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This monograph offers an in depth investigation of nominalization processes across languages e.g. Greek Germanic Romance Hebrew Slavic. Adopting and extending the view that category formation does not involve any lexical operation (recently put forth within the framework of Distributed Morphology) it shows how the behavior of nominals as opposed to that of verbs follows from general processes operating in specific syntactic structures and is linked with the presence or absence of functional layers (T D Aspect v). It further defines criteria on the basis of which the organization of nominal functional structure can be determined. Moreover it demonstrates how nominals split into several types across languages and within a language depending on the number and the type of functional projections they include. Furthermore it substantiates the hypothesis that aspects of the syntax of DPs of nominative-accusative languages are strikingly similar to aspects of the syntax of ergative languages and discusses aspects of the syntax of the perfect. The book targets researchers in theoretical linguistics comparative syntax morphology and typology. It can also be used as a foundation book on the morpho-syntax of nominals argument structure and word formation.

Carl Rhodes examines the implicit power of writing and authorship that is at play when people and organisations are (re)presented in research. To explore this the book reports a research project in the area of organisational storytelling that investigates how people in one organisation used stories to (re)present their own learning experiences from the implementation of a quality management program. This research is written in three principal genres: autobiography ethnography and a fictional short story. These (re)presentational strategies are reviewed to examine how different genres effect authority in different ways. Drawing extensively on the work of Mikhail Bakhtin and on writers associated with postmodernism and poststructuralism the book offers a challenging discussion of what organisational research might be when the notion of the equivalence of reality and representation is radically questioned.

This is a selection of papers from the 14th International Conference on Historical Linguistics held August 9-13 1999 at the University of British Columbia. From the rich program and the many papers given during this conference the present twenty-three papers were carefully selected to display the state of current research in the field of historical linguistics.

Volume 1 of Approaches to Bootstrapping focuses on early word learning and syntactic development with special emphasis on the bootstrapping mechanisms by which the child using properties of the speech input enters the native linguistic system. Topics discussed in the area of lexical acquisition are: cues and mechanisms for isolating words in the input; special features of motherese and their role for early word learning; the determination of first word meanings; memory and related processing capacities in early word learning and understanding; and lexical representation and lexical access in early language production.

The papers on syntactic development deal with the acquisition of grammatical prosodic features for learning language specific syntactic regularities.Volume 2 of Approaches to Bootstrapping focuses on the interaction between the development of prosodic and morphosyntactic knowledge as evidenced in the early speech of Dutch English German Portugese Spanish Danish Islandic and Swedish children sheding new light on the relation between universal and language specific aspects of language acquisition. Another section of this volume deals with new approaches to language acquisition using ERP- techniques. The papers discuss in detail the relation between the development of language skills and changes in neurophysiological aspects of the brain. The potentials of these techniques for the development of new tools for an early diagnosis of children who are at risque for developmental language disorders are also pointed out.

The closing section contains a synopsis of interactionist approaches to language acquisition a discussion of the genetic and experiential origin of primitive linguistic elements in acquisition and a discussion of structural and developmental aspects of bird song in comparison to human language.

The two volumes making up Approaches to Bootstrapping present a state-of-the art interdisciplinary and cross-linguistic overview of recent developments in first language acquisition research.

In view of its exploratory nature Chomsky's 'minimalist' model has undergone multiple changes triggering in response numerous proposals that are consistent with the tendencies that it follows or anticipates and numerous proposals that offer alternatives to it. A good illustration of the variety of 'parallel' proposals is provided in the present volume. The articles derive from papers read at the “Challenges of Minimalism” session of the Open Linguistics Forum held in Ottawa in March 1997. This OLF meeting started as a graduate student initiative but because of the topic chosen attracted a wide and international audience. The twenty contributions are grouped in five sections: I. Syntactic Structure Relations Operations; II. Syntactic Movement: Cyclicity Optionality (Non)overtness; III.Case Topic Focus Interrogativity; IV. Ellipsis Reconstruction and Related Phenomena; V. DPs: Features and Syntactic Relations.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This new edition of Syntax: A functional-typological introduction is at many points radically revised. In the previous edition (1984) the author deliberately chose to de-emphasize the more formal aspects of syntactic structure in favor of a more comprehensive treatment of the semantic and pragmatic correlates of syntactic structure. With hindsight the author now finds the de-emphasis of the formal properties a somewhat regrettable choice since it creates the false impression that one could somehow be a functionalist without being at the same time a structuralist. To redress the balance explicit treatment is given to the core formal properties of syntactic constructions such as constituency and hierarchy (phrase structure) grammatical relations and relational control clause union finiteness and governed constructions.

