavian industrial democracy ACRES had both intellectual and organizational tensions common to action research projects. This book includes theoretical and historical overviews of action research reflections on the writing process narratives about the design and difficult internal processes of ACRES and a selection of the participants’ writings. A particularly unique feature of the book is the discussion of the problematic relationship between action research and conventional modes of research writing and an analysis of the complex social processes collaboratively managed projects create in combination with a set of participant cases.<br/>

Toward the end of the 20th century there is both a dissatisfaction with existing formal semantic theories and a wish to preserve insights from other semantic traditions. Cognitive semantics the latest of the major trends which have dominated the century attempts to do this by focusing on meaning as a cognitive phenomenon. This book provides different perspectives on meaning as a cognitive phenomenon. Jens Allwood presents an approach where meaning is analyzed in terms of context sensitive cognitive operations. Peter Gärdenfors examines the relationship between cognitive semantics and standard formal extensional and intensional semantics. Peter Harder discusses the relation between functionalism and cognitive semantics. Sören Sjöström and +ke Viberg extend a cognitive semantic approach to new empirical domains like vision and physical contact. Elisabeth Engberg Pedersen extends the use of cognitive semantics even further in order to analyze deaf sign language and finally Kenneth Holmqvist and Jordan Zlatev discuss two different possibilities of implementing a cognitive semantic approach using computer programs.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The variety of perspectives on cognitive semantics make this book suitable as course material.

The focus of this carefully selected volume concerns the existence frequency and form of composite/complex predicates (the “take a look” construction) in earlier periods of the English language an area of scholarship which has been virtually neglected. The various contributions seek to understand the collocational and idiomatic aspects of these structures as well as of related structures such as complex prepositions (e.g. “on account of”) and phrasal verbs (e.g. “look up”) in their earliest manifestations. Moreover study of these constructions at the individual stages of English leads to diachronic questions concerning their development raising issues pertaining to grammaticalization lexicalization and idiomaticization-processes which are not always clearly differentiated nor fully understood.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This collection of papers on functional syntax shows the development of a specific stream of functional linguistics initiated by Susumu Kuno of Harvard University. Inspired by Prague School linguists such as Jan Firbas and Vilém Mathesius Kuno developed a more comprehensive and theory-oriented approach and linked it with the American formalist approach of generative grammar.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>His approach is thus a unique combination of functionalism and formalism that constantly urges the promotion of interactions between these two major trends in linguistics. The papers in this collection coherently deal with functional aspects of linguistics from a wide variety of perspectives such as theoretical applicational experimental and diachronic aspects incorporating the functional concept advocated by Kuno.<br/>

Indigenous peoples around the world are calling for control over their education in order to reaffirm their identities and defend their rights. In Latin America the indigenous peoples national governments and international organisations have identified intercultural education as a means of contributing to this process. The book investigates education for and by indigenous peoples and examines the relationship between theoretical and methodological developments and formal practice. An ethnographic study of the Arakmbut people of the Peruvian Amazon provides a detailed example of the social cultural and educational change indigenous peoples are experiencing an insight into Arakmbut oral learning and teaching practices as well as a review of their conceptualisations of knowledge pedagogy and evaluation. The models of intercultural education being promoted by Latin American governments are nevertheless biliterate and school-based. The book analyses indigenous and non-indigenous models based on different conceptualisations of culture and curriculum in the context of the Arakmbut search for an education which respects their dynamic oral cultural traditions and identity provides them with a qualitatively relevant education about the wider society and addresses the intercultural lives they lead.

This book provides a historical survey of the unfolding of translation and interpreting (language mediation) in the 20th century with special reference to the German-speaking area. It is based first on extensive archive research in Austria Germany and Switzerland second on a large number of interviews with experts in the field of language mediation and third on the author's observations and experiences in the field of translation practice translation teaching and translation studies between 1950-1995. A specific feature of the book is the description of the social role of the language mediator through the prisms of communicative targets and technological developments and to determine his function as that of an indispensable bridge-builder between the members of differing linguistic and cultural communities.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Historically it distinguishes between three main phases the period from 1900 to 1919 with the dominance of French as lingua franca in international communication the period from 1919 to 1945 which is characterized by English-French bilingualism and the period from 1945 to approximately 1990 with its massive trend toward multilingualism and the development of language mediation into a “translation industry”. The book continues with chapters on the implications of globalization specialization and automaticization for international communication and it closes with reflections on future prospects for the profession in a knowledge society both from a practical and a pedagogical viewpoint.

Spätestens seit dem Abschluß der kritischen Edition der Werke Dietrichs von Freiberg im Rahmen des ‘Corpus Philosophorum Teutonicorum Medii Aevi’ ist die philosophische Bedeutung seines Denkens offenkundig. Dietrichs Philosophie ist aus der Philosophiegeschichte des Mittelalters nicht mehr wegzudenken — eine Tatsache der über die Edition hinaus zahlreiche Einzeluntersuchungen Rechnung getragen haben.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Vom 10. bis 13. März 1997 fand in Freiberg ein Symposion zu Dietrich von Freiberg statt. Der Band vereinigt die Beiträge die aus diesem Anlaî vorgetragen wurden. Die Breite der Themen umfaît das historische Umfeld im Sachsen seiner Zeit Aspekte seiner theoretischen und seiner praktischen Philosophie seine Theologie sowie seine Rezeption durch andere Philosophen des Mittelalters.<br/>The critical edition of Theodoric of Freiberg’s works within the ‘Corpus Philosophorum Teutonicorum Medii Aevi’ now being complete the philosophical significance of his thought is clearer than ever. Theodoric’s philosophy is an integral part of the intellectual history of the Middle Ages — a fact to which numerous individual studies beyond the edition have attempted to do justice.<br/>This volume collects the papers on Dietrich’s thought presented at a conference in Freiberg (March 10-13 1997). Themes include the historical context of his contemporary Saxony aspects of his theoretical and practical philosophy his theology and the reception of his thought by other philosophers of the Middle Ages.

Organizational theorists talk a lot about organizational development. Although they can express themselves eloquently too often the practitioner is not convinced by their talk. The authors of The End of Organization Theory? are in favor of the ‘doers’ doing most of the talking themselves. Thus in this book Øyvind Pålshaugen tells the story of an action research project in which a reorganization of the discourse between management and workers serves as the basis for an organizational development process. Björn Gustavsen Dag Østerberg and John Shotter add critical comments.

This first published full-scale study of the Ghanaian variety of West African Pidgin English (GhaPE) makes extensive use of hitherto neglected historical material and provides a synchronic account of GhaPE’s structure and sociolinguistics. Special focus is on the differences between GhaPE and other West African Pidgins in particular the development of and interrelations between the different varieties of restructured English in West Africa from Sierra Leone to Cameroon. This monograph further includes an overview of the history of Afro-European contact languages in Lower Guinea with special emphasis on the Gold Coast; an outline of the settlement of Freetown Sierra Leone with a description of how and when the transplantation of Sierra Leonean Krio to other West African countries took place; an analysis of the linguistic evidence for the origin development and spread of restructured Englishes on the Lower Guinea Coast; an account of the different varieties of GhaPE and their sociolinguistic status in the contemporary linguistic ecology of Ghana; as well as a comprehensive structural description of the “uneducated” variety of GhaPE. The book is accompanied by a CD-ROM which contains illustrative material such as spoken GhaPE and photographs.