At the same time the cognitive and communicative underpinning of grammatical universals are further elucidated and underscored and the interplay between grammar cognition and neurology is outlined. Also the relevant typological database is expanded now exploring in greater precision the bounds of syntactic diversity. Lastly Syntax treats synchronic-typological diversity more explicitly as the dynamic by-product of diachronic development or grammaticalization. In so doing a parallel is drawn between linguistic diversity and diachrony on the one hand and biological diversity and evolution on the other. It is then suggested that — as in biology — synchronic universals of grammar are exercised and instantiated primarily as constraints on development and are thus merely the apparent by-products of universal constraints on grammaticalization.

The eleven selected contributions making up this volume deal with grammatical relations their coding and behavioral properties and the change that these properties have undergone in different languages. The focus of this collection is on the changing properties of subjects and objects although the scope of the volume goes beyond the central problems pertaining to case marking and word order. The diachrony of syntactic and morphosyntactic phenomena are approached from different theoretical perspectives generative grammar valency grammar and functionalism. The languages dealt with include Old English Mainland Scandinavian Icelandic German and other Germanic languages Latin French and other Romance languages Northeast Caucasian Eskimo and Popolocan. This book provides an opportunity to compare different theoretical approaches to similar phenomena in different languages and language families.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Professor Ferenc Kiefer of the Linguistics Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was instrumental in bringing early transformational grammar to Europe. His extensive work contributes substantially to making a connection between the grammatical theory and other areas of linguistics. The 17 essays in this book celebrate his career by continuing to explore inter-area research in linguistics: pragmatics in grammar (de Groot van Riemsdijk Dressler & Barbaresi Comrie) semantic compositionality and pragmatics (Wunderlich Partee Borschev Szabo Bach) logical structures and universals in semantics and pragmatics (van der Auwera Bultinck Burton-Roberts Harnish Wierzbicka) dialogue and thematic structure (Jonasson Doherty Hajicova Panevova Sgall Allwood Fraser).

The author combines a syntax-theoretical treatment of telicity marking and an empirical study of the second language acquisition of English telicity marking by native speakers of Bulgarian a Slavic language. It is argued that Vendler’s lexical classes of verbs (states activities accomplishments and achievements) can be represented in four phrase structure templates where lexical properties of the verb and of the object compositionally determine telicity. A parameterized distinction between English and Slavic aspect is proposed. The book addresses two major acquisition issues: (1) what is the nature of the initial hypothesis Bulgarian learners of English entertain regarding telicity marking (i.e. is there native language transfer)? (2) are adult learners capable of resetting the telicity marking parameter? Both L1 transfer and parameter resetting are experimentally supported. In addition the study investigates the L2 acquisition of a cluster of complex predicate constructions purportedly related to the telicity parameter in the grammatical competence and in child language acquisition of English.

Many of the assumptions of Labovian sociolinguistics are based on results drawn from US and UK English Latin American Spanish and Canadian French. Sociolinguistic variation in the French of France has been rather little studied compared to these languages. This volume is the first examination and exploration of variation in French that studies in a unified way the levels of phonology grammar and lexis using quantitative methods. One of its aims is to establish whether the patterns of variation that have been reported in French conform to those reported in other languages. A second important theme of this volume is the study of variation across speech styles in French through a comparison with some of the best-known English results. The book is therefore also the first to examine current theories of social-stylistic variation by using fresh quantitative data. These data throw new light on the influence of methodology on results on why certain linguistic variables have more stylistic value and on how the strong normative tradition in France moulds interactions between social and stylistic variation.

This unique collection fills a ten-year gap in studies on the nature of Australian English and it is the first to deal exclusively with varieties of English on the Australian continent. The book contains chapters on the phonology morphology syntax and the lexicon of the dialect and chapters on variation within the dialect that include Aboriginal and ethnic varieties as well as regional and generational differences with a focus on questions of Australian identity and intercultural relations. With selected contributions by Australia’s leading linguists this volume records the most recent developments in the study of English within Australia.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

With the explosion in the quantity of on-line text and multimedia information in recent years there has been a renewed interest in automatic summarization. This book provides a systematic introduction to the field explaining basic definitions the strategies used by human summarizers and automatic methods that leverage linguistic and statistical knowledge to produce extracts and abstracts. Drawing from a wealth of research in artificial intelligence natural language processing and information retrieval the book also includes detailed assessments of evaluation methods and new topics such as multi-document and multimedia summarization. Previous automatic summarization books have been either collections of specialized papers or else authored books with only a chapter or two devoted to the field as a whole. This is the first textbook on the subject developed based on teaching materials used in two one-semester courses. To further help the student reader the book includes detailed case studies accompanied by end-of-chapter reviews and an extensive glossary.Audience: students and researchers as well as information technology managers librarians and anyone else interested in the subject.

The purpose of this book is to illustrate the relevance to linguistics today of Whitehead’s philosophy of organism. Although largely ignored by linguists Whitehead has in fact much to say as regards the cognitive processes underpinning language pattern. His theory of symbolism conceives of language as the ‘systematization of expression’ and relates meaning to feeling (in the broadest sense). The Whiteheadian perspective allows a synthesis of the psychological and the social approaches to language that does not fall into one or another fashionable form of reductionism. The volume represents a first application of Whitehead’s thinking to a broad range of linguistic phenomena ranging from speech act theory to the production and comprehension of texts from language acquisition to historical change and the evolution of language. It is argued that Whitehead’s holistic philosophy is uniquely suited to the view of language as an emergent phenomenon — regardless of whether one’s approach to cognition is via the ‘nativist’ or the ‘functionalist’ route.

The relationship between language and conceptualization remains one of the major puzzles in language research. This monograph addresses this issue by means of an in depth corpus based and experimental investigation of the major types of expressions of epistemic modality in Dutch German and English. By adopting a systematic functional orientation the book explains a whole range of peculiarities of epistemic expression forms (synchronically and diachronically) and it offers a clear perspective on which cognitive systems are needed to get from the concept of epistemic modality to its linguistic expression. On that basis the author postulates a sophisticated layered view of human conceptualization. This book is of interest both to scholars working on modality and related semantic dimensions and to the interdisciplinary field of researchers concerned with the cognitive systems involved in language use.

No single theoretician provoked a greater tradition of the reception of his thought throughout changing times and across diverse cultures than did Aristotle and so Hegel who calls him the ‘teacher of the human race’ well describes the man known for ages simply as ‘the philosopher’. The present volume examines from a philosophical-historical standpoint the intellect-theory of De Anima III 4-5 which stands in the center of the Aristotelian system and composes one of the most provocative Aristotelian theories. It concentrates on the critical engagement with Aristotle’s conception of nous in Theophrastus and his colleagues (Dicaearchus Aristoxenus) and students (Demetrius of Phaleron Menander Erasistratus) in the Peripatos as well as in the Academic Socratic Epicurean and Stoic schools. The analysis of the relevant texts leads to a new assessment of Theophrastus’s philosophical-historical significance in the Aristotelian tradition and documents that in early Hellenism the Aristotelian theory itself played a surprisingly limited role so that the loss of the original Aristotelian manuscripts as reported by Strabo and Plutarch — a matter hotly debated in recent studies — was of only marginal importance.Kein Theoretiker provozierte über eine ähnlich lange Zeitspanne eine so intensive kontinuierliche und multikulturelle Rezeption wie Aristoteles. Die Geschichte der Philosophie verlangt es daher geradezu unter der Perspektive der ebenso konstanten wie vielgestaltigen Auseinandersetzung mit “dem Philosophen” analysiert zu werden. Den geeignetsten Kristallisationspunkt hierfür stellt die in “De Anima” G 4-5 präsentierte Nous-Theorie dar denn zum einen stand sie im Zentrum des aristotelischen “Systems” zum anderen handelt es sich bei ihr um die mit gröîter Kontinuität höchster Intensität und unterschiedlichsten Resultaten rezipierte philosophische Theorie überhaupt.

Der vorliegende Band thematisiert im Anschluî am die “Topographie” der aristotelischen Noetik die frühhellenistische Resonanz. Den ersten Schwerpunkt bildet Theophrasts philosophisch-kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Nous-Konzeption seines Lehrers den zweiten die “De Anima”-Rezeption in der damaligen Philosophie-Szene die im wesentlichen durch drie Gruppen konstituiert wurde: Theophrasts Kollegen im “Peripatos” (Dikaiarch Aristoxenos); Theophrasts eingene Hörerschaft (Demetrios v. Phaleron Menander Erasistratos); und die zahlreichte philosophische Konkurrenz: die “Akademiker” “Sokratiker” und die Schulen Epikurs bzw. Zenons. Die Analyse der relevanten Texte führt erstens zu einder grundsätzlichen Neubewertung der philosophiehistorischen Position Theophrasts. Zweitens dokumentiert sie daî die aristotelische Theorie entgegen der heutigen opinio communis gerade im Frühhellenismus eine erstaunlich bescheidene Rolle spielte. Rezeptionsgeschichtlich kommt dem von Strabon/Plutarch berichteten und in der neueren Forschung heiîdiskutierten Verlust der aristotelischen Originalmanuscripte deshalb allenfalls eine sekondäre Bedeutung zu.

This book argues convincingly against the widespread opinion that very few syntactic studies were carried out before the 1950s. Relying on the detailed analysis of a large amount of original sources it shows that syntactic matters were in fact carefully investigated throughout both the 19th century and during the first half of the 20th century. Moreover it illustrates how the enormous development of syntactic research in the last fifty years has already condemned even several recent ideas and analyses to oblivion and deeply influenced current research programs. The wealth of research undertaken over the last two centuries is presented here in a systematic way taking as its starting point the relationship of syntax with psychology throughout this period. The critical ideas expressed in the text are based on a detailed illustration of the different syntactic models and analyses rather than on the polemics between the different schools.

Using a workplace development program as source of experience the book deals with the development of innovation processes. Since innovation means to explore the unique and the special to bring forth what does not (yet) exist each innovation process must in itself be an innovation. The study explores the tools and activities needed to create such processes like dialogue networking coalition building and social partnership. The authors report from the position of collaborative actors involved in the innovation process rather than external observers.

The Handbook of Terminology Management is a unique work designed to meet the practical needs of terminologists translators lexicographers subject specialists (e.g. engineers medical professionals etc.) standardizers and others who have to solve terminological problems in their daily work.

In more than 900 pages the Handbook brings together contributions from approximately 50 expert authorities in the field. The Handbook covers a broad range of topics integrated from an international perspective and treats such fundamental issues as: practical methods of terminology management; creation and use of terminological tools (terminology databases on-line dictionaries etc.); terminological applications.

The high level of expertise provided by the contributors combined with the wide range of perspectives they represent results in a thorough coverage of all facets of a burgeoning field. The lay-out of the Handbook is specially designed for quick and for cross reference with hypertext and an extensive index.

See also Handbook of Terminology Management set (volumes 1 and 2).

Together with its sister volume on Theoretical Cognitive Approaches this volume explores the contribution which cognitive linguistics can make to the identification and analysis of overt and hidden ideologies. This volume shows that descriptive tools which cognitive linguistics developed for the analysis of language-in-use are highly efficient for the analysis of ideologies as well. Amongst them are the concept of grounding and the speaker’s deictic centre iconographic reference frames cultural cognitive models as a subgroup of Idealized Cognitive Models conceptual metaphors root metaphors frames as groups of metaphors mental spaces and conceptual blending.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The first section ‘Political metaphor and ideology’ discusses topics such as Nazi Germany discrimination of Afro-Americans South Africa’s “rainbow nation” and the impeachment campaign against President Clinton. The second section on cross-cultural “Otherness” deals with cultural clashes such as those between the Basque symbolic world and the general European value systems; between the Islam and the West determining its treatment of Iraq in the Gulf War; and between Hong Kong “Otherness” and centuries of Western dominance. The third section deals with ‘Metaphors for institutional ideologies’ and concentrates on the globalisation of the North and South American markets on insults in (un)parliamentary debates and on the Internet being for sale.<br/>

Part sociolinguistic part ethnographic this book takes up the neglected question of how ethnic division interacts with variation and change in Northern Irish English. It identifies an idealised folk model of harmonious<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>communities in spite of the social divide and open conflict that have long affected the region; this model affects daily life and sociolinguistic studies alike. A reading of sociolinguistic studies from the region reveals<br/>ethnolinguistic differentiation. Qualitative analysis of material from (London)Derry shows people often stressing tolerance in their community while accounts of their activities contain evidence of ethnic division and strife. Quantitative analysis charts six changes in (London)Derry English. Variation correlates to varying degrees with age ethnicity class sex and social network. The ethnic dimension while not the most important parameter in all cases plays a role in relation to all the changes examined.

Together with its sister volume on Descriptive Cognitive Approaches this volume explores the contribution which cognitive linguistics can make to the identification and analysis of overt and hidden ideologies. As a theory of language which sees language as the accumulation of the conventionalised conceptualisations of a given linguistic and/or cultural community or sub-group within it cognitive linguistics is called upon to make its own inroads in the study of ideology. This volume offers theoretical approaches and first discusses the philosophical foundations of cognitive linguistics. The question whether cognitive linguistics is not an ideology itself is not tabooed. The speaker’s deictic centre is the anchoring point not only for spatial temporal or interactional deixis but also for cultural and ideological deixis. Cognitive linguistics is also confronted with a severe Marxist critique but the potential convergence between the two ‘philosophies’ is highlighted as well. Further the question is raised to what extent the central nervous system and the grammatical system of a language impose sexually biased and hence ideological representations on cognition. Finally linguistics itself is seen as a potential bearer of ideological deviations as was the case with the ‘politics of linguistics’ in Nazi Germany and even with the quest for the Indo-European homeland in comparative and historical linguistics throughout the 19th century and well into the 20th century.

Is there an internal relationship between consciousness and intentionality? Can mental content be described in such a way so as to avoid dualism? What is the influence of social context upon consciousness conceptions of self and mental content?<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This book considers questions such as these and argues for a conception of consciousness mental content and intentionality that is anti-Cartesian in its major tenets. Focusing upon the rule governed nature of concepts and the grounding of the rules for concept use in the practical world intentional consciousness emerges as a phenomena that depends upon social context. Given that dependence the authors consider and set aside attempts to reduce human consciousness and intentionality to phenomena explicable at biological or neuroscientific levels. (Series A)

This book presents an extended analysis of the development of L2 Spanish past tense morphology among L1 English-speaking learners. The study addresses three major questions: (1) what is the developmental pattern of acquisition of past tense verbal morphology among tutored learners? (2) what are the relevant factors that may account for the particular distribution of morphological endings (especially at the beginning stages)? and (3) how does instruction affect the movement from one stage to the next? The analysis provides a reassessment of the general claim of Andersen’s lexical aspect hypothesis and proposes minor changes that may render the hypothesis more appropriate for especially L2 classroom learning. The study includes an overview of theoretical positions on the notion of lexical versus grammatical aspect and a comparison of the findings from previous empirical studies on the development of past tense verbal morphology among both classroom and naturalistic learners.

This book contains fourteen articles that reflect current ideas on the phonology morphology and syntax of clitics. It covers the forms and functions of clitics in various typologically diverse languages and presents data from e.g. European Portuguese Macedonian and Yoruba. It extensively deals with the prosodic structure of clitics their morphological status clitic placement and clitic doubling. The form and behavior of clitics with respect to tonal phenomena and in verse are discussed in two articles (Akinlabi & Liberman Reindl & Franks). Other articles address the prosodic representation of clitics in Irish (Green) the differences in the acquisition of clitics and strong pronouns in Catalan (Escobar & Gavarro) the similarities between clitics and affixes or words in Romance and Bantu languages (Cocchi Crysmann Monachesi Ortman & Popescu) the semantics of clitics in the Greek DP and in Spanish doubling (Alexiadou & Stavrou Uriagereka) and complex problems concerning verbal clitics in Romanian and Balkan languages (Legendre Spencer Tomic).

Textual Parameters in Older Languages takes a contemporary approach to the inherent limitations of using older texts as data for linguistic analysis drawing on methods of text analysis pragmatics and sociolinguistics to supplement traditional historical and philological methods. The focus of the book is on the importance of controlling for textual parameters-defined by the editors as dimensions of variation associated with texts and their production including text type degree of poeticality orality and dialect-in the analysis of older language data. Failure to do so can result in invalid generalizations; recognizing the influence of textual parameters conversely raises a myriad of issues for the practice and theory of historical linguistics.

The 12 essays in this collection apply this approach in analyses of anaphora non-finite verbal forms particles punctuation word order and other phenomena in a wide range of languages including Ancient Tamil Sanskrit Latin Heian Japanese Medieval Greek Old French Old Russian Middle English and Modern Danish. An in-depth introduction by the editors lays out the goals of the textual parameters approach and considers the methodological and theoretical consequences of the evidence presented in the book as a whole